For these animals, there is documented evidence of

homosexual Homosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction, or sexual behavior between members of the same sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, homosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to peop ...

behavior of one or more of the following kinds:

sex Sex is the trait that determines whether a sexually reproducing animal or plant produces male or female gametes. Male plants and animals produce smaller mobile gametes (spermatozoa, sperm, pollen), while females produce larger ones (ova, oft ...

courtship Courtship is the period wherein some couples get to know each other prior to a possible marriage. Courtship traditionally may begin after a betrothal and may conclude with the celebration of marriage. A courtship may be an informal and private m ...

affection Affection or fondness is a "disposition or state of mind or body" that is often associated with a feeling or type of love. It has given rise to a number of branches of philosophy and psychology concerning emotion, disease, influence, and sta ...

pair bond In biology, a pair bond is the strong affinity that develops in some species between a mating pair, often leading to the production and rearing of offspring and potentially a lifelong bond. Pair-bonding is a term coined in the 1940s that is freque ...

ing, or

parenting Parenting or child rearing promotes and supports the physical, emotional, social, spiritual and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the intricacies of raising a child and not exclusively for a ...

, as noted in researcher and author

Bruce Bagemihl Bruce Bagemihl is a Canadian biologist, linguist, and author of the book ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity''. Life and career He completed his BA at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee in 1981, and served on th ...

's 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity''. Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to

observer bias Observer bias is one of the types of detection bias and is defined as any kind of systematic divergence from accurate facts during observation and the recording of data and information in studies. The definition can be further expanded upon to incl ...

caused by social attitudes towards nonheterosexual people, making the homosexual theme

taboo A taboo or tabu is a social group's ban, prohibition, or avoidance of something (usually an utterance or behavior) based on the group's sense that it is excessively repulsive, sacred, or allowed only for certain persons.''Encyclopædia Britannica ...

.Bagemihl (1999)News-medical.net (2006) Bagemihl devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality" and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book ''Biological Exuberance'' to the "documentation of systematic

prejudice Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership. The word is often used to refer to a preconceived (usually unfavourable) evaluation or classification of another person based on that person's per ...

s" where he notes "the ''present ignorance'' of

biology Biology is the scientific study of life. It is a natural science with a broad scope but has several unifying themes that tie it together as a single, coherent field. For instance, all organisms are made up of cells that process hereditary i ...

lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) 'explanations' for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative

heterosexual Heterosexuality is romantic attraction, sexual attraction or sexual behavior between people of the opposite sex or gender. As a sexual orientation, heterosexuality is "an enduring pattern of emotional, romantic, and/or sexual attractions" to ...

ities."Bagemihl (1999) page 213 Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the ''

Against Nature? Against Nature? was an exhibition on homosexuality in animals made by the Natural History Museum at the University of Oslo, Norway. The exhibition focused on the occurrence and function of homosexuality in animals. It ran from September 2006 to Augu ...

'' exhibit, stated " ny researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realize that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's

ethical Ethics or moral philosophy is a branch of philosophy that "involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong behavior".''Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' The field of ethics, along with aesthetics, concerns ma ...

principle A principle is a proposition or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it is a Legal rule, rule that has to be or usually is to be followed. It can be desirably followed, or it can be an inevitable consequence of something, suc ...

s." Homosexual behavior is found amongst social

bird Birds are a group of warm-blooded vertebrates constituting the class Aves (), characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a strong yet lightweigh ...

s and

mammal Mammals () are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the class Mammalia (), characterized by the presence of mammary glands which in females produce milk for feeding (nursing) their young, a neocortex (a region of the brain), fur or ...

s, particularly the sea mammals and the

primates Primates are a diverse order of mammals. They are divided into the strepsirrhines, which include the lemurs, galagos, and lorisids, and the haplorhines, which include the tarsiers and the simians (monkeys and apes, the latter including huma ...

. Sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same

species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...

and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about five hundred species as of 1999, ranging from

to gut worms.Harrold (1999)

Homosexuality in animals Various non-human animal species exhibit behavior that can be interpreted as homosexual or bisexual. This may include same-sex sexual activity, courtship, affection, pair bonding, and parenting among same-sex animal pairs.Braithwaite, L. W., " ...

is seen as controversial by

social conservatives Social conservatism is a political philosophy and variety of conservatism which places emphasis on traditional power structures over social pluralism. Social conservatives organize in favor of duty, traditional values and social instituti ...

because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate natural animal behaviors to

morality Morality () is the differentiation of intentions, decisions and actions between those that are distinguished as proper (right) and those that are improper (wrong). Morality can be a body of standards or principles derived from a code of cond ...

.Solimeo (2004)Solimeo (2004b) Sexual preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term ''homosexual'' is that an animal ''exhibits homosexual behavior'', however this article conforms to the usage by modern research, applying the term ''homosexuality'' to all sexual behavior (

copulation Sexual intercourse (or coitus or copulation) is a sexual activity typically involving the insertion and thrusting of the penis into the vagina for sexual pleasure or reproduction.Sexual intercourse most commonly means penile–vaginal penetrat ...

genital stimulation Sexual stimulation is any stimulus (including bodily contact) that leads to, enhances and maintains sexual arousal, and may lead to orgasm. Although sexual arousal may arise without physical stimulation, achieving orgasm usually requires physic ...

, mating games and sexual

display behavior Display behaviour is a set of ritualized behaviours that enable an animal to communicate to other animals (typically of the same species) about specific stimuli. These ritualized behaviours can be visual however many animals depend on a mixture ...

) between animals of the same sex. __TOC__

Mammals

;Selected mammals from the full list *

Baboon Baboons are primates comprising the genus ''Papio'', one of the 23 genera of Old World monkeys. There are six species of baboon: the hamadryas baboon, the Guinea baboon, the olive baboon, the yellow baboon, the Kinda baboon and the chacma ba ...

Bison Bison are large bovines in the genus ''Bison'' (Greek: "wild ox" (bison)) within the tribe Bovini. Two extant and numerous extinct species are recognised. Of the two surviving species, the American bison, ''B. bison'', found only in North Ame ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 405 *

Bonobo The bonobo (; ''Pan paniscus''), also historically called the pygmy chimpanzee and less often the dwarf chimpanzee or gracile chimpanzee, is an endangered great ape and one of the two species making up the genus '' Pan,'' the other being the comm ...

Brown bear The brown bear (''Ursus arctos'') is a large bear species found across Eurasia and North America. In North America, the populations of brown bears are called grizzly bears, while the subspecies that inhabits the Kodiak Islands of Alaska is kno ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 441 *

Brown Rat The brown rat (''Rattus norvegicus''), also known as the common rat, street rat, sewer rat, wharf rat, Hanover rat, Norway rat, Norwegian rat and Parisian rat, is a widespread species of common rat. One of the largest muroids, it is a brown o ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 469 *

Cavy Caviidae, the cavy family, is composed of rodents native to South America and includes the domestic guinea pig The guinea pig or domestic guinea pig (''Cavia porcellus''), also known as the cavy or domestic cavy (), is a species of rodent ...

Caribou Reindeer (in North American English, known as caribou if wild and ''reindeer'' if domesticated) are deer in the genus ''Rangifer''. For the last few decades, reindeer were assigned to one species, ''Rangifer tarandus'', with about 10 subspe ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389 * Cat (domestic)Bagemihl 1999) pages 81, 88 * Cattle (domestic)Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89 *

Chimpanzee The chimpanzee (''Pan troglodytes''), also known as simply the chimp, is a species of great ape native to the forest and savannah of tropical Africa. It has four confirmed subspecies and a fifth proposed subspecies. When its close relative th ...

de Waal (2001)Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279 *

Common dolphin The common dolphin (''Delphinus delphis'') is the most abundant cetacean in the world, with a global population of about six million. Despite this fact and its vernacular name, the common dolphin is not thought of as the archetypal dolphin, with ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 339 *

Common marmoset The common marmoset (''Callithrix jacchus'') also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do No ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 334 *

Dog The dog (''Canis familiaris'' or ''Canis lupus familiaris'') is a domesticated descendant of the wolf. Also called the domestic dog, it is derived from the extinct Pleistocene wolf, and the modern wolf is the dog's nearest living relative. Do ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314 *

Dolphin A dolphin is an aquatic mammal within the infraorder Cetacea. Dolphin species belong to the families Delphinidae (the oceanic dolphins), Platanistidae (the Indian river dolphins), Iniidae (the New World river dolphins), Pontoporiidae (the ...

Elephant Elephants are the largest existing land animals. Three living species are currently recognised: the African bush elephant, the African forest elephant, and the Asian elephant. They are the only surviving members of the family Elephantidae an ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 427 *

Fox Foxes are small to medium-sized, omnivorous mammals belonging to several genera of the family Canidae. They have a flattened skull, upright, triangular ears, a pointed, slightly upturned snout, and a long bushy tail (or ''brush''). Twelve sp ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317 *

Giraffe The giraffe is a large African hoofed mammal belonging to the genus ''Giraffa''. It is the tallest living terrestrial animal and the largest ruminant on Earth. Traditionally, giraffes were thought to be one species, ''Giraffa camelopardalis ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 391 *

Goat The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...

* Horse (domestic)Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231 *

Human Humans (''Homo sapiens'') are the most abundant and widespread species of primate, characterized by bipedalism and exceptional cognitive skills due to a large and complex brain. This has enabled the development of advanced tools, culture, ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 432Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). ''Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles.'' London, UK: Penguin Books. *

Koala The koala or, inaccurately, koala bear (''Phascolarctos cinereus''), is an arboreal herbivorous marsupial native to Australia. It is the only extant representative of the family Phascolarctidae and its closest living relatives are the womb ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457 *

Lion The lion (''Panthera leo'') is a large Felidae, cat of the genus ''Panthera'' native to Africa and India. It has a muscular, broad-chested body; short, rounded head; round ears; and a hairy tuft at the end of its tail. It is sexually dimorphi ...

Orca The orca or killer whale (''Orcinus orca'') is a toothed whale belonging to the oceanic dolphin family, of which it is the largest member. It is the only Extant taxon, extant species in the genus ''Orcinus'' and is recognizable by its black ...

Panda The giant panda (''Ailuropoda melanoleuca''), also known as the panda bear (or simply the panda), is a bear species endemic to China. It is characterised by its bold black-and-white animal coat, coat and rotund body. The name "giant panda" is ...

Birds

;Selected birds from the full list: *

Barn owl The barn owl (''Tyto alba'') is the most widely distributed species of owl in the world and one of the most widespread of all species of birds, being found almost everywhere except for the polar and desert regions, Asia north of the Himalaya ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 632-5 *

Cassowary Cassowaries ( tpi, muruk, id, kasuari) are flightless birds of the genus ''Casuarius'' in the order Casuariiformes. They are classified as ratites (flightless birds without a keel on their sternum bones) and are native to the tropical forest ...

Chicken The chicken (''Gallus gallus domesticus'') is a domesticated junglefowl species, with attributes of wild species such as the grey and the Ceylon junglefowl that are originally from Southeastern Asia. Rooster or cock is a term for an adult m ...

Common gull The common gull or sea mew (''Larus canus'') is a medium-sized gull that breeds in the Palearctic, northern Europe. The closely related short-billed gull is sometimes included in this species, which may be known collectively as "mew gull". Many ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 544-8 *

Emu The emu () (''Dromaius novaehollandiae'') is the second-tallest living bird after its ratite relative the ostrich. It is endemic to Australia where it is the largest native bird and the only extant member of the genus ''Dromaius''. The emu' ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 621-6 *

House sparrow The house sparrow (''Passer domesticus'') is a bird of the sparrow family Passeridae, found in most parts of the world. It is a small bird that has a typical length of and a mass of . Females and young birds are coloured pale brown and grey, a ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 602-5 *

Kestrel The term kestrel (from french: crécerelle, derivative from , i.e. ratchet) is the common name given to several species of predatory birds from the falcon genus ''Falco''. Kestrels are most easily distinguished by their typical hunting behaviour ...

King penguin The king penguin (''Aptenodytes patagonicus'') is the second largest species of penguin, smaller, but somewhat similar in appearance to the emperor penguin. There are two subspecies: ''A. p. patagonicus'' and ''A. p. halli''; ''patagonicus'' i ...

365 Gay.com (2005) *

Mallard The mallard () or wild duck (''Anas platyrhynchos'') is a dabbling duck that breeds throughout the temperate and subtropical Americas, Eurasia, and North Africa, and has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia, Peru, Brazil, Uruguay, Arge ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 491-5 *

Ostrich Ostriches are large flightless birds of the genus ''Struthio'' in the order Struthioniformes, part of the infra-class Palaeognathae, a diverse group of flightless birds also known as ratites that includes the emus, rheas, and kiwis. There are ...

Raven A raven is any of several larger-bodied bird species of the genus ''Corvus''. These species do not form a single taxonomic group within the genus. There is no consistent distinction between "crows" and "ravens", common names which are assigned t ...

Bagemihl (1999) pages 606-10 *

Rock dove The rock dove, rock pigeon, or common pigeon ( also ; ''Columba livia'') is a member of the bird family Columbidae (doves and pigeons). In common usage, it is often simply referred to as the "pigeon". The domestic pigeon (''Columba livia domes ...

Bagemihl (1999) page 639

Fish

* Amazon mollyBagemihl (1999), page 37 *

Anglerfish The anglerfish are fish of the teleost order Lophiiformes (). They are bony fish named for their characteristic mode of predation, in which a modified luminescent fin ray (the esca or illicium) acts as a lure for other fish. The luminescence ...

* Blackstripe topminnowBagemihl (1999), pages 658, 664 *

Bluegill sunfish The bluegill (''Lepomis macrochirus''), sometimes referred to as "bream", "brim", "sunny", or "copper nose" as is common in Texas, is a species of North American freshwater fish, native to and commonly found in streams, rivers, lakes, ponds and ...

Char Char may refer to: People *Char Fontane, American actress *Char Margolis, American spiritualist * René Char (1907–1988), French poet *The Char family of Colombia: ** Fuad Char, Colombian senator ** Alejandro Char Chaljub, mayor of Barranquilla ...

* Grayling *

European bitterling The European bitterling (''Rhodeus amarus'') is a temperate freshwater fish belonging to the subfamily Acheilognathinae of the family Cyprinidae. It originates in Europe, ranging from the Rhone River basin in France to the Neva River in Russi ...

Bagemihl (1999), page 658 *

Green swordtail The green swordtail (''Xiphophorus hellerii'') is a species of freshwater/brackish fish in family Poeciliidae of order Cyprinodontiformes. A live-bearer, it is closely related to the southern platyfish or 'platy' (''X. maculatus'') and can cross ...

* Guiana leaffishBagemihl (1999), page 664 * Houting whitefish *

Jewel cichlid ''Hemichromis'' is a genus of fishes from the cichlid family, known in the aquarium trade as jewel cichlids. Jewel cichlids are native to Africa. Within West Africa, ''Hemichromis'' species are found in creeks, streams, rivers and lakes with a v ...

Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 665 * Least darter ('' Microperca punctulata'') * Mouthbreeding fish sp. *

Salmon Salmon () is the common name for several list of commercially important fish species, commercially important species of euryhaline ray-finned fish from the family (biology), family Salmonidae, which are native to tributary, tributaries of the ...

spp.Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 233, 244 *

Southern platyfish The southern platyfish, common platy, or moonfish (''Xiphophorus maculatus'') is a species of freshwater fish in family (biology), family Poeciliidae of order (biology), order Cyprinodontiformes. A live-bearing aquarium fish, live-bearer, it i ...

Ten-spined stickleback The ninespine stickleback (''Pungitius pungitius''), also called the ten-spined stickleback, is a freshwater species of fish in the family Gasterosteidae that inhabits temperate waters. It is widely but locally distributed throughout Eurasia and ...

Three-spined stickleback The three-spined stickleback (''Gasterosteus aculeatus'') is a fish native to most inland and coastal waters north of 30°N. It has long been a subject of scientific study for many reasons. It shows great morphological variation throughout its ra ...

Reptiles

The all-female

Whiptail lizard Teiidae is a family of autarchoglossan lizards native to the Americas. Members of this family are generally known as whiptails or racerunners; however, tegus also belong to this family. Teiidae is sister to the Gymnopthalmidae, and both families ...

species '' Aspidoscelis neomexicanus'' (center), which reproduces via

parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis (; from the Greek grc, παρθένος, translit=parthénos, lit=virgin, label=none + grc, γένεσις, translit=génesis, lit=creation, label=none) is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development ...

, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, '' A. inornatus'' (left) and '' A. tigris'' (right). Research has shown that simulated mating behavior increases fertility for ''Aspidoscelis neomexicanus''. One female lies on top of another, playing the role of the male, the lizard that was on bottom has larger eggs, in most cases. The lizards switch off this role each mating season. *

Anole Dactyloidae are a family of lizards commonly known as anoles () and native to warmer parts of the Americas, ranging from southeastern United States to Paraguay. Instead of treating it as a family, some authorities prefer to treat it as a subfami ...

sp.Bagemihl (1999), page 657 *

Bearded dragon ''Pogona'' is a genus of reptiles containing six lizard species which are often known by the common name bearded dragons. The name "bearded dragon" refers to the underside of the throat (or "beard") of the lizard, which can turn black and gain we ...

Blue-tailed day gecko The blue-tailed day gecko (''Phelsuma cepediana'') is a diurnal species of gecko, a lizard in the family Gekkonidae. The species is endemic to the island Mauritius. It typically inhabits warm and humid places and dwells on different trees and ...

(''Phelsuma cepediana'')Budzinski, R.-M. (1997) Homosexuelles Verhalten bei Geckos der Gattung Phelsuma. Sauria 19 (3): 33-34 *

Broad-headed skink The broad-headed skink or broadhead skink (''Plestiodon laticeps'') is species of lizard, endemic to the southeastern United States. The broadhead skink occurs in sympatry with the five-lined skink (''Plestiodon fasciatus'') and Southeastern f ...

* Checkered whiptail lizardBagemihl (1999), page 657, 658 * Chihuahuan spotted whiptail lizard * Common ameiva *

Common garter snake The common garter snake (''Thamnophis sirtalis'') is a species of thamnophis snake, in the natricine subfamily, which is indigenous to North America and found widely across the continent. Most common garter snakes have a pattern of yellow strip ...

* Cuban green anole *

Desert grassland whiptail lizard The desert grassland whiptail lizard (''Aspidoscelis uniparens'') is an all-female species of reptiles in North America. It was formerly placed in the genus ''Cnemidophorus''. A common predator of the whiptail lizard is the Gambelia, leopard liza ...

Desert tortoise The desert tortoise (''Gopherus agassizii''), is a species of tortoise in the Family (biology), family Testudinidae. The species is native to the Mojave Desert, Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexic ...

Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 664 *Fence lizard * Five-lined skink *

Gold dust day gecko The gold dust day gecko (''Phelsuma laticauda'') is a diurnal species of gecko. It lives in northern Madagascar, Tanzania (Dar Es Salaam) and on the island of Comoros; it has also been introduced to Hawaii and other Pacific islands. It's typic ...

(''Phelsuma laticauda'') * Gopher (pine) snake *

Green anole ''Anolis carolinensis'' or green anole () (among other names below) is a tree-dwelling species of anole lizard native to the southeastern United States and introduced to islands in the Pacific and Caribbean. A small to medium-sized lizard, th ...

* Inagua curlytail lizard *

Jamaican giant anole ''Anolis garmani'', the Jamaican giant anole, also known as the Jamaican anole or Jamaica giant anole, is a species of anole, a lizard in the family Dactyloidae. The species is endemic to Jamaica, but has been introduced to Florida. Etymology ...

* Laredo striped whiptail lizard * Largehead anole * Mourning geckoBagemihl (1999), pages 663–664 * Plateau striped whiptail lizard * Red diamond rattlesnake * Red-tailed skink *

Seychelles giant tortoise The Seychelles giant tortoise (''Aldabrachelys gigantea hololissa''), also known as the Seychelles domed giant tortoise, is a tortoise subspecies in the genus ''Aldabrachelys''. It inhabited the large central granitic Seychelles islands, but w ...

Side-blotched lizard Side-blotched lizards are lizards of the genus ''Uta''. They are some of the most abundant and commonly observed lizards in the deserts of western North America, known for cycling between three colorized breeding patternsSinervo, B.; C.M. Live ...

* Speckled rattlesnake *

Water moccasin ''Agkistrodon piscivorus'' is a species of pit viper in the subfamily Crotalinae of the family Viperidae. It is one of the world's few semiaquatic vipers (along with the Florida cottonmouth), and is native to the southeastern United States. A ...

Western rattlesnake Western rattlesnake may refer to: * ''Crotalus oreganus'', a venomous pitviper species found in North America in the western United States, parts of British Columbia and northwestern Mexico * ''Crotalus viridis ''Crotalus viridis'' (Common name ...

(''Crotalus viridis'') *Gecko, Western banded gecko *

spp. *Wood turtle *Blue-tongued skink

Amphibians

*Appalachian woodland salamanderBagemihl (1999), pages 657, 658 *Black-spotted frogBagemihl (1999), pages 243, 664 *Mountain dusky salamander *Tengger desert toad

Insects

Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. A survey of damsel and dragonflies reveals characteristic cloacal pincher mating damage in 20–80 percent of the males, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling between males. Tribolium castaneum

*Alfalfa weevilBagemihl (1999), page 666 *Australian parasitic wasp sp. *Bean weevil sp. *Bed bug (insect), Bedbug and other bug spp.Tatarnic1 et al., 22 March 2006Bagemihl (1999) page 660 *Blister beetle spp.Bagemihl (1999) page 667 *Calliphoridae, Blowfly *Broadwinged damselfly sp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 704, 713 *Pieris rapae, Cabbage (small) white (butterfly) *Euphydryas, Checkerspot butterflyBagemihl (1999) pages 150, 232, 236, 246 *Club-tailed dragonfly spp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 33–34, 196, 217, 219, 232 *Cockroach spp.Bagemihl (1999) page 668 *Codling moth *Common skimmer dragonfly spp. *Creeping water bug sp.Bagemihl (1999) page 666 *CutwormBagemihl (1999) page 595 *Digger beeBagemihl (1999) pages 9, 649, 665 *Dragonfly spp. *Ichneumonoidea, Eastern giant ichneumon wasp *Eucalyptus longhorned borer *Gryllus, Field cricket sp.Bagemihl (1999) page 658 *Flour beetle *Drosophilidae, Fruit fly spp.Bagemihl (1999) page 3 *Glasswing butterfly *''Hypoponera opacior'' ant *Grape borer *Green lacewingBagemihl (1999) pages 666, 660 *Ceratophyllus gallinae, Hen flea *House flyBagemihl (1999) pages 661–2 *Ichneumon wasp sp. *Japanese beetle, Japanese scarab beetleBagemihl (1999) page 661 *Larch bud moth *Large milkweed bug *Large white *Leek moth *Long-legged fly spp. *Mazarine blue *Mexican white (butterfly) *Midge sp.Bagemihl (1999), pages 661–2 *Migratory locustBagemihl (1999), page 659 *Monarch butterfly *Coenagrionidae, Narrow-winged damselfly spp. *Parsnip leaf miner *Peach moth *Pomace fly *Queen butterfly *Red ant sp. *Red flour beetle *Rice moth *Warble fly, Reindeer warble fly (''Hypoderma tarandi'') *Macrodactylus subspinosus, Rose chafer (''Macrodactylus subspinosus'') *Rove beetle spp. *Scarabaeidae, Scarab beetle (melolonthine)Bagemihl (1999), page 661 *Cochliomyia, Screwworm fly *Habropoda laboriosa, Southeastern blueberry bee *Southern green stink bug *Southern masked chafer *Southern one-year canegrub *Damselfly, Spreadwinged damselfly spp. *Moth, Spruce budworm moth *Stable fly sp. *Stag beetle spp. *Tsetse fly *Antheraea paphia, Tropical tasar silkmoth *Vine moth *Corixidae, Water boatman bug *Water strider spp.

Other invertebrates

*Schistosoma, Blood-flukeZimmer (2000) *Crab, Box crabBagemihl (1999) page 657 *Harvestman sp.Bagemihl (1999) pages 236, 704, 713 *Hawaiian orb-weaver (spider) *Incirrina, Incirrate octopus spp. *Jumping spiders *Mite sp. *Acanthocephala, Spiny-headed wormBagemihl (1999), pages 668, 667

References

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Animals Displaying Homosexual Behavior Lists of animals displaying homosexual behavior, Sexual orientation and science, Animals Lists of animals, Homosexual