The following
multigraphs are used in the
Cyrillic script. The
palatalized consonants of
Russian and other languages written as C- are mostly predictable and therefore not included here unless they are irregular. Likewise, in the
languages of the Caucasus, there are numerous other predictable multigraphs that are not included. These include doubled letters (or whole digraphs) that indicate '
tense' ('strong') consonants and
long vowel
In linguistics, vowel length is the perceived length of a vowel sound: the corresponding physical measurement is duration. In some languages vowel length is an important phonemic factor, meaning vowel length can change the meaning of the word, f ...
s; sequences with , , for
labialized consonants; and sequences with or for
ejective consonant
In phonetics, ejective consonants are usually voiceless consonants that are pronounced with a glottalic egressive airstream. In the phonology of a particular language, ejectives may contrast with aspirated, voiced and tenuis consonants. Some l ...
s or
pharyngealized consonants and vowels.
Tatar also has discontinuous digraphs. See
Cyrillic digraphs
The Cyrillic script family contains many specially treated two-letter combinations, or digraphs, but few of these are used in Slavic languages. In a few alphabets, trigraphs and even the occasional tetragraph or pentagraph are used.
In early ...
for examples.
А
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
Г
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
* Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...
(though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
:
*
Aleut language
Aleut () or ''Unangam Tunuu'' is the language spoken by the Aleut living in the Aleutian Islands, Pribilof Islands, Commander Islands, and the Alaska Peninsula (in Aleut , the origin of the state name Alaska). Aleut is the sole language in the ...
(Bering dialect):
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Tatar: word-final
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
:
*
Abaza:
Ӷ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Д
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Belarusian
Belarusian may refer to:
* Something of, or related to Belarus
* Belarusians, people from Belarus, or of Belarusian descent
* A citizen of Belarus, see Demographics of Belarus
* Belarusian language
* Belarusian culture
* Belarusian cuisine
* Byelor ...
:
*
Bulgarian
Bulgarian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria
* Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group
* Bulgarian language, a Slavic language
* Bulgarian alphabet
* A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria
* Bul ...
:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar: (Karachay); (Balkar)
*
Komi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Russian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abaza:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Belarusian
Belarusian may refer to:
* Something of, or related to Belarus
* Belarusians, people from Belarus, or of Belarusian descent
* A citizen of Belarus, see Demographics of Belarus
* Belarusian language
* Belarusian culture
* Belarusian cuisine
* Byelor ...
:
*
Bulgarian
Bulgarian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria
* Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group
* Bulgarian language, a Slavic language
* Bulgarian alphabet
* A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria
* Bul ...
:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Komi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Russian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Ukrainian
Ukrainian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to Ukraine
* Something relating to Ukrainians, an East Slavic people from Eastern Europe
* Something relating to demographics of Ukraine in terms of demography and population of Ukraine
* So ...
:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Yakut:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Е
*
Archi:
*
Archi:
*
Archi:
Ё
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
Ж
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced (palatalized to before and palatalizing vowels). However, in the word дождь ("rain") and its derivatives, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (devoiced to in the nominative singular of дождь). The unpalatalized pronunciation in these words (unlike words with or ) is uncommon and considered nonstandard.
:
*
Russian: usually not a digraph, and pronounced . However, the conservative Moscow pronunciation uses the sound (though this is becoming increasingly outdated).
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
З
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
*
Russian: (regular) or (conservative Moscow pronunciation) (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
Ӡ
:
*
Abkhaz:
И
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Mongolian:
:
*
Archi:
Й
:
*
Moksha:
К
![Trigraf Кхъ](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Trigraf_%D0%9A%D1%85%D1%8A.PNG)
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian: or
* Also found in several other languages where is used for
labialization
Labialization is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally restricted to consonants. When vowels involve ...
(though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore does not result in a true digraph).
:
*
Chechen
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
*
Kabardian:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Crimean Tatar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
*
Kabardian:
*
Karachay-Balkar:
*
Kumyk: or
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
*
Tatar:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi: or
*
Avar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe: or
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
or
*
Kabardian: or
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous et ...
:
Қ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ҟ
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ӄ
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous et ...
:
Л
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Moksha:
*
Mongolian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Kabardian:
:
*
Archi:
Н
:
*
Karachay-Balkar:
*
Kumyk: or
*
Uzbek:
:
*
Crimean Tatar:
:
*
Yakut:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese
The Cyrillization of Chinese (''Hanyu Cyril Pinyin'') is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Palladius System is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for U ...
it is used for a word-final , equivalent to
pinyin .
О
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
:
*
Selkup:
:
*
Dungan
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Kumyk:
*
Nogai:
:
*
Archi:
П
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous et ...
:
Р
:
*
Moksha:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
С
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
Т
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
:
*
Abaza:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Chechen:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Abaza:
*
Komi:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Itelmen:
*
Nivkh
Nivkh or Amuric or Gilyak may refer to:
* Nivkh people
The Nivkh, or Gilyak (also Nivkhs or Nivkhi, or Gilyaks; ethnonym: Нивхгу, ''Nʼivxgu'' (Amur) or Ниғвңгун, ''Nʼiɣvŋgun'' (E. Sakhalin) "the people"), are an indigenous et ...
:
Ҭ
:
*
Abkhaz:
У
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Chechen:
*
Kumyk:
*
Lezgian:
*
Nogai:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Chechen:
:
*
Archi:
Ф
:
*
Aghul:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Kabardian:
Ү
:
*
Turkmen
Turkmen, Türkmen, Turkoman, or Turkman may refer to:
Peoples Historical ethnonym
* Turkoman (ethnonym), ethnonym used for the Oghuz Turks during the Middle Ages
Ethnic groups
* Turkmen in Anatolia and the Levant (Seljuk and Ottoman-Turkish desc ...
: (until 1993, in that year the
Turkmen alphabet became
Latin)
Х
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Dargwa:
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Ossetian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Abkhaz:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
:
*
Abaza:
Ҳ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ц
:
*
Archi:
*
Lezgian: or
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese
The Cyrillization of Chinese (''Hanyu Cyril Pinyin'') is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Palladius System is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for U ...
it is used for and , equivalent to
pinyin and, before an iotated vowel, .
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
*
Kabardian:
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Lezgian:
:
*
Avar:
Ҵ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Ч
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese
The Cyrillization of Chinese (''Hanyu Cyril Pinyin'') is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Palladius System is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for U ...
it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin .
:
*
Aghul:
*
Avar:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Ossetian:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
*
Aghul:
*
Archi:
*
Avar:
*
Chechen:
*
Dargwa:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
*
Lezgian:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
:
*
Avar:
:
*
Itelmen:
Ш
:
*
Abaza:
*
Archi:
*
Tabasaran:
:
*
Russian: (though this is a predictable effect of
assimilation
Assimilation may refer to:
Culture
*Cultural assimilation, the process whereby a minority group gradually adapts to the customs and attitudes of the prevailing culture and customs
**Language shift, also known as language assimilation, the progre ...
, and therefore not a true digraph)
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abkhaz:
:
*
Abaza:
*
Adyghe:
:
*
Adyghe:
Щ
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Kabardian:
Џ
:
*
Abkhaz:
Э
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
:
*
Archi:
Ю
:
* In the
cyrillization of Chinese
The Cyrillization of Chinese (''Hanyu Cyril Pinyin'') is the transcription of Chinese characters into the Cyrillic alphabet.
The Palladius System is the official Russian standard for transcribing Chinese into Russian, with variants existing for U ...
it is used for , equivalent to
pinyin .
:
*
Chechen:
Я
:
*
Dungan:
:
*
Chechen:
*
Ingush Ingush may refer to:
* Ingush language
* Ingush people
The Ingush (, inh, ГIалгIай, translit=Ghalghaj, pronounced ) per Oxford dictionary "a member of a people living mainly in Ingushetia in the central Caucasus." Ingushetia is a federa ...
Ӏ
:
*
Adyghe:
*
Kabardian:
See also
*
List of Cyrillic letters
This is a list of Letter (alphabet), letters of the Cyrillic script. The definition of a Cyrillic letter for this list is a character encoded in the Unicode, Unicode standard that a has Script (Unicode), script property of 'Cyrillic' and the U ...
*
Tetragraph
*
Pentagraph
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:List of Cyrillic Multigraphs
Cyrillic digraphs
Trigraphs (orthography)