An off-season South Pacific tropical cyclone is a

tropical cyclone A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain and squalls. Depend ...

that exists in the South Pacific basin outside of the official tropical cyclone season. The

World Meteorological Organization The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for promoting international cooperation on atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology and geophysics. The WMO originated from the Internati ...

currently defines the season as occurring between November 1 and April 30, of the following year, with approximately 96% of all activity occurring between these months. If a tropical cyclone should develop during the off-season, it is more likely to develop during May or October than any other month of the off-season. As of 2018, there have been 91 tropical cyclones known to have occurred off-season, with 54 of these occurring since the satellite era started during the 1969–70 season. Off-season cyclones are most likely to occur in the Coral Sea, with most impacting either the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia. The most recent off-season storm is Tropical Depression 01F, which developed during September 2018 and impacted the Solomon Islands. The strongest tropical cyclone to exist during the off-season in terms of wind speed was Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna of 2017, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), while the most intense by central pressure was Severe Tropical Cyclone Xavier of 2006, with an estimated value of . The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986.

Background

Tropical cyclones are considered to be non-

frontal Front may refer to: Arts, entertainment, and media Films * ''The Front'' (1943 film), a 1943 Soviet drama film * ''The Front'', 1976 film Music *The Front (band), an American rock band signed to Columbia Records and active in the 1980s and ea ...

low pressure systems In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure areas are commonly associated with inclement weather (such as cloudy, windy, with possible ...

that develop, within an environment of warm

sea surface temperature Sea surface temperature (SST), or ocean surface temperature, is the ocean temperature close to the surface. The exact meaning of ''surface'' varies according to the measurement method used, but it is between and below the sea surface. Air mass ...

s and little vertical

wind shear Wind shear (or windshear), sometimes referred to as wind gradient, is a difference in wind speed and/or direction over a relatively short distance in the atmosphere. Atmospheric wind shear is normally described as either vertical or horizontal ...

aloft. Within the South Pacific basin to the east of 160°E, the cyclone season is defined as running between November 1 and April 30 of the following year. During the off-season a total of 91 tropical cyclones have been recorded during the off-season, with a total of 54 of these systems occurring after satellite imagery became regularly available during the 1969–70 season. The first system to exist in the off-season on record was active during May 17, 1868 and was located near Vanuatu, according to records compiled by

Stephen Sargent Visher Stephen Sargent Visher (1887-1967) was an American regional geographer and eugenicist. He spent most of his academic career as Professor of Geography at Indiana University, Department of Geology. His interests included the geography of intelligen ...

. The most recent systems to exist in the off-season were Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna and Tropical Cyclone Ella, which both developed during May 2017. The strongest tropical cyclone to exist during the off-season in terms of wind speed was Severe Tropical Cyclone Donna of 2017, with maximum 10–minute sustained winds of 125 mph (205 km/h), while the most intense by central pressure was Severe Tropical Cyclone Xavier of 2006, with a minimum value of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). The deadliest and most damaging system was Severe Tropical Cyclone Namu, which caused over 100 deaths, when it impacted the Solomon Islands during May 1986. Of the 57 known tropical systems that have been recorded during the off-season, a total of 33 tropical cyclones have been recorded in May or have persisted into the off-season after developing in April. A total of 18 tropical cyclones have developed during October, while three systems have been recorded in both June and July, while two have been recorded in September. The three systems recorded in June were all named tropical cyclones, with Gina and Keli considered to be a Category 3 severe tropical cyclones on the

Australian tropical cyclone intensity scale Tropical cyclones are ranked on one of five tropical cyclone intensity scales, according to their maximum sustained winds and which tropical cyclone basins they are located in. Only a few scales of classifications are used officially by the mete ...

. In addition Tropical Cyclone Raquel developed in June 2015 and was considered, to be the latest system to develop in the South Pacific Ocean. In addition as the system persisted into July 2015, it was unofficially considered to be a part of two tropical cyclone years. Off the two systems recorded in July, Tropical Depression 17F in July 2002 was designated 17F, despite being the first system of the 2002–03 season. Tropical Depression 01F/01P of July 2015, which subsequently persisted into August 2015. The first system that developed during September, was an unnamed system that occurred in 1924, which according to a report published by

Greenpeace Greenpeace is an independent global campaigning network, founded in Canada in 1971 by Irving Stowe and Dorothy Stowe, immigrant environmental activists from the United States. Greenpeace states its goal is to "ensure the ability of the Earth t ...

, caused damage to some ships to the west of New Caledonia. The other system was declared to be a tropical depression by the

Fiji Meteorological Service The Fiji Meteorological Service (FMS) is a Department of the government of Fiji responsible for providing weather forecasts and is based on the grounds of Nadi Airport in Nadi. The current director of Fiji Meteorological Service is Misaeli Funaki. ...

during September 1999, but was more likely to be a hybrid system rather than a proper tropical depression. The season with the most off-season systems was 1999–2000, which had a total of six tropical depressions existing during the off-season. The 1997–98, 2004–05 and 2013–14 seasons had four tropical cyclones during the off-season each, while the 1988–89 and the 1996–97 season had three off-season tropical cyclones.

Systems

The wind speeds listed are maximum ten-minute average sustained winds, while the pressure is the minimum

barometric pressure Atmospheric pressure, also known as barometric pressure (after the barometer), is the pressure within the atmosphere of Earth. The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as , which is equivalent to 1013.25 millibars, 7 ...

, both of which are estimates taken from the archives of either the Australian

Bureau of Meteorology The Bureau of Meteorology (BOM or BoM) is an executive agency of the Australian Government responsible for providing weather services to Australia and surrounding areas. It was established in 1906 under the Meteorology Act, and brought together ...

, the

, and New Zealand's

MetService Meteorological Service of New Zealand Limited (MetService - Te Ratonga Tirorangi) is the national meteorological service of New Zealand. MetService was established as a state-owned enterprise in 1992. It employs about 300 staff, and its headqua ...

. If there are no known estimates of either the winds or pressure then the system is listed as "Not specified" under winds or pressure, if there is no known estimated winds or pressure. For deaths and damages "None" indicates that there were no reports of fatalities or damages, although such storms may have impacted land. Where it The damage totals are the

United States dollar The United States dollar ( symbol: $; code: USD; also abbreviated US$ or U.S. Dollar, to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies; referred to as the dollar, U.S. dollar, American dollar, or colloquially buck) is the officia ...

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Nora Nora, NORA, or Norah may refer to: * Nora (name), a feminine given name People with the surname * Arlind Nora (born 1980), Albanian footballer * Pierre Nora (born 1931), French historian Places Australia * Norah Head, New South Wales, headland ...

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Ida Ida or IDA may refer to: Astronomy * Ida Facula, a mountain on Amalthea, a moon of Jupiter *243 Ida, an asteroid *International Docking Adapter, a docking adapter for the International Space Station Computing *Intel Dynamic Acceleration, a techn ...

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Bebe Bebe, Bèbè, Bebé, Bébé or BeBe may refer to: People and fictional characters * Bebe (given name), a list of people and fictional characters with the given name or nickname * Bebé, footballer Tiago Manuel Dias Correia (born 1990) * Bebé (f ...

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Namu Namu or NAMU may refer to: *The North American Monetary Union *Namu, British Columbia, a town in Canada *Namu Atoll, an atoll in the Pacific Ocean *Namu doll, a type of Pullip doll *Yang Erche Namu, a Chinese singer and writer of Mosuo ethnicity ...

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Meena Meena () is a sub-group of Bhils. They speak Meena language. They started adopting the Brahmin worship system. Its name is also transliterated as ''Meenanda'' or ''Mina''. Historians claim that they belong to the Matsya tribe. They got the sta ...

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Ernie Ernie is a masculine given name, frequently a short form (hypocorism) of Ernest, Ernald, Ernesto, or Verner. It may refer to: People * Ernie Accorsi (born 1941), American football executive * Ernie Adams (disambiguation) * Ernie Afaganis (born c ...

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Lisa Lisa or LISA may refer to: People People with the mononym * Lisa Lisa (born 1967), American actress and lead singer of the Cult Jam * Lisa (Japanese musician, born 1974), stylized "LISA", Japanese singer and producer * Lisa Komine (born 1978), J ...

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Innis Innis may refer to: Places * Innis, Louisiana, U.S. * Innis College, University of Toronto, Canada People Surname * Harold Innis (1894–1952), Canadian political economy professor who wrote on communication * Hubert Van Innis (1866–1961), Bel ...

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June June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and is the second of four months to have a length of 30 days, and the third of five months to have a length of less than 31 days. June contains the summer solstice in ...

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Martin Martin may refer to: Places * Martin City (disambiguation) * Martin County (disambiguation) * Martin Township (disambiguation) Antarctica * Martin Peninsula, Marie Byrd Land * Port Martin, Adelie Land * Point Martin, South Orkney Islands Austral ...

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Bart Bart is a masculine given name, usually a diminutive of Bartholomew, sometimes of Barton, Bartolomeo, etc. Bart is a Dutch and Ashkenazi Jewish surname, and derives from the name ''Bartholomäus'', a German form of the biblical name ''Barthol ...

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23F 3F or 3-F may refer to: * Fagligt Fælles Forbund * Fangio, Farina, Fagioli - drivers of the Alfa Romeo in Formula One, Alfa Romeo factory team * 3 Fonteinen - Belgian brewery, specializing in gueuze and kriek * 0x3F, ASCII code for question mark * ...

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24F 4F or 4-F may refer to: * 4F (company), a Polish sportswear company * 4-F classification in the Selective Service System#Classifications, U.S. Selective Service System, identifying a person as unfit for military service * 4F correlator, in Fourier o ...

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18F 18F is a digital services agency within the General Services Administration, Technology Transformation Services department of the General Services Administration (GSA) of the United States Government. Their purpose is to deliver digital services ...

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Raquel Raquel or Racquel is a variation of the given name Rachel. Notable people with the name include: Raquel *Raquel (wrestler), Brazilian professional wrestler *Raquel Alessi (born 1983), American former actress and model * Raquel Naa Ayorkor Ammah ( ...

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Donna Donna may refer to the short form of the honorific ''nobildonna'', the female form of Don (honorific) in Italian. People *Donna (given name); includes name origin and list of people and characters with the name * Roberto Di Donna (born 1968), Ita ...

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New Caledonia, New Zealand , , Significant , , , , , - ,

Ella Ella may refer to: * Ella (name), most often a feminine given name, but also used as a surname Places United States * Ella, Kentucky, an unincorporated community * Ella, Oregon, an unincorporated community * Ella, Pennsylvania, an unincorporate ...

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Liua ''Liua'' is a genus of salamanders (common name: Sichuan salamanders) in the family Hynobiidae, endemic to China. Species The genus contains only two species: * ''Liua shihi'' (Liu, 1950) — Wushan salamander (synonym: ''Ranodon shihi'') * ''Li ...

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Records and statistics

According to records compiled by

and the Vanuatu Meteorology Service, the first tropical cyclone on record to occur outside of the current season was located near Vanuatu and was active during May 17, 1868. However, the official database provided by the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship, which dates back to 1892, shows that the first storm to occur in the basin outside of the current season was in 1912. The database shows that 55 tropical cyclones have existed in the basin during the off-season between May and October, while in addition 36 other systems that are not included in IBTRACS have monitored by the warning centres. Off-season systems are most likely to occur in May with a total of 43 systems developing or persisting into the month, compared with 20 developing during October. Out of all systems recorded only four systems have developed in either August or September, and were all recorded before the satellite era started during the 1969–70 season. The latest tropical cyclone to exist in the basin on record was Tropical Cyclone Raquel, which was named during June 30, 2015. Raquel was also unofficially considered to be the earliest a tropical cyclone, after it persisted into July 2015 when the tropical cyclone year changed. The charts below both show during which month a tropical cyclone developed during the off-season. The statistics for April are not complete and only show those systems that formed during the month and either dissipated on April 30, or persisted into May and the off-season. The charts are also split with red showing those systems that developed within the satellite era, while those in red developed, before the satellite era started during the 1969–70 season. DateFormat=yyyy ImageSize= width:500 height:auto barincrement:39 Period = from:0 till:36 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal PlotArea = right:15 left:5 bottom:50 top:5 Colors= id:cat5red value:rgb(1,0.2,0.2) id:minorline value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.9) id:line value:rgb(0.5,0.5,0.5) PlotData= width:15 textcolor:black shift:(5,-5) anchor:from fontsize:M bar:Apr from:0 till:1 color:red text:"April" barset:break from:1 till:9 color:blue bar:May from:0 till:13 color:red text:"May" barset:break from:13 till:36 color:blue bar:Jun from:0 till:8 color:red text:"June" barset:break from:8 till:12 color:blue bar:Jul from:0 till:7 color:red text:"July" barset:break from:7 till:12 color:blue bar:Aug from:0 till:2 color:red text:"August" bar:Sep from:0 till:3 color:red text:"September" barset:break from:3 till:4 color:blue bar:Oct from:0 till:6 color:red text:"October" barset:break from:6 till:21 color:blue ScaleMajor = gridcolor:line unit:year increment:1 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:minorline unit:year increment:1 start:0 TextData = fontsize:M textcolor:black pos:(100,25) # tabs:(100-left) text:"Number of recorded storms"

Notes

References

External links