![Banate of severin](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Banate_of_severin.png)
The Banate of Severin or Banate of Szörény ( hu, Szörényi bánság; ro, Banatul Severinului; la, Banatus Zewrinensis; bg, Северинско банство, ; sr, Северинска бановина, ) was a Hungarian political, military and administrative unit with a special role in the initially anti-
Bulgarian
Bulgarian may refer to:
* Something of, from, or related to the country of Bulgaria
* Bulgarians, a South Slavic ethnic group
* Bulgarian language, a Slavic language
* Bulgarian alphabet
* A citizen of Bulgaria, see Demographics of Bulgaria
* Bul ...
, latterly anti-
Ottoman defensive system of the medieval
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
. It was founded by
Prince Béla in 1228.
Territory
The Banate of Severin was a
march
March is the third month of the year in both the Julian and Gregorian calendars. It is the second of seven months to have a length of 31 days. In the Northern Hemisphere, the meteorological beginning of spring occurs on the first day of Marc ...
(or a border province) of the medieval
Kingdom of Hungary
The Kingdom of Hungary was a monarchy in Central Europe that existed for nearly a millennium, from the Middle Ages into the 20th century. The Principality of Hungary emerged as a Christian kingdom upon the coronation of the first king Stephen ...
between the
Lower Danube
The Danube ( ; ) is a river that was once a long-standing frontier of the Roman Empire and today connects 10 European countries, running through their territories or being a border. Originating in Germany, the Danube flows southeast for , pa ...
and the
Olt River
The Olt (Romanian and Hungarian; german: Alt; la, Aluta or ', tr, Oltu, grc, Ἄλυτος ''Alytos'') is a river in Romania. It is long, and its basin area is . It is the longest river flowing exclusively through Romania. Its average disch ...
(in present-day
Oltenia
Oltenia (, also called Lesser Wallachia in antiquated versions, with the alternative Latin names ''Wallachia Minor'', ''Wallachia Alutana'', ''Wallachia Caesarea'' between 1718 and 1739) is a historical province and geographical region of Romania ...
in Romania). A charter of grant, issued on 2 June 1247 to the
Knights Hospitallers
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem ( la, Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), commonly known as the Knights Hospitaller (), was a medieval and early modern Catholic military order. It was headq ...
, mentioned the Olt as its eastern border. The Knights received the "Land of Severin" ''(Terra de Zeurino)'', along with the nearby mountains, from
Béla IV of Hungary
Béla IV (1206 – 3 May 1270) was King of Hungary and Croatia between 1235 and 1270, and Duke of Styria from 1254 to 1258. As the oldest son of King Andrew II, he was crowned upon the initiative of a group of influential noblemen in his father ...
. The king had described the same region as a "deserted and depopulated" land in a letter to
Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX ( la, Gregorius IX; born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241) was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 19 March 1227 until his death in 1241. He is known for issuing the '' Decre ...
on 7 June 1238. Modern scholars assume that either the Hungarian conquest of the territory or confrontations between Bulgaria and Hungary had forced the local population to flee. Historian László Makkai says, the population obviously began to increase by the end of the 1230s, because Béla requested the pope to appoint a bishop for Severin.
The 1247 charter of grant also mentioned that "Cumania" bordered the Land of Severin from the east. The same diploma listed two
Vlach
"Vlach" ( or ), also "Wallachian" (and many other variants), is a historical term and exonym used from the Middle Ages until the Modern Era to designate mainly Romanians but also Aromanians, Megleno-Romanians, Istro-Romanians and other Eastern ...
(or Romanian) political units—the ''kenezatus'' of
John
John is a common English name and surname:
* John (given name)
* John (surname)
John may also refer to:
New Testament
Works
* Gospel of John, a title often shortened to John
* First Epistle of John, often shortened to 1 John
* Second ...
and
Farcaș
Farcaș, also Farkas, Farkaș or Farcas, was a ''cneaz'' (local chieftain or ruler) mentioned in the Diploma of the Joannites issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247; the diploma granted territories to the Knights Hospitalle ...
—which were subjected to the Hospitallers on this occasion. A third ''kenezatus'', which was ruled by ''
Voivode
Voivode (, also spelled ''voievod'', ''voevod'', ''voivoda'', ''vojvoda'' or ''wojewoda'') is a title denoting a military leader or warlord in Central, Southeastern and Eastern Europe since the Early Middle Ages. It primarily referred to the me ...
''
Litovoi
Litovoi, also Litvoy, was a Vlach/Romanian ''voivode'' in the 13th century whose territory comprised northern Oltenia in today's Romania.
He is mentioned for the first time in the Diploma of the Joannites issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235 ...
, was not included in the grant, but it was left to the Vlachs "as they had held it". However, Béla gave the Hospitallers the half of the royal revenues collected in Litovoi's land, with the exception of the revenues from the "Land of Hátszeg" (now
Țara Hațegului Țara Hațegului ("Hațeg Land"; german: Wallenthal, hu, Hátszegvidék, la, terra Harszoc) is a historical and ethnographical area in Hunedoara County, Romania, in the south-western corner of Transylvania. It is centered in the town of Hațeg.
...
in Romania). Alexandru Madgearu says, the diploma shows that Litovoi's ''kenezatus'' bordered the Land of Severin to the north, thus the banate must have only included southern Oltenia in the middle of the 13th century. The ''kenezatus'' of ''Voivode''
Seneslau Seneslau, also Seneslav or Stănislau, was a Vlach ''voivode'' mentioned in the Diploma of the Joannites issued by king Béla IV of Hungary (1235–1270) on 2 July 1247. The diploma granted territories to the Knights Hospitaller in the Banate of Sev ...
, which was located to the east of the Olt, was fully excluded from the grant.
The bans initially had their seat at the fortress of Szörény (now
Drobeta-Turnu Severin
Drobeta-Turnu Severin (), colloquially Severin, is a city in Mehedinți County, Oltenia, Romania, on the northern bank of the Danube, close to the Iron Gates. "Drobeta" is the name of the ancient Dacian and Roman towns at the site, and the modern ...
in Romania). After Szörény was lost in the late 13th century, the fort of Miháld (now
Mehadia
Mehadia ( hu, Mehádia; german: Mehadia; tr, Mehadiye) is a small market town and commune in Caraș-Severin County, Banat, Romania. It lies on the European route E70, in the Cerna River valley. The town is located on the site of the ancient Ro ...
in Romania) was the center of the province. In addition to Miháld, the banate included Orsova (now
Orșova
Orșova (; german: Orschowa, hu, Orsova, sr, Оршава/Oršava, bg, Орсово, pl, Orszawa, cs, Oršava, tr, Adakale) is a port city on the Danube river in southwestern Romania's Mehedinți County. It is one of four localities in the ...
in Romania) and the
Romanian district A Romanian district ( la, districtus Valachorum) was an autonomous administrative unit of the Vlachs (or Romanians) in the medieval Kingdom of Hungary.
Origins
According to scholars who say that the Romanians (or Vlachs) descended from the i ...
s along the upper course of the
Temes (Timiș) river.
History
Kaloyan of Bulgaria
Kaloyan or Kalojan, also known as Ioannitsa or Johannitsa ( bg, Калоян, Йоаница; 1170 – October 1207), was emperor or tsar of Bulgaria from 1196 to 1207. He was the younger brother of Theodor and Asen, who led the anti-Byzant ...
occupied the region between the rivers
Cerna
Cerna may refer to:
Populated places
* Cerna, Croatia, Vukovar-Syrmia County, Croatia
* Černá (Žďár nad Sázavou District), Czech Republic
* Černá, Semily District, Czech Republic
* Cerna, Tulcea, Romania
* A village in Vaideeni Commune, V ...
and the Olt around 1199. The Kingdom of Hungary was also expanding southwards over the
Carpathian Mountains
The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians () are a range of mountains forming an arc across Central Europe. Roughly long, it is the third-longest European mountain range after the Urals at and the Scandinavian Mountains at . The range stretches ...
in the early 13th century, which gave rise to conflicts between the two countries. The Cuman tribes dwelling to the east of the Olt as far as the river
Siret
Siret (; german: Sereth; hu, Szeretvásár; uk, Серет, Seret; yi, סערעט, Seret) is a town, municipality and former Latin bishopric in Suceava County, northeastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. Siret is ...
agreed to pay a yearly tribute to the kings of Hungary in early 1227. The Hungarians captured the Bulgarian fortress of Severin during a military campaign against Bulgaria in 1231.
After the 1526
Battle of Mohács
The Battle of Mohács (; hu, mohácsi csata, tr, Mohaç Muharebesi or Mohaç Savaşı) was fought on 29 August 1526 near Mohács, Kingdom of Hungary, between the forces of the Kingdom of Hungary and its allies, led by Louis II, and thos ...
, the Banate of Severin was divided. South-eastern part (eastwards from Varcsaró - Vârciorova, today part of
Bolvașnița
Bolvașnița ( hu, Bolvás) is a commune in Caraș-Severin County, western Romania, with a population of 1,286 people as of 2021. It is composed of two villages, Bolvașnițan and Vârciorova (''Varcsaró''). It is situated in the historical regi ...
) came under the jurisdiction of Wallachian princes and in the north-western part (westwards from Orsova - present-day
Orșova
Orșova (; german: Orschowa, hu, Orsova, sr, Оршава/Oršava, bg, Орсово, pl, Orszawa, cs, Oršava, tr, Adakale) is a port city on the Danube river in southwestern Romania's Mehedinți County. It is one of four localities in the ...
- inclusive) was gradually reorganized into the
Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes
Banate of Lugos and Karánsebes ( hu, Karánsebesi-Lugosi bánság, ro, Banatul de Lugoj-Caransebeș, sr, Лугошка и карансебешка бановина, Lugoška i karansebeška banovina) was an administrative territorial entity o ...
.
Bans of Severin
List of bans
Thirteenth century
Fourteenth century
#1299–1307 András Tárnok
#1308–1313 András Tárnok and Márton Tárnok
#1314–1318 Domokos Csornai
#1319–1323 László Rátholti
#1323–1329 Dénes Szécsi
#1324 Pál
#1330–1341 Dénes Szécsi
#1342–1349 István Losonci
#1350–1355 Miklós Szécsi
#1355–1359 Dénes Lackfi
#1359–1375 vacant
#1376 János Treutel
#1376–1387 vacant
#1387 László Losonci Jr.
#1387–1388 István Losonci
#1388–1390 János Kaplai-Serkei
#1390–1391 Miklós Perényi
#1392 Szemere Gerebenci
#1392–1393 Bebek Detre
#1393 Frank Szécsi
#1393–1397 vacant
#1397 Lukács of Oszkola
#1393–1408 vacant
#1408–1409
Pipo of Ozora
}, bg, Филип Маджарин).
Annotations
).
References
Sources
*
*
*
External links
{{Authority control
1369 births
1426 deaths
Nobility from Florence
14th-century Hungarian people
15th-century Hungarian people
14th-centur ...
#1409 vacant
#1410 Lőrinc, son of Majos
#1410–1428 vacant
#1428 Imre Marcali
#1430–1435 Miklós Redwitz
#1429–1435 vacant
#1435 László Hagymás of Beregszó and János Dancs of Macedonia
#1436–1439
Franko Talovac
Franko Talovac or Franjo Talovac (in medieval sources: Francho Thallowcz, Tallocz, Tallovec; hu, Frank Tallóci; born late 14th century – died 1448) was a Croatian nobleman, a member of the Talovac noble family. He held the dignity of Ban of ...
#1439–1446
John Hunyadi, Ban of Severin
John Hunyadi, Jr. (''c.'' 1419 – 1440 or 1441) was a Hungarian noble and knight banneret from the House of Hunyadi, younger brother of regent John Hunyadi as the second son of Vajk (Voyk) and Erzsébet (Elizabeth) Morzsinai (Morsina/Marsina). ...
#1445–1446 Miklós Újlaki
#1447–1454 Mihály Csornai
#1449 Balázs Csornai
#1452–1454 Péter Dancs of Sebes
#1455-57 vacant
#1458 Vlad and Gergely Bethlen
#1459–1460 vacant
#1460 László Dóczi
#1462–1463
Nicholas of Ilok
Nicholas of Ilok ( Hungarian: ''Újlaki Miklós'', Bosnian and Croatian: ''Nikola Iločki'', ; 1410–1477) was a Hungarian nobleman, Ban of Croatia, Slavonia, Dalmatia and Macsó, Voivode of Transylvania and titular King of Bosnia from 1471 ...
#1464–1466 vacant
#1466 János Pongrácz of Dengeleg
#1467 vacant
#1467 István and Mihály de Muthnoki
#1468–1471 vacant
#1471–1478 Imre Hédervári
#1478 János Erdő and Domokos Bethlen
#1478 vacant
#1479 Ambrus Török and György Szenthelsebethi
#1479 Bertalan Pathócsy
#1480–1483 Bertalan Pathócsy and Ferenc Haraszti
#1483–1489 Ferenc Haraszti and András Szokoly
#1490 Imre Ozorai
#1491 Imre Ozorai and Dánfy András of Doboz
#1491–1492 Ferenc Haraszti and Dánfy András of Doboz
#1492 Móré Fülöp Csulai
#1492–1494 Móré György Csulai and Ferenc Balassa
#1495–1501 Tárnok Péter Macskási and Jakab Gerlisthey
#1501 Jakab Gerlisthey and Bélai Barnabás
#1502 Jakab Gerlisthey and Tárnok Péter Macskási
#1503 Bélai Barnabás
#1503 Jakab Gerlisthey
#1504–1508 Jakab Gerlisthey and Barnabás Bélai
#1508–1513 Mihály Paksi and Barnabás Bélai
#1514 Barnabás Bélai and
János Szapolyai
János or Janos may refer to:
* János, male Hungarian given name, a variant of John
Places
* Janos Municipality, a municipality of Chihuahua
** Janos, Chihuahua, town in Mexico
** Janos Biosphere Reserve, a nature reserve in Chihuahua
* Janos ...
#1515–1516 Miklós Hagymási of Berekszó
#1517–1518 vacant
#1519 Bélai Barnabás
#1520–1521 Miklós Gerlisthey
#1522–1523 János Vitéz Kállay
#1524–1526 János Vitéz Kállay and
János Szapolyai
János or Janos may refer to:
* János, male Hungarian given name, a variant of John
Places
* Janos Municipality, a municipality of Chihuahua
** Janos, Chihuahua, town in Mexico
** Janos Biosphere Reserve, a nature reserve in Chihuahua
* Janos ...
#1526–1540 Under the rule of Lugos and Karánsebes Bans
#1526–1860 Under Ottoman occupation
See also
*
Banat of Craiova
The Banat of Craiova or Banat of Krajowa (german: Banat von Krajowa; ro, Banatul Craiovei), also known as Cisalutanian Wallachian Principality ( la, Principatus Valachiae Cisalutanae) and Imperial Wallachia (German: ''Kaiserliche Walachei''; La ...
References
Bibliography
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Further reading
*Hațegan I., ''Cavalerii teutoni în Banatul Severinului'' (1429–1435), "Tibiscus-istorie" V, Muzeul Banatului, Timișoara, 1978, pp. 191–196.
*http://mek.niif.hu/02100/02114/html/316.html Histoire de la Transylvanie
External links
Map
{{Authority control
Banates of the Kingdom of Hungary
Medieval Romania
History of Banat
Territorial evolution of Hungary
Oltenia