This article is an incomplete list of noted modern-era (20th to 21st century) Islamic scholars. This refers to religious authorities whose publications or statements are accepted as pronouncements on religion by their respective communities and adherents. Geographical categories have been created based on commonalities in culture and across the Islamic World.

Africa

Nigeria

* Aminu Ibrahim Daurawa (born 1969) * Dahiru Usman Bauchi (born 1927) *

Isa Ali Pantami Isa Ali Ibrahim " Pantami" born in Gombe, and commonly known as Sheikh Pantami, an Islamic cleric who is currently serving as Minister of Communications and Digital Economy in Nigeria. He was the Director General of the National Information Te ...

Ja'afar Mahmud Adam Ja'afar Mahmud Adam (February 12, 1960 – April 13, 2007) was a Nigerianbr>Salafist Islamic scholarand member of Nigeria's Jama’at Izalat al Bid’a Wa Iqamat as Sunna, a religio-political organisation with headquarters in Abuja. He lived prim ...

(1960–2007) *

Kabiru Gombe Kabir Muhammad Haruna popularly known as Kabiru Gombe is a Nigerian Islamic scholar and preacher. He has been the present National Secretary General of the Jama'atu Izalatil Bid'ah wa Iqamatus Sunnah, the largest Salafiyyah movement in Nigeria,s ...

(born 1960) * Muhammad Auwal Albani Zaria (1960–2014) * Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo (born 1970) * Sani Yahaya Jingir

Egypt

Abd al-Hamid Kishk Abdal-Hamid Kishk ( ar, عبد الحميد كشك; March 10, 1933 – December 6, 1996) was an Egyptian preacher, scholar of Islam, activist, and author. He was a graduate of Al-Azhar University in Cairo and was known for his humour, popular se ...

(1933–1996) *

Ahmad al-Tayyeb Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed El-Tayeb ( ar, أحمد محمد أحمد الطيب) (born 6 January 1946) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar and the current Grand Imam of al-Azhar, Al-Azhar Al Sharif and former president of al-Azhar University. He was appo ...

(born 1946) *

Ahmad Muhammad Shakir Ahmad Muhammad Shakir ( ar, أحمد محمد شاكر, Aḥmad Muḥammad Shākir) (January 29, 1892, Cairo – June 14, 1958) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar of hadith. He is the son of Muḥammad Shākir ibn Aḥmad, an Islamic scholar of A ...

(1892–1958) *

Ali Gomaa Ali Gomaa ( ar, علي جمعة, Egyptian Arabic: ) is an Egyptian Islamic scholar, Jurist, and public figure who has taken a number of controversial political stances. He specializes in Islamic Legal Theory. He follows the Shafi`i school of ...

(born 1952) *

Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi Muhammad Metwalli al-Sha'rawi ( ar, محمد متولي الشعراوي) (April 15, 1911 – June 17, 1998) was an Islamic scholar, former Egyptian minister of Endowments and Maliki jurist. He has been called one of Egypt's most popular and suc ...

(1911–1998) *

Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy ( ar, محمد سيد طنطاوي; 28 October 1928 – 10 March 2010), also referred to as ''Tantawi'', was an influential Islamic scholar in Egypt. From 1986 to 1996, he was the Grand Mufti of Egypt. In 1996, presid ...

(1928–2010) *

Yusuf al-Qaradawi Yusuf al-Qaradawi ( ar, يوسف القرضاوي, translit=Yūsuf al-Qaraḍāwī; or ''Yusuf al-Qardawi''; 9 September 1926 – 26 September 2022) was an Egyptian Islamic scholar based in Doha, Qatar, and chairman of the International Union of ...

(1926–2022) *

Zainab al Ghazali Zaynab al-Ghazali ( ar, زينب الغزالي; 2 January 1917 – 3 August 2005) was an Egyptian Muslim activist. She was the founder of the Muslim Women's Association (''Jamaa'at al-Sayyidaat al-Muslimaat''). Biography Early life Her father ...

(1917–2005)

Mauritania

* Abdallah Bin Bayyah (born 1935)

South Africa

* Abdalqadir as-Sufi (1930–2021) * Ebrahim Desai (1963–2021) *

Taha Karaan Taha Karaan (2 June 1969 – 11 June 2021) was a South African Muslim scholar and jurist. He was the head-mufti of the Muslim Judicial Council, South Africa. He was the founder of Mahajjah Research Institute and the Dar al-Uloom al-Arabiyyah al-I ...

(1969–2021) *

Yusuf Karaan Yusuf Karaan (also written as Yousuf Abdullah Karaan) (15 November 1935 - 10 May 2015) was a South African Sunni Muslim scholar from Strand who served as head mufti of Muslim Judicial Council. Biography Karaan was born on 15 November 1935. H ...

(1935–2015)

Zimbabwe

Ismail ibn Musa Menk Ismail ibn Musa Menk ( ar, إسماعيل بن موسى منك, translit=ʾismāʿīl ibn mūsā mink) (born 27 June 1975) is a Zimbabwean Islamic scholar, best known as Mufti Menk. He is the Grand Mufti of Zimbabwe's Muslim community, which ma ...

(born 1975)

Ghana

* Ahmed Tijani Ben Omar (born 1950) *

Osman Nuhu Sharubutu Osmanu Nuhu Sharubutu (born 23 April 1919) is a Ghanaian Islamic cleric who currently serves as the Chief Imam of Ghana, as well as a member of the National Peace Council. He was first appointed as the Deputy Regional Chief Imam in 1974 after a ...

(born 1919)

Senegal

* Ibrahim Niass (1900–1975)

Somalia

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed Sharif Sheikh Ahmed ( so, Shariif Sheekh Axmed, ar, شريف شيخ أحمد; born 25 July 1964) is a Somali politician who served as President of Somalia from 2009 to 2012. He is the founder and leader of Himilo Qaran political party and ...

(born 1964)

Morocco

* Abd al-Aziz al-Ghumari (1920-1997) *

Asma Lamrabet Asma Lamrabet ( Rabat, Morocco, 1961) is a Moroccan doctor, Islamic feminist, scholar and author. Personal life Asma Lamrabet was born in Rabat. She currently resides in Rabat, Morocco. She considers her education to be occidental. She is marr ...

(Born 1951) *

Fatima al-Kabbaj Fatima al-Kabbaj (Tamazight: ⴼⴰⵜⵉⵎⴰ ⵍⵇⴱⴱⴰⵊ) was one of the first female students to attend the University of al-Qarawiyyin. She later became the sole female member of the Moroccan Supreme Council of Religious Knowledge. ...

(born 1932) *

Muhammad Abu Khubza Abu Uways Muhammad Abu Khubza al-Hassani ( ar, مُحَمَّد بن الأَمِين بُوخُبْزَة الْحسْنِيُّ; July 30, 1932 – January 30, 2020)International Institute for Counter-Terrorismbr>report 1 January 2012. was a Moro ...

(1932-2020)

Asia

West Asia

Iran

Abd al-A'la al-Sabziwari Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abd al-A'la al-Musawi al-Sabziwari ( fa, ; ar, عبد الأعلى الموسوي السبزواري; December 21, 1910 – August 16, 1993) was an Iranian- Iraqi Shia marja'. He is regarded as one of the most influenti ...

(1910–1993) *

Abdollah Javadi-Amoli Abdollah Javadi Amoli ( fa, عبدالله جوادی آملی; born ) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja. He is a conservative and principlist Iranian politician, philosopher and one of the prominent Islamic scholars of the Hawza. The offic ...

(born 1933) *

Ahmad Jannati Ahmad Jannati ( fa, احمد جنتی, born 23 February 1927) is an Iranian conservative politician. He was born in Ladan, Isfahan. Jannati is known for his anti-LGBT rhetoric and opposition to secularism. He is also a founding member of the Ha ...

(born 1927) * Ahmad Mojtahedi Tehrani (1923–2008) * Ali Akbar Ghoreishi (born 1928) *

Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ali Mohammad Dastgheib Shirazi (Persian: السيد علی‌محمد دستغیب شيرازي ) (born 14 March 1935) is an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja. Biography Ayatollah Dastegheib has studied in seminaries of Qum ...

(born 1935) *

Ali Movahedi-Kermani Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Movahedi-Kermani ( fa, محمدعلی موحدی کرمانی) is Tehran's Friday Prayer Ephemeral Imam and the former secretary-general of Combatant Clergy Association. He is also a member of the Assembly of Experts. He i ...

(born 1931) * Ali Khamenei (born 1939) * Fakhraddin Mousavi (born 1930) * Hassan Hassanzadeh Amoli (born 1928) *

Hossein Mazaheri Grand Ayatollah Hossein Mazaheri Isfahani ( ar, حسين المظاهري الأصفهاني) (born November 16 1933) is a senior Iranian Twelver Shia Marja. He was also a member of the Third Assembly of Experts. Biography Grand Ayatollah Hossei ...

(born 1933) *

Hossein Wahid Khorasani Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Hossein Wahid Khorasani ( fa, حسین وحید خراسانی; born Mohammad-Hossein Molla-Saleh (Persian: )‎; 1 January 1921) is an Iranian author and Shia marja'. He is the current head of the Qom Seminary. Khorasa ...

(born 1921) *

Hussein-Ali Montazeri Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri ( fa, حسینعلی منتظری‎ ; 24 September 1922 – 19 December 2009) was an Iranian Shia Islamic theologian, Islamic democracy advocate, writer and human rights activist. He was one of the lea ...

(1922–2009) * Iftikhār al-Tujjar (1912-1977) * Ja'far Sobhani (born 1929) *

Jawad Tabrizi Grand Ayatollah Sheikh Mirza Jawad Kubar Tabrizi ( fa, ; 1926 – November 20, 2006) was an Iranian Shia marja'. Tabrizi was another prominent student of the late grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei, and one of the leading religious au ...

(1926–2006) * Lotfollah Safi Golpaygani (born 1919) *

Mohammad Ali Gerami Qomi Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Ali Gerami Qomi (Persian: محمدعلى گرامى قمي; born 1938) is an Iranian peoples, Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja', Marja. He has studied in seminaries of Qum, Iran under Grand Ayatollah Hussein-Ali Montazeri, Al ...

(born 1938) *

Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri Ayatollah Sayyid Mohammad-Ali Mousavi Jazayeri ( fa, محمدعلی موسوی جزایری) (born 1941) is an Iranian Twelver Shia cleric, who has been appointed as the representative of Vali-Faqih (Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist) in Khuzest ...

(born 1941) * Mohammad Ebrahim Jannaati (born 1933) *

Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari Sayyid Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari ( fa, محمد کاظم شریعتمداری), also spelled Shariat-Madari (5 January 1906 – 3 April 1986), was an Iranian Grand Ayatollah. He favoured the traditional Shiite practice of keeping clerics away ...

(1904–1986) * Mohammad Khamenei (born 1935) *

Muhammad Husayn Tabatabai Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i or Sayyid Mohammad Hossein Tabataba'i (16 March 1903 – 15 November 1981) was an Iranian scholar, theorist, philosopher and one of the most prominent thinkers of modern Shia Islam. He is perhaps best known for his '' ...

(1903–1981) * Mohammad Sadeq Rouhani (born 1926) * Mohammad Sadeqi Tehrani (1926–2011) *

Mohammad Sadoughi Mohammad Sadoughi ( fa, محمد صدوقی; 1909–1982) known as "Sevomin-Shahide-Mehrab" (the 3rd martyr of Mihrab) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Ayatollah who was born in Yazd. He was a/the representative of Yazd people in the assembly of experts ...

(1909–1982) * Mohammad Taghi Mesbah Yazdi (1935–2021) *

Mohammad-Taqi Bahjat Foumani Grand Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Bahjat Foumani ( fa, محمدتقی بهجت فومنی) (24 August 1916 – 17 May 2009) was an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'. Biography Mohammad-Taqi was born on 24 August 1916 in the Fouman, Gilan province in ...

(1916–2009) *

Mohammad Yazdi Mohammad Yazdi ( fa, محمد یزدی, 2 July 1931 – 9 December 2020) was an Iranian conservative and principlist cleric who served as the head of Judiciary System of Iran between 1989 and 1999. In 2015, he was elected to lead Iran's Assembl ...

(1931–2020) *

Mousa Shubairi Zanjani Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Mousa Shubairi Zanjani ( fa, موسی شبیری زنجانی, ar, موسی الشبيري الزنجاني, born March 2, 1928) is an Iranian Twelver Shia Marja'. Biography He was born in Qom to Sayyid Ahmed Shubairi ...

(born 1928) *

Naser Makarem Shirazi Grand Ayatollah Naser Makarem Shirazi (, born 25 February 1927 in Shiraz, Iran) is an Iranian Shia '' marja and religious leader. Biography He was born in the city of Shiraz, Iran. According to his website, his father was Ali Mohammad, his g ...

(born 1927) * Ruhollah Khomeini (1900–1989) *

Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Taqi Tabatabaei Qomi ( ar, تقي الطباطبايي القمي fa, , February 21, 1923–October 26, 2016) was an Iranian Shia marja'. He, along with Ali al-Sistani, and Ali Falsafi, were among the only three people t ...

(1923–2016) * Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari (born 1940) *

Yousef Saanei Grand Ayatollah Yousef Saanei ( fa, يوسف صانعى; 16 October 1937 – 12 September 2020) was an Iranian Twelver Shi'a Marja' and politician, a member of the Islamic Republic of Iran's powerful Guardian Council from 1980 to 1983 and al ...

(1937–2020) * Zīnah al-Sādāt Humāyūnī (born 1917) *

Zohreh Sefati Zohreh Sefati is a female Mujtahida. Sefati is a member of the Women's Socio-Cultural Council and a representative to the Supreme Council of Cultural Reforms. Personal and Education Life Sefati was raised in a religious family. She was born in ...

(born 1948)

Cyprus

Nazim Al-Haqqani Shaykh Muhammad Nazim Adil Al-Qubrusi Al-Haqqani (qaddas Allahu sirruhu) (born Mehmet Nâzım Âdil; 21 April 1922 – 7 May 2014) ( tr, Şeyh Muhammed Nâzım Âdil El-Kıbrısî Hakkanî), commonly known as Shaykh Nazim ( tr, Şeyh Nâzım ...

(1922–2014)

Iraq

* Abbas Modaresi Yazdi (1943–2020) *

Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Abu al-Qasim al-Musawi al-Khoei ( ; ar, أبو القاسم الموسوي الخوئي; fa, ; November 19, 1899 – August 8, 1992) was an Iranian- Iraqi Shia marja'. Al-Khoei is considered one of the most influential t ...

(1899–1992) * Ahmad Hassani Baghdadi (born 1945) *

Ali al-Milani Ayatollah Sayyid Ali al-Husayni al-Milani ( ar, علي الحسيني الميلاني; ; b. July 1948) is an Iraqi-Iranian Shia scholar. He is the founder of the Center for Islamic Facts in Qom. He is also the author of many books on the Islam ...

(born 1948) *

Ali al-Sistani Ali al-Husayni al-Sistani ( ar, علي الحسيني السيستاني; fa, , Ali-ye Hoseyni-ye Sistāni; born 4 August 1930), commonly known as Ayatollah Sistani, is an Iranian–Iraqi Twelver Shia Ayatollah and marja'. He has been describe ...

(born 1930) * Allaedin Ghoraifi (born 1945) * Fazel Maleki (born 1953) * Hassan al-Shirazi (1935–1980) * Hussein Esmaeel al-Sadr (born 1952) * Kamal al-Haydari (born 1956) *

Kazem al-Haeri Grand Ayatollah Kadhim Husayni al-Haeri ( ar, كاظم الحسيني الحائري) (born 1938) is a prominent Twelver Shi'a Marja. He has studied in seminars of Najaf, Iraq under Grand Ayatollah Sadeq al-Sadr. Haeri was born in Karbala, Ira ...

(born 1938) * Mahmoud al-Sarkhi (born 1964) * Mohammad al-Sadr (1943–1999) *

Mohammad al-Shirazi Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad al-Husayni al-Shirazi ( ar, محمد الحسيني الشيرازي; fa, ; August 31, 1928 – December 17, 2001), commonly known as Imam Shirazi, was an Iranian- Iraqi Shia marja' and political activist. Early ...

(1928–2001) *

Mohammad Ali Tabatabaei Hassani Grand Ayatollah Sayed Mohammed Ali Tabatabai Al-Hassani ( ar, السيد محمد علي الطباطبائي الحسني; 1945 – February 2017) was an Iraqi, Twelver Shia Muslim Marja'. He studied in Shia Islamic seminaries of Karbala an ...

(1945–2017) *

Mohammad Hussaini Shahroudi , image = 148117 AyatullahShahroudi S3(3).jpg , caption = Grand Ayatollah Mohammad Shahroudi , image_size= 200px , birth_date = December 1925 , birth_place = Najaf, Iraq , death_date = 7 July 2019 (aged 94) , death_place = ...

(1925–2019) * Mohammed Ridha al-Shirazi (1959–2008) * Mohammad Taher Khaqani (born 1940) *

Mohammad Taqi al-Modarresi Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Muhammad-Taqi al-Husayni al-Modarresi ( ar, محمد تقي الحسيني المدرسي; fa, ; b. 1945) is an Iraqi-Iranian Shia marja' and political theorist. al-Modarresi is the author of over 400 books on matte ...

(born 1945) *

Mohammad Yaqoobi , birth_date = , birth_place = Najaf, Iraq , location = Najaf, Iraq , Title = Grand Ayatollah , Period = 2003–present , Predecessor = Mohammad Mohammad Sadeq al-Sadr , Successor = , ordinatio ...

(born 1960) *

Morteza Hosseini Fayaz Sayyid Murtadha Husayni al-Fayadh (9 April 1929 - 20 August 2014, Arabic: السيد مرتضى الحسيني فياض) was an Iraqi Twelver Shi'a Marja. He has studied in seminaries of Najaf, Iraq under Abul-Qassim Khoei and Muhsin al-Haki ...

(1929–2014) *

Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr ( ar, آية الله العظمى السيد محمد باقر الصدر; 1 March 1935 – 9 April 1980), also known as al-Shahīd al-Khāmis (the fifth martyr), was an Iraqi philosopher, and the ideological founde ...

(1935–1980) *

Sadiq al-Shirazi Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Sadiq al-Husayni al-Shirazi ( ar, صادق الحسيني الشيرازي; fa, سید صادق حسینی شیرازی; born August 20, 1942) is an Iraqi-Iranian Shia marja'. He hails from an influential transnational c ...

(born 1942) * Shamsodin Vaezi (born 1936) *

Shahab ud-Din Mar'ashi Najafi Shahab ad-Din Muhammad Hussain Mar'ashi Najafi (July 21, 1897 – August 29, 1990) ( ar, اية الله العظمى السيد شهابالدين الحسينى المرعشى نجفى) was an Iraqi Shia ''Grand Ayatollah'' and Marja'. Educat ...

(1897–1990)

Jordan

Umar Sulayman al-Ashqar Umar Sulaiman Al-Ashqar (1940 - 10 August 2012: Arabic: عمر بن سليمان الاشقر) was a Salafi Muslim Brotherhood The Society of the Muslim Brothers ( ar, جماعة الإخوان المسلمين'' ''), better known as the Musl ...

(1930–2012) *

Sa'id Foudah Sa'id 'Abd al-Latif Foudah ( ar, سعيد عبد اللطيف فودة) is a Shafi'i-Ash'ari academic working in Islamic theology (kalam), logic, legal theory (usul al-fiqh), and a prolific polemicist best known for his criticism of Ibn Arabi and ...

(born 1967) *

Nuh Ha Mim Keller Nuh Ha Mim Keller (born 1954) is an American Islamic scholar, teacher and author who lives in Amman. He is a translator of a number of Islamic books. Life and scholarship Keller studied philosophy and Arabic at the University of Chicago and th ...

(born 1954) * Abdul Karim Khasawneh (born 1944) * Nuh al-Qudah (born 1939)

Lebanon

* Abdullah al-Harari (1910–2008) *

Gibril Haddad Gibril Fouad Haddad (born 1960) ( ar-at, جبريل فؤاد حداد; ) is a Lebanese-born Islamic scholar, hadith expert (''muhaddith''), author, and translator of classical Islamic texts. He was featured in the inaugural list of ''The 500 Mo ...

(born 1960) *

Hisham Kabbani Muhammad Hisham Kabbani (born 28 January 1945) is a Lebanese-American Sunni Sufi Muslim scholar belonging to the Naqsbandi Sufi Order. Kabbani has counseled and advised Muslim leaders to build community resilience against violent extremism. ...

(born 1945) *

Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah (also Sayyed Muhammad Hussein Fadl-Allāh; ar, محمد حسين فضل الله; 16 November 1935 – 4 July 2010) was a prominent twelver Shia cleric from a Lebanese family. Born in Najaf, Iraq, ...

(1935–2010) *

Musa al-Sadr Musa Sadr al-Din al-Sadr ( ar, موسى صدر الدين الصدر; 4 June 1928 – disappeared 31 August 1978) was an Iranian-born Lebanese scholar and political leader who founded the Amal Movement. Born in the Chaharmardan neighborhood o ...

(1928–1978) * Sobhi Mahmassani (1909–1986)

Oman

Zohurul Hoque Zohurul Hoque ( bn, জহূরুল হক; 11 October 1926 – 18 January 2017) was an Indian Islamic scholar and doctor known for his translations of the Qur'an into the Bengali, Assamese and English languages. He later moved to Muscat in ...

(1926–2017)

Palestine

* Taqiuddin al-Nabhani (1909–1977)

Saudi Arabia

Abd al-Aziz ibn Abd Allah ibn Baaz Sheikh Abd al Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn Baz ( ar, عبد العزيز بن عبد الله بن باز, ʿAbd al ʿAzīz bin ʿAbdullāh bin Bāz, 21 November 1912 – 13 May 1999) was a Saudi Arabian Islamic ulama, scholar who served as the Grand Muf ...

(1910–1999) *

Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais Abdul Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz al-Sudais ( ar, عَبْدُ ٱلرَّحْمَٰنِ بْنُ عَبْدِ ٱلْعَزِيزِ ٱلسُّدَيْسِ, ʻAbd ar-Raḥman ibn ʻAbd al-ʻAziz as-Sudais), better known as Al-Sudais, is one of the nine i ...

(born 1960) * Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh (born 1943) * Abdullah Ibn Jibreen (1933–2009) *

Adil al-Kalbani Adil al-Kalbani () is a Saudi Arabian Muslim cleric of Afro-Saudi background who served as the Imam of the Great Mosque of Mecca. Biography Early years and studies Adil al-Kalbani was born in Riyadh on April 4, 1958 to poor emigrants from Ras ...

(born 1959) *

Ali Bin Abdur Rahman Al Huthaify Ali Bin Abdur Rahman Al Huthaify (born 22 May 1947) (Arabic; علي بن عبد الرحمن الحذيفي) is a Saudi imam and khateeb of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, and a former Imam of Quba Mosque. His style of reciting the Qur’an in a slow ...

(born 1947) *

Muhammad Al-Munajid Muhammad Saalih Al-Munajjid (محمد صالح المنجد) (born June 7, 1960/30 Dhul hijjah,1380) is a Syrian-born Palestinian- Saudi Islamic scholar. He is the founder of the fatwa website IslamQA, a popular website for Saudi Arabian Salafi r ...

(born 1960) * Muhammad ibn al Uthaymeen (1925–2001) *

Muhammad Muhsin Khan Muhammad Muhsin Khan (Pashto/Dari/Arabic: ; 1927 – 14 July 2021) was an Islamic scholar and translator of Afghan origin, who lived in Madinah and served as the Chief of Department of Chest Diseases at the King Faisal Specialist Hospital and ...

(born 1927) *

Rabee al-Madkhali Rabīʿ bin Hādī ʿUmayr al Madkhalī ( ar, ربيع بن هادي عمير المدخلي), is a former head of the Sunnah Studies Department at the Islamic University of Madinah. He is a Salafi Muslim scholar and the founder of Madkhalism ...

(born 1931) *

Saleh Al-Fawzan Saleh Al-Fawzan ( ar, صالح بن فوزان الفوزان; born 1933) is an Islamic scholar and has been a member of several high religious bodies in Saudi Arabia. He is considered to be the most senior scholar of Islam in Saudi Arabia. His s ...

(born 1933) *

Saud Al-Shuraim Saud ibn Ibrahim ibn Muhammad al-Shuraim (Arabic: سعود بن ابراهيم بن محمد الشريم; born 19 January 1964), is one of the prayer leaders and Friday preachers at the Grand Mosque Masjid al-Haram in Makkah. A Quranic reciter, ...

(born 1964)

Syria

Ahmed Kuftaro Ahmed Kuftaro or Ahmad Kaftaru (Arabic: أحمد كفتارو; December 1915 – 1 September 2004) was the Grand Mufti of Syria, the highest officially appointed Sunni Muslim representative of the Fatwa-Administration in the Syrian Ministry of ...

(1915–2004) * Muhammad Ali al-Sabuni (1930-2021) *

Muhammad al-Yaqoubi Muhammad Abul Huda al-Yaqoubi ( ar, محمد أبو الهدى اليعقوبي; born 7 May 1963) is a Syrian Islamic scholar and religious leader. He has opposed both Bashar al-Assad and Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. Early life and background Al-Y ...

(born 1963) * Muhammad bin Yahya al-Ninowy (born 1966) *

Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani Muhammad b. al-Haj Nuh b. Nijati b. Adam al-Ishqudri al-Albani al-Arnauti ( ar, مُحَمَّد نَاصِر ٱلدِّيْن ٱلْأَلْبَانِي الأرنؤوط), better known simply as Al-Albani (August 16, 1914 – October 2, 1999), ...

(1914–1999) *

Muhammad Said Ramadan al-Bouti Mohammed Said Ramadan Al-Bouti ( ar, مُحَّمَد سَعِيد رَمَضَان ٱلْبُوطِي, Muḥammad Saʿīd Ramaḍān al-Būṭī) (1929 - 21 March 2013) was a notable Sunni Muslim scholar who was also known as "Shaykh of the ...

(1929–2013) *

Munira al-Qubaysi Shaykha Munira Qubaysi (also spelled Qubeysi; 1933 – December 25, 2022) was an Islamic scholar and spiritual guide to a vast number of women around the world who were impacted by her either directly or indirectly through her students. Educatio ...

(born 1933)

Turkey

* Ahmet Mahmut Ünlü (born 1965) * Ali Bardakoğlu (born 1952) * Ali Erbaş (born 1961) * Cemalnur Sargut (born 1962) *

Fethullah Gülen Muhammed Fethullah Gülen (born 27 April 1941) is a Turkish Islamic scholar, preacher, and a one-time opinion leader, as de facto leader of the Gülen movement. Gülen is designated an influential neo-Ottomanist, Anatolian panethnicist, Isl ...

(born 1941) * Hidayet Şefkatli Tuksal (born 1963) *

Hüseyin Hilmi Işık Huseyin Hilmi Işık (March 8, 1911 - October 26, 2001) was a Turkish, Sunni Islamic scholar. Life Hüseyn Hilmi Işık was born in Eyüp, Istanbul. He received religious education from mujtahid Abdulhakim Arvasi. He learned ma'qûl, manqûl, ...

(1911-2001) * Mahmud Esad Coşan (1938–2001) * Mahmut Ustaosmanoğlu (1929-2022) * Mehmed Fatih Çıtlak (born 1967) * Mehmet Görmez (born 1959) *

Mustafa Çağrıcı Mustafa Çağrıcı is a Turkish former mufti of Istanbul ) , postal_code_type = Postal code , postal_code = 34000 to 34990 , area_code = +90 212 (European side) +90 216 (Asian side) , registration_plat ...

(born 1950) *

Muzaffer Ozak Muzaffer Ozak (formally: Sheikh Muzaffer Özak Âșkî al-Jerrahi) (1916 – 12 February 1985) was a Turkish Muslim spiritual author, imam, and the 19th Grand Sheikh of the Halveti- Jerrahi Order of Dervishes, a traditional Ottoman Sufi order ...

(1916–1985) *

(1922–2014) *

Osman Nuri Topbaş Osman Nuri Topbaş (born 1942) is a Turkish Sufi master and author who lives in Istanbul, Turkey. He is the spiritual leader of the Naqshbandi Sufi Order based in Kadıköy, İstanbul. Biography He was born in 1942 in Erenköy, İstanbul ...

(born 1942) *

Ömer Tuğrul İnançer Ömer Tuğrul İnançer (5 May 1946, Bursa - 4 September 2022, Istanbul) was a Turkish lawyer, Sufi musician, and Shaykh of the Jerrahi Order. He retired from his duty as the founding general manager of the Istanbul Historical Turkish Music Ense ...

(1946-2022) *

Süleyman Ateş Süleyman Ateş (born 3 January 1933) is a Turkish theologian, philosopher, and writer. He was 12th Director of religious affairs of Turkey. He graduated at Ankara University and passed out the highest degree. He attended an assistant program ...

(born 1933) *

Yaşar Nuri Öztürk Yaşar Nuri Öztürk (February 5, 1951 – June 22, 2016) was a Turkish Islamic scholar, university professor of Islamic theology, lawyer, columnist and a former member of Turkish parliament. He has been described as a Quranist and has given many ...

(1951-2016)

Yemen

* Abdul Majeed al-Zindani (born 1942) *

Habib Ali al-Jifri Habib Ali Zain al-Abidin al-Jifri ( ar, الحبيب علي زين العابدين الجفري; born 16 April 1971) is a Yemeni-born Sunni and Sufi Islamic scholar and spiritual educator located in the United Arab Emirates. He is the founder o ...

(born 1971) *

Habib Umar bin Hafiz Habib Umar bin Hafiz ( ar-at, عمر بن حفيظ, Ḥabīb ʿUmar bin Ḥafīẓ; ; born 27 May 1963) is a Yemeni Sunni and Sufi Islamic scholar, teacher, and founder and dean of Dar al-Mustafa Islamic seminary. He also a member of the Suprem ...

(born 1963) *

Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i Muqbil bin Hadi bin Muqbil bin Qa’idah al-Hamdani al-Wadi’i al-Khallali (1933 – 21 July 2001) ( ar, مقبل بن هادي الوادعي) was an Islamic scholar and a major proponent of Quietist Salafism in Yemen. He was the founder of a ...

(1933–2001) * Yahya al-Hajuri

South Asia

Bangladesh

Abdul Latif Chowdhury Fultali Abdul Latif Chowdhury ( bn, আব্দুল লতিফ চৌধুরী; 25 May 1913 – 16 January 2008), widely known as Saheb Qiblah Fultali, was a Bangladeshi Sufi Islamic scholar and theologian who is the founder of the Fultali movem ...

(1913–2008) * Abdul Halim Bukhari (born 1945) *

Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani Abdul Hamid Khan Bhashani (12 December 1880 – 17 November 1976), often shortened as Maulana Bhashani, was a Bengali politician. His political tenure spanned the British colonial India, Pakistan and Bangladesh periods. Maulana Bhashani was pop ...

(1880–1976) *

Abdul Haque Faridi Abul Faraḥ Muḥammad ʿAbdul Ḥaque Farīdī (25 May 1903 – 5 February 1996) was a Bangladeshi educator and author. In recognition of his contributions in the field of linguistics, he was awarded a Bangla Academy Fellowship. Faridi was t ...

(1903–1996) *

Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi Muhammad Abdul Jabbar Jahanabadi ( bn, মোহম্মদ আব্দুল জব্বার জাহানাবাদী) was an Islamic scholar and secretary general of Befaqul Madarisil Arabia Bangladesh. He has been described as a pio ...

(1937–2016) * Abdul Khaleque Mondal (born 1944) * Abdul Malek Halim *

Abdul Matin Chowdhury Abdul Matin Chowdhury (1 May 1921 – 24 June 1981) was a Bangladeshi academic and physicist. He served as the 14th Vice-chancellor of the University of Dhaka. Education Chowdhury passed entrance examination from Arunchandra High School in No ...

(1915–1990) *

Abdur Rahim ʻAbd al-Raḥīm ( ALA-LC romanization of ar, عبد الرحيم) is a male Muslim given name, and in modern usage, surname. It is built from the Arabic words ''ʻabd'', ''al-Raḥīm'', one of the names of God in the Qur'an, which give rise to ...

(1918–1987) *

Abdur Rahman Chatgami Abdur Rahman Chatgami ( bn, আব্দুর রহমান চাটগামী; 1920–2015), also known as Faqihul Millat, was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar of the Deobandi school. He was born in Imam Nagar, Fatikchhari, Chittagong, in ...

(1920–2015) * Abdur Rahman Kashgarhi (d. 1971) * Abdus Salam Chatgami (1943–2021) *

Abdus Sobhan Maulana Muhammad Abdus Sobhan ( bn, মাওলানা মুহাম্মদ আব্দুস সুবহান; 19 February 1936 – 14 February 2020) was a Bangladeshi politician. He was a member of the central working committee of the ...

(1936–2020) *

Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh Abu Zafar Mohammad Saleh ( bn, আবু জাফর মোহাম্মদ সালেহ; 1915 – 13 February 1990), popularly known as the Pir of Sarsina, was a Bangladeshi Islamic scholar. He was said to have contributed to the establis ...

(1915–1990) * A F M Khalid Hossain (born 1959) *

Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri Ahmed Ali Enayetpuri ( bn, আহমদ আলী এনায়েতপুরী) was a Bengali writer, journalist, and politician. Early life and education Ahmed Ali was born on 21 January 1898, to a Bengali Muslim family in the village of ...

(1898–1959) *

Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi Ashraf Ali Bishwanathi (1928–2005) was a Bangladeshi Deobandi Islamic scholar, educator, politician and religious writer. He was called "Baba-e Jamiat" in order to lay the foundation of Jamiat Ulema-e-Islam Bangladesh in East Pakistan and prese ...

(1928–2005) *

Athar Ali Bengali Athar Ali ( bn, আতহার আলী; 1891-1976) was a Bangladeshi Islamic activist, author, teacher and politician. He participated in the Indian independence movement, and was former president of the Nizam-e-Islam Party. Ali was also a '' ...

(1891–1976) * Azizul Haq (1903–1961) * Azizul Haque (scholar), Azizul Haque (1919–2012) * Deen Muhammad Khan (1900–1974) * Delwar Hossain Sayeedi (born 1940) * Farid Uddin Chowdhury (b. 1947) * Fazlul Karim (scholar), Fazlul Karim (1935–2006) * Fazlul Haque Amini (1945–2012) * Gulamur Rahman (1865–1937) * Hafezzi Huzur (1895–1997) * Ibrahim Chatuli (1894–1984) * Ibrahim Ujani (1863–1943) * Izharul Islam * Junaid Babunagari (1955–2021) * Khwaja Yunus Ali (1886–1951) * Mahfuzul Haque (born 1969) * Mahmudul Hasan (scholar), Mahmudul Hasan (born 1950) * Mamunul Haque (born 1973) * Mohammad Akram Khan (1868–1969) * Muhammad Abdul Malek (born 1969) * Muhammad Asadullah Al-Ghalib (born 1948) * Muhammad Faizullah (1892–1976) * Muhammad Shahidullah (1885–1969) * Muhammad Wakkas (1952–2021) * Muhibbullah Babunagari (born 1935) * Muhiuddin Khan (1935–2016) * Mushahid Ahmad Bayampuri (1907–1971) * Nur Hossain Kasemi (1945–2020) * Nur Uddin Gohorpuri (1924–2005) * Nurul Islam Farooqi (died 2014) * Nurul Islam Jihadi (born 1948) * Nurul Islam Olipuri (Bangladeshi scholar), Nurul Islam Olipuri (born 1955) * Obaidul Haque (1934–2008) * Obaidullah Hamzah (born 1972) * Ruhul Amin (mufti), Ruhul Amin (b. 1962) * Sayed Muhammad Amimul Ehasan Barkati (1911–1974) * Syed Najibul Bashar Maizbhandari (b. 1959) * Syed Rashid Ahmed Jaunpuri (1889–2001) * Sajidur Rahman (b. 1964) * Sayed Kamaluddin Zafree (born 1945) * Shah Ahmad Hasan (1882–1967) * Shah Ahmad Shafi (1916–2020) * Shahidul Islam (Mufti), Shahidul Islam (born 1960) * Shahinur Pasha Chowdhury (b. 1985) * Shamsul Haque Faridpuri (1896–1969) * Shamsul Huda Panchbagi (1897–1988) * Sultan Zauq Nadvi (born 1939) * Syed Fazlul Karim (1935–2006) * Syed Mohammad Saifur Rahman (born 1916) * Syed Rezaul Karim (born 1971) * Ubaidul Haq (1928–2007) * Zia Uddin (born 1941)

India

* Abdul Hamid Qadri Badayuni (1898–1970) * Abdul Haq Azmi (1928–2016) * Abdul Jalil Choudhury (1925-1989) * Abdul Khaliq Sambhali (1950–2021) * Abdul Rashid Dawoodi (born 1979) * Abdul Razzaq (Mufti), Abdul Razzaq (1932–2021) * Anzar Shah Kashmiri (1927–2008) * Ameen Mian Qaudri * Atiqur Rahman Usmani (1901–1984) * Bashir al-Najafi (born 1942) * Bashir-ud-din Farooqi (1934–2019) * E. K. Aboobacker Musliyar (1914–1996) * Faizul Waheed (1966–2021) * Fuzail Ahmad Nasiri (born 1978) * Habibur Rahman Khairabadi (born 1933) * Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi (1910–1987) * Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi (1909–1992) * Hashmi Miya (born 1947) * Kafilur Rahman Nishat Usmani (1942–2006) * Kalbe Abid (1923–1986) * Kalbe Sadiq (1939–2020) * Kanniyath Ahmed Musliyar (1900–1993) * Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar (born 1931) * Khalid Saifullah Rahmani (born 1956) * Mohammad Najeeb Qasmi * Muhammad Salim Qasmi (1926–2018) * Muhammad Sufyan Qasmi (born 1954) * Muhammad Taqi Amini (1926–1991) * Muhammad Yunus Jaunpuri (1937–2017) * Minnatullah Rahmani (1913–1991) * Mufti Syed Ziauddin Naqshbandi * Muhammad Madni Ashraf Ashrafi Al-Jilani (born 1938) * Mujahidul Islam Qasmi (1936–2002) * Mustafa Raza Khan Qadri * Nazir Ahmad Qasmi (born 1 June 1965) * Nizamuddin Asir Adrawi (1926–2021) * Noor Alam Khalil Amini (1952–2021) * Qamaruzzaman Azmi * Rafiq Ahmad Pampori (born 1956) * Rahmatullah Mir Qasmi (born 1956) * Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi (1908–1985) * Sa'id Akhtar Rizvi (1927–2002) * Salman Mazahiri (1946–2020) * Sayyid Abdurahman Imbichikoya Thangal Al-Aydarusi Al-Azhari (1924–2015) * Sayyid Ibraheem Khaleel Al Bukhari (born 1964) * Shihabuddeen Ahmed Koya Shaliyathi * Shakir Ali Noori * Shams Naved Usmani (1931–1993) * Syed Ahmad Hashmi (1932–2001) * Syed Aqeel-ul-Gharavi (born 1964) * Syed Hamidul Hasan * Syed Mohammed Mukhtar Ashraf (1916-1996) * Syed Muhammedali Shihab Thangal (1936–2009) * Syed Zafrul Hasan Rizvi (1911–1983) * Usman Mansoorpuri (1944–2021) * Wahiduddin Khan (1925–2021) * Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi (1944–2020) * Zayn al-Abidin Sajjad Meerthi (1910–1991) * Zeeshan Haider Jawadi (1938–2000) * Ziauddin Madani * Ziaul Mustafa Razvi Qadri

Pakistan

* Abdur Razzaq Iskander (1935–2021) * Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri (1940–2021) * Abu Yahya (author), Abu Yahya (born 1969) * Abdul Sattar Khan Niazi (1915–2001) * Alauddin Siddiqui (1936–2017) * Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904–1997) * Ameer Muhammad Akram Awan (1934–2017) * Ehsan Elahi Zaheer (1940-1987) * Fazal-ur-Rehman (politician), Fazal-ur-Rehman (born 1953) * Fateh Muhammad Panipati (1905–1987) * Ghulam Ali Okarvi (1919–2000) * Ghulam Ahmed Perwez (1903–1985) * Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din Ghaznavi (1902–1975) * Hakeem Muhammad Akhtar (1928–2013) * Ilyas Qadri (12 July 1950) * Israr Ahmed (1932–2010) * Javed Ahmad Ghamidi (born 1952) * Khadim Hussain Rizvi (1966-2020) * Khalid Masud (1935–2003) * Khurshid Ahmad (Islamic scholar), Khurshid Ahmad (born 1932) * Muhammad Adil Khan (died 2020) * Muhammad Ali Mirza (born 1977) * Muhammad Ishaq Madni (1935-28 August 2013) * Muhammad Rafi Usmani (born 1936) * Muhammad Raza Saqib Mustafai (born 1972) * Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri (born 1951) * Muhammad Taqi Usmani (born 1949) * Muneeb-ur-Rehman (born 1945) * Nizamuddin Shamzai (12 July 1952 – 30 May 2004) * Rasheed Turabi (1908–1973) * Shah Ahmad Noorani (1926–2003) * Shah Turab ul Haq (1944–2016) * Syed Adnan Kakakhail (born 1975) * Syed Jawad Naqvi (born 1952) * Syed Shehanshah Hussain Naqvi (born 1974) * Syed Shujaat Ali Qadri (1941–1993) * Talib Jauhari (1939–2020) * Tariq Jamil (born 1953) * Tariq Masood (born 1975) * Uzair Gul Peshawari (died 17 November 1989) * Zar Wali Khan (1953–2020)

Indonesia

* Abdurrahman Wahid (1940–2009) * B.J. Habibie (1936-2019) * Fakih Usman (1904–1968) * Hamka (1908–1981) * Ilyas Ruhiat (1934–2007) * Maria Ulfah (born 1955) * Mas Mansoer (1896–1946) * Mohammad Natsir (1908–1993) * Quraish Shihab (born 1944) * Siti Noordjannah Djohantini (born 1958) * Siti Chamamah Soeratno (born 1941)

Malaysia

* Abdul Hadi Awang (born 1947) * Asri Zainul Abidin (born 1971) * Haron Din (1940–2016) * Nenney Shushaidah Binti Shamsuddin (born 1975) * Nik Abdul Aziz Nik Mat (1931–2015) * Syed Muhammad Naquib al-Attas (born 1931) * Zailan Moris, Zailan Morris * Zulkifli Mohamad Al-Bakri (born 1969)

Central Asia

Uzbekistan

* Muhammad Sadik Muhammad Yusuf (1952–2015)

East Asia

China

* Du Shuzhen (born 1924) * Muhammad Ma Jian (1906–1978)

Europe

The Balkans

* Abdul Qader Arnaoot (1928–2004) Kosovo *

(1914–1999) Albania * Mustafa Cerić (born 1952) Bosnia and Herzegovina * Shefqet Krasniqi (born 1966) Kosovo * Shuaib Al Arna'ut (1928-2016) Albania * Vehbi Sulejman Gavoçi (1923-2013) Albania

Western Europe

Austria

* Adnan Ibrahim (born 1966) Vienna * Muhammad Asad (1900–1992)

Germany

* Ahmad Milad Karimi (born 1979) *Halima Krausen (born 1949)

Ireland

* Umar Al-Qadri (born 1982) Dublin

United Kingdom

* Abdul Qayum (imam), Abdul Qayum (born 1960) London * Abdur Rahman ibn Yusuf Mangera (born 1974) * Abu-Abdullah Adelabu London * Abu Yusuf Riyadh ul Haq (born 1971) Leicester * Ajmal Masroor (born 1971) London * Ahmed Saad Al-Azhari (born 1978) London * Haifaa Jawad Birmingham * Haitham al-Haddad (born 1971) London * Ibrahim Mogra (born 1965) Leicester * Joel Hayward (born 1964) London * Khurshid Ahmad (scholar) (born 1932) Leicester * Martin Lings (1909–2005) Manchester * Mohammad Akram Nadwi (born 1964) Oxford * Muhammad Abdul Bari (born 1953) London * Muhammad ibn Adam Al-Kawthari, Leicester * Muhammad Imdad Hussain Pirzada (born 1946) Nottinghamshire * Musharraf Hussain (born 1962) Nottingham * Nahiem Ajmal (born 1979) * Ruqaiyyah Waris Maqsood (born 1942) London * Shabbir Akhtar (born 1960) Bradford * Timothy Winter (born 1960) London * Yasser Al-Habib (born 1979) * Yusuf Motala (1946–2019) Lancashire

Switzerland

* Frithjof Schuon (1907–1998) * Tariq Ramadan (born 1962) Geneva

North America

Canada

* Ahmad Kutty (born 1946), Toronto * Faraz Rabbani, Ontario *Farhat Hashmi (born 1957) * Ingrid Mattson (born 1963), Ontario * Jamal Badawi, Halifax, Nova Scotia * Muzaffar Iqbal (born 1954), Edmonton * Reza Hosseini Nassab (born 1960), Toronto

United States

* Aminah McCloud (born 1958) * Amina Wadud (born 1952) * Amir Hussain Los Angeles, CA * Asifa Quraishi * Asma Barlas (born 1950) * Azizah Y. al-Hibri, Azizah Y. Al-Hibri (born 1943) Virginia * Caner Dagli * Dalia Mogahed * Fazlur Rahman Malik, Fazlur Rahman (1919–1988) Illinois * Fetullah Gulen (born 1941) Pennsylvania * Hamza Yusuf (born 1958) Berkeley, CA * Hamid Algar (born 1940) Berkeley, CA * Hassan Hathout (1924–2009) Pasadena. CA * Jonathan A.C. Brown (born 1977) Washington DC * Kecia Ali (born 1972) Massachusetts * Khaled Abou El Fadl (born 1963) California * Khalid Yahya Blankinship (born 1949) Philadelphia, PA * Laleh Bakhtiar (1938-2020) * Louay Safi (born 1955) * Maria Massi Dakake (born 1968) * Mohammed Adam El-Sheikh (born 1945) Virginia * Mohammad Hassan Khalil Michigan * Muqtedar Khan (born 1966) Delaware * Muzammil H. Siddiqi (born 1943) * Omar Khalidi (1953–2010) * Omar Suleiman (imam), Omar Suleiman Texas * Omid Safi North Carolina * Ovamir Anjum Ohio * Riffat Hassan (born 1953) * Seyyed Hossein Nasr (born 1933) * Sherman Jackson California * Umar Faruq Abd-Allah (born 1948) Chicago * Wael Hallaq (born 1955) New York * Warith Deen Mohammed (1933–2008) Illinois * Yasir Qadhi (born 1975) Texas * Yasir Nadeem al Wajidi (born 1982) Chicago * Zaid Shakir (born 1956) California

Trinidad

* Imran N. Hosein

Oceania

Australia

* Charis Waddy (1909–2004) * Fehmi Naji (1928–2016) * Ibrahim Abu Mohamed * Taj El-Din Hilaly (born 1941)

New Zealand

* Joel Hayward (born in Christchurch in 1964), lives in Abu Dhabi, UAE

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muslim Scholars Islamic scholars, Lists of scholars and academics Lists of theologians and religious studies scholars

Africa

Nigeria

Egypt

Mauritania

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Ghana

Senegal

Somalia

Morocco

Asia

West Asia

Iran

Cyprus

Iraq

Jordan

Lebanon

Oman

Palestine

Saudi Arabia

Syria

Turkey

Yemen

South Asia

Bangladesh

India

Pakistan

Indonesia

Malaysia

Central Asia

Uzbekistan

East Asia

China

Europe

The Balkans

Western Europe

Austria

Germany

Ireland

United Kingdom

Switzerland

North America

Canada

United States

Trinidad

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

See also

References