Baryons are
composite
Composite or compositing may refer to:
Materials
* Composite material, a material that is made from several different substances
** Metal matrix composite, composed of metal and other parts
** Cermet, a composite of ceramic and metallic materials
...
particle
In the Outline of physical science, physical sciences, a particle (or corpuscule in older texts) is a small wikt:local, localized physical body, object which can be described by several physical property, physical or chemical property, chemical ...
s made of three
quark
A quark () is a type of elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. All commonly o ...
s, as opposed to
meson
In particle physics, a meson ( or ) is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark subparticles ...
s, which are composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark.
Baryon
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles; hadrons are composed of quarks. Baryons are also classified ...
s and mesons are both
hadron
In particle physics, a hadron (; grc, ἁδρός, hadrós; "stout, thick") is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by the strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules that are held together by the ele ...
s, which are particles composed solely of quarks or both quarks and antiquarks. The term ''baryon'' is derived from the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
''"βαρύς"'' (''barys''), meaning "heavy", because, at the time of their naming, it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of
pentaquark
A pentaquark is a human-made subatomic particle, consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together; they are not known to occur naturally, or exist outside of experiments specifically carried out to create them.
As quarks have a baryon ...
s – baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark. Prior to 2006 the
particle physics
Particle physics or high energy physics is the study of fundamental particles and forces that constitute matter and radiation. The fundamental particles in the universe are classified in the Standard Model as fermions (matter particles) an ...
community as a whole did not view the existence of pentaquarks as likely.
[W.-M. Yao ''et al.'' (2006)]
Particle listings – Positive Theta
/ref> On 13 July 2015, the LHCb collaboration at CERN
The European Organization for Nuclear Research, known as CERN (; ; ), is an intergovernmental organization that operates the largest particle physics laboratory in the world. Established in 1954, it is based in a northwestern suburb of Gene ...
reported results consistent with pentaquark states in the decay of bottom Lambda baryon
The lambda baryons (Λ) are a family of subatomic hadron particles containing one up quark, one down quark, and a third quark from a higher flavour generation, in a combination where the quantum wave function changes sign upon the flavour of any ...
s (Λ).[R. Aaij ''et al''. (2015)]
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction
The strong interaction or strong force is a fundamental interaction that confines quarks into proton, neutron, and other hadron particles. The strong interaction also binds neutrons and protons to create atomic nuclei, where it is called the n ...
. Lepton
In particle physics, a lepton is an elementary particle of half-integer spin ( spin ) that does not undergo strong interactions. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons (also known as the electron-like leptons or muons), and neutr ...
s, on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The best known baryons are the proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...
s and neutron
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons beh ...
s that make up most of the mass of the visible matter
In classical physics and general chemistry, matter is any substance that has mass and takes up space by having volume. All everyday objects that can be touched are ultimately composed of atoms, which are made up of interacting subatomic partic ...
in the universe
The universe is all of space and time and their contents, including planets, stars, galaxies, and all other forms of matter and energy. The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological description of the development of the universe. Acc ...
, whereas electron
The electron ( or ) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge. Electrons belong to the first generation of the lepton particle family,
and are generally thought to be elementary particles because they have no kn ...
s, the other major component of atom
Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons bound to the nucleus. The nucleus is made of one or more protons and a number of neutrons. Only the most common variety of hydrogen has no neutrons.
Every solid, liquid, gas, and ...
s, are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle
In particle physics, every type of particle is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also known as an antie ...
known as an antibaryon in which quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark, while its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton
The antiproton, , (pronounced ''p-bar'') is the antiparticle of the proton. Antiprotons are stable, but they are typically short-lived, since any collision with a proton will cause both particles to be annihilated in a burst of energy.
The exist ...
, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
Baryon properties
These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum ''J'' = and ''J'' = configurations with positive parity.
*Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in ''J'' = configuration, but ''J'' = is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principle
In quantum mechanics, the Pauli exclusion principle states that two or more identical particles with half-integer spins (i.e. fermions) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously. This principle was formulated ...
.
*Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both ''J'' = and ''J'' = configurations.
*Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both ''J'' = and ''J'' = configurations. Two ''J'' = configurations are possible for these baryons.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: ''I'' (isospin
In nuclear physics and particle physics, isospin (''I'') is a quantum number related to the up- and down quark content of the particle. More specifically, isospin symmetry is a subset of the flavour symmetry seen more broadly in the interactions ...
), ''J'' (total angular momentum
In quantum mechanics, the total angular momentum quantum number parametrises the total angular momentum of a given particle, by combining its orbital angular momentum and its intrinsic angular momentum (i.e., its spin).
If s is the particle's s ...
), ''P'' ( parity), u (up quark
The up quark or u quark (symbol: u) is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a significant constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up quark ...
), d (down quark
The down quark or d quark (symbol: d) is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. Together with the up quark, it forms the neutrons (one up quark, two down quarks) and protons (two up q ...
), s ( strange quark), c (charm quark
The charm quark, charmed quark or c quark (from its symbol, c) is the third-most massive of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Charm quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles made of quarks. Examples of hadrons containin ...
), b (bottom quark
The bottom quark or b quark, also known as the beauty quark, is a third-generation heavy quark with a charge of − ''e''.
All quarks are described in a similar way by electroweak and quantum chromodynamics, but the bottom quark has exc ...
), ''Q'' (charge
Charge or charged may refer to:
Arts, entertainment, and media Films
* '' Charge, Zero Emissions/Maximum Speed'', a 2011 documentary
Music
* ''Charge'' (David Ford album)
* ''Charge'' (Machel Montano album)
* ''Charge!!'', an album by The Aqu ...
), ''B'' (baryon number
In particle physics, the baryon number is a strictly conserved additive quantum number of a system. It is defined as
::B = \frac\left(n_\text - n_\bar\right),
where ''n''q is the number of quarks, and ''n'' is the number of antiquarks. Bary ...
), ''S'' (strangeness
In particle physics, strangeness ("''S''") is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic interactions which occur in a short period of time. The strangeness of a parti ...
), ''C'' (charm
Charm may refer to:
Social science
* Charisma, a person or thing's pronounced ability to attract others
* Superficial charm, flattery, telling people what they want to hear
Science and technology
* Charm quark, a type of elementary particle
* Ch ...
), ''B′'' (bottomness
In physics, bottomness (symbol ''B''′ using a prime as plain ''B'' is used already for baryon number) or beauty is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks (''n'') and the number of botto ...
), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See the ''baryon
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles; hadrons are composed of quarks. Baryons are also classified ...
'' article for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)
Antibaryons are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks, and ''Q'', ''B'', ''S'', ''C'', ''B′'', would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is the theory describing three of the four known fundamental forces (electromagnetism, electromagnetic, weak interaction, weak and strong interactions - excluding gravity) in the universe and classifying a ...
but not yet observed. Values in parentheses have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model
In particle physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons. The quark model underlies "flavor SU(3)", or the E ...
and are consistent with the measurements.
''J''''P'' = + baryons
† Particle has not yet been observed.
/sup> The masses of the proton
A proton is a stable subatomic particle, symbol , H+, or 1H+ with a positive electric charge of +1 ''e'' elementary charge. Its mass is slightly less than that of a neutron and 1,836 times the mass of an electron (the proton–electron mass ...
and neutron
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons beh ...
are known with much better precision in atomic mass unit
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass widely used in physics and chemistry. It is defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at ...
s (u) than in MeV
In physics, an electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is the measure of an amount of kinetic energy gained by a single electron accelerating from rest through an electric potential difference of one volt in vacu ...
/ c2, due to the relatively poorly known value of the elementary charge
The elementary charge, usually denoted by is the electric charge carried by a single proton or, equivalently, the magnitude of the negative electric charge carried by a single electron, which has charge −1 . This elementary charge is a fundame ...
. In atomic mass units, the mass of the proton is whereas that of the neutron is .
/sup> At least 1035 years. See proton decay
In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of particle decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron. The proton decay hypothesis was first formulated by Andrei Sakharov ...
.
/sup> For free neutron
The neutron is a subatomic particle, symbol or , which has a neutral (not positive or negative) charge, and a mass slightly greater than that of a proton. Protons and neutrons constitute the nuclei of atoms. Since protons and neutrons behave ...
s; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
/sup> PDG reports the resonance width
In physics and engineering, the quality factor or ''Q'' factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an oscillator or resonator is. It is defined as the ratio of the initial energy stored in the resonator to the energy los ...
(Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
/sup> There is a controversial discovery claim, disfavored by other experimental data.[J. Beringer ''et al.'' (2012)]
Particle listings –
/ref>
''J''''P'' = + baryons
† Particle has not yet been observed.
/sup> PDG reports the resonance width
In physics and engineering, the quality factor or ''Q'' factor is a dimensionless parameter that describes how underdamped an oscillator or resonator is. It is defined as the ratio of the initial energy stored in the resonator to the energy los ...
(Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
Baryon resonance particles
This table gives the name, quantum numbers (where known), and experimental status of baryons resonances confirmed by the PDG. Baryon resonance
Resonance describes the phenomenon of increased amplitude that occurs when the frequency of an applied periodic force (or a Fourier component of it) is equal or close to a natural frequency of the system on which it acts. When an oscillatin ...
particles are excited baryon states with short half lives and higher masses. Despite significant research, the fundamental degrees of freedom behind baryon excitation spectra are still poorly understood. The spin-parity ''J''P (when known) is given with each particle. For the strongly decaying particles, the ''J''P values are considered to be part of the names, as is the mass for all resonances.
See also
* Eightfold way (physics)
* List of mesons
:''This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.''
This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles ...
* List of particles
This is a list of known and hypothesized particles.
Elementary particles
Elementary particles are particles with no measurable internal structure; that is, it is unknown whether they are composed of other particles. They are the fundamental ob ...
* Roper resonance The Roper resonance, also known as P11(1440) or N(1440)1/2+, is an unstable nucleon resonance with a mass of about 1,440 MeV/c2 and with a relatively wide full Breit-Wigner width Γ ≈ 300 MeV/c2. It contains three quarks (up (u) or down (d)) wi ...
* Timeline of particle discoveries
References
Bibliography
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Further reading
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External links
* Particle Data Group
The Review of Particle Physics (2018)
* Georgia State University
Baryons made thinkable
an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared
{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Baryons
*
Baryons
In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle which contains an odd number of valence quarks (at least 3). Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles; hadrons are composed of quarks. Baryons are also classified ...
fr:Baryon#Liste
it:Lista dei barioni