In coal

geology Geology () is a branch of natural science concerned with Earth and other astronomical objects, the features or rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Modern geology significantly overlaps all other Ear ...

, liptinite is the finely-ground and macerated remains found in

coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock, formed as rock strata called coal seams. Coal is mostly carbon with variable amounts of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Coal is formed when dea ...

deposits. It replaced the term exinite as one of the four categories of

kerogen Kerogen is solid, insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks. Comprising an estimated 1016 tons of carbon, it is the most abundant source of organic compounds on earth, exceeding the total organic content of living matter 10,000-fold. It ...

. Liptinites were originally formed by

spores In biology, a spore is a unit of sexual or asexual reproduction that may be adapted for dispersal and for survival, often for extended periods of time, in unfavourable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many plants, algae, f ...

pollen Pollen is a powdery substance produced by seed plants. It consists of pollen grains (highly reduced microgametophytes), which produce male gametes (sperm cells). Pollen grains have a hard coat made of sporopollenin that protects the gametophyt ...

, dinoflagellate cysts,

leaf A leaf ( : leaves) is any of the principal appendages of a vascular plant stem, usually borne laterally aboveground and specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves are collectively called foliage, as in "autumn foliage", while the leaves, ste ...

cuticles, and

plant Plants are predominantly photosynthetic eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. Historically, the plant kingdom encompassed all living things that were not animals, and included algae and fungi; however, all current definitions of Plantae exclud ...

resins and waxes.Taylor et al., 1998. Organic Petrography. Gebrüder Borntraeger, Berlin. pp. 176 M.C. Stopes introduced the term ''exinite'' in 1935 to describe the microscopic constituent of coal, rich in volatiles and relatively rich in hydrogen, that is represented by the exines of spores. C.A. Seyler in 1932, however, used the term with its present meaning, designating the following group of macerals:

sporinite Sporinite is a kind of exinite maceral found in coal formed from spores and pollen. It is a Type II kerogen Kerogen is solid, insoluble organic matter in sedimentary rocks. Comprising an estimated 1016 tons of carbon, it is the most abundan ...

cutinite Cutinite is a liptinite maceral formed from terrestrial plant cuticles, and often found in coal deposits. It is classified as a Type II kerogen. References Coal Petrology {{petrology-stub Cutinite is a coal maceral of Liptinite In coal geol ...

alginite Alginite is a component of some types of kerogen alongside amorphous organic matter. Alginite consists of organic-walled marine microfossils, distinct from inorganic (silica)-walled microfossils that comprise diatomaceous earth. Alginite is a co ...

(

telalginite Telalginite is a structured organic matter ( alginite) in sapropel, composed of large discretely occurring colonial or thick-walled unicellular algae such as '' Botryococcus'', '' Tasmanites'' and '' Gloeocapsomorpha prisca''. Telalginite is prese ...

and

lamalginite Lamalginite is a structured organic matter (alginite) in sapropel, composed of thin-walled colonial or unicellular algae that occur as distinct laminae, cryptically interbedded with mineral matter. It displays few or no recognisable biologic struc ...

resinite Amber is fossilized tree resin that has been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since Neolithic times. Much valued from antiquity to the present as a gemstone, amber is made into a variety of decorative objects."Amber" (2004). In M ...

Macerals A maceral is a component, organic in origin, of coal or oil shale. The term 'maceral' in reference to coal is analogous to the use of the term 'mineral' in reference to igneous or metamorphic rocks. Examples of macerals are inertinite, vitrinite, ...

(from the same Latin source as 'macerate') are to coal as minerals are to rock. The term was coined by M. C. Stopes in 1935, who wrote :"The concept behind the word ‘macerals’ is that the complex of biological units represented by a forest tree which crashed into a watery swamp and there partly decomposed and was macerated in the process of coal formation, did not in that process become uniform throughout but still retains delimited regions optically differing under the microscope, which may or may not have different chemical formulae and properties. These organic units, composing the coal mass I propose to call macerals, and they are the descriptive equivalent of the inorganic units composing most rock masses and universally called minerals." The macerals grouped under the term ''exinite'' are not necessarily entirely composed from exines, but appear to have similar technical properties, though little information is so far available on the technological behavior of pure exinite.

References

Petrology Coal Sedimentology {{petrology-stub