This is a list of gomphothere fossils found in South America. Gomphotheres were elephant-like mammals that lived from the
Middle Miocene
The Middle Miocene is a sub-epoch of the Miocene Epoch made up of two stages: the Langhian and Serravallian stages. The Middle Miocene is preceded by the Early Miocene.
The sub-epoch lasted from 15.97 ± 0.05 Ma to 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma (million y ...
(approximately 12 million years ago) to the
Holocene (6000 years
BP).
The following species have been described in twentieth and twenty-first century paleontological literature about South America.
An alternative proposal is considered within the scientific community,
.
Modern classification
* ''
Cuvieronius''
** ''C. hyodon'' (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
* ''
Notiomastodon''
** ''N. platensis'' (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
Former classification
Original classification
*
Gomphotheriidae
**
Cuvieroniinae
*** ''
Cuvieronius''
**** ''C. arellanoi''
**** ''C. hyodon'' (=''C. humboldti'') (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
**** ''C. priestleyi''
**** ''C. tarijensis''
**** ''C. tropicus'' (=''C. oligobunis'' )
*** ''
Haplomastodon''
**** ''H. chimborazi''
**** ''H. guayasensis''
**** ''H. waringi'' (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
*** ''
Notiomastodon''
**** ''N. ornatus'' (=''S. platensis'')
**** ''N. platensis'' (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
**** ''N. vidali''
*** ''
Stegomastodon
''Stegomastodon'' ('roof breast tooth') is an extinct genus of gomphotheres, a family of proboscideans. It ranged throughout North America from the early Blancan ~4 Ma, to the early Irvingtonian (~1.2 Ma). The South American species have be ...
''
**** ''S. mirificus'' (= "S. successor, S. arizonae, S. texanus") (
type
Type may refer to:
Science and technology Computing
* Typing, producing text via a keyboard, typewriter, etc.
* Data type, collection of values used for computations.
* File type
* TYPE (DOS command), a command to display contents of a file.
* Ty ...
)
**** ''S. platensis''
**** ''S. primitivus'' (=''S. rexroadensis'')
**** ''S. superbus''
**** ''S. waringi''
Gomphothere fossil finds
''Formations are ordered according to their youngest age''
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
Proposed reclassification
Some authors,
Lucas
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''L ...
, Mothé, Avilla et al., propose a reclassification of the South American gomphotheres as follows:
[Lucas, 2013][Mothé et al., 2012][Mothé et al., 2016a][Mothé et al., 2016b]
* ''
Stegomastodon
''Stegomastodon'' ('roof breast tooth') is an extinct genus of gomphotheres, a family of proboscideans. It ranged throughout North America from the early Blancan ~4 Ma, to the early Irvingtonian (~1.2 Ma). The South American species have be ...
'' is an exclusively North American genus
* ''
Haplomastodon'' is a South American genus, but synonymous with ''
Notiomastodon''
* as ''Notiomastodon'' was
defined earlier, all ''Haplomastodon'' species should be considered part of ''Notiomastodon''
* all formerly described species as ''Stegomastodon sp.'', ''Haplomastodon sp.'' and ''Notiomastodon sp.'' belong to a single species; ''Notiomastodon platensis''
* ''
Cuvieronius'' is the only remaining South American genus outside of ''Notiomastodon'', containing the single local species ''C. hyodon''
Other researchers as Labarca, Prado and Alberdi agree with the placement of species into ''Notiomastodon'', but reject the idea of a single species. They continue to use ''Stegomastodon waringi'' for South American gomphotheres from Chile.
Evolution
*
Lucas
Lucas or LUCAS may refer to:
People
* Lucas (surname)
* Lucas (given name)
Arts and entertainment
* Luca Family Singers, also known as "lucas ligner en torsk"
* ''Lucas'' (album) (2007), an album by Skeletons and the Kings of All Cities
* ''L ...
(2010, 2013) proposes that ''Notiomastodon'' evolved from ''Cuvieronius'' inside South America
* Mothé et al. (2012, 2015, 2016) propose that ''Notiomastodon'' and ''Cuvieronius'' reached South America in two separate migration waves
[Mothé & Avilla, 2015, p.33]
Gallery
File:Gomphotheriidae.png, Global distribution Gomphotheriidae
File:Cuvieronius hyodon Mexico.png, ''Cuvieronius hyodon''
File:HaplomastodonPisa.JPG, ''Haplomastodon''
File:Notiomastodon.jpg, ''Notiomastodon''
File:Stegomastodon and Notiomastodon skeletals.png, ''Notiomastodon'' and ''Stegomastodon''
File:Manada de Gonfoterios (Parque chuyaca - Osorno).jpg, Reconstructed gomphotheres, Osorno, Chile
See also
*
Gomphothere
Gomphotheres are any members of the diverse, extinct taxonomic family Gomphotheriidae. Gomphotheres were elephant-like proboscideans, but do not belong to the family Elephantidae. They were widespread across Afro-Eurasia and North America during ...
*
Great American Biotic Interchange
*
South American land mammal ages
*
List of fossil primates of South America
Various fossil primates have been found in South America and adjacent regions such as Panama and the Caribbean.Tejedor et al., 2013, p.22 Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America.Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, ...
Notes and references
Notes
References
Bibliography
''Publications are in chronological order, most recent first, because of the advances in taxonomy and research''
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{{Paleontology in Colombia, state=collapsed
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