Lipan is an Eastern

Southern Athabaskan language Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the Southwestern United States (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas. The language is spoken to a ...

spoken by the

Lipan Apache Lipan Apache are a band of Apache, a Southern Athabaskan Indigenous people, who have lived in the Southwest and Southern Plains for centuries. At the time of European and African contact, they lived in New Mexico, Colorado, Oklahoma, Texas, and ...

in northern

Mexico Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...

, some reservations of

New Mexico ) , population_demonym = New Mexican ( es, Neomexicano, Neomejicano, Nuevo Mexicano) , seat = Santa Fe , LargestCity = Albuquerque , LargestMetro = Tiguex , OfficialLang = None , Languages = English, Spanish ( New Mexican), Navajo, Ke ...

and parts of southern Texas. Lipan belongs to the

Na-Dene languages Na-Dene (; also Nadene, Na-Dené, Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit, Tlina–Dene) is a family of Native American languages that includes at least the Athabaskan languages, Eyak, and Tlingit languages. Haida was formerly included, but is now consider ...

family and it is closely related to Jicarilla language, which is also part of the Eastern Southern Athabaskan languages. In 1981, it was reported that in New Mexico there were only 2 or 3 elderly speakers still alive.

Distribution

In Mexico, Lipan is traditionally spoken in some native communities in the states of Coahuila and Chihuahua: In Coahuila is mainly spoken in Los Lirios and San Antonio de Alanzas in Arteaga Municipality, El Remolino and Zaragoza in Zaragoza Municipality, Sierra de Santa Rosa de Lima and Múzquiz in

Múzquiz Municipality Múzquiz is one of the 38 municipalities of Coahuila, in north-eastern Mexico. The municipal seat lies at Santa Rosa de Múzquiz. The municipality covers an area of . As of 2005, the municipality had a total population of 62,710. Of these, 242 ...

and the cities of Sabinas and

Saltillo Saltillo () is the capital and largest city of the northeastern Mexican state of Coahuila and is also the municipal seat of the municipality of the same name. Mexico City, Monterrey, and Saltillo are all connected by a major railroad and highwa ...

. In Chihuahua is mainly spoken in

Ciudad Juarez Ciudad () is the Spanish word for City Ciudad may also refer to: * La Ciudad (archaeological site), Hohokam ruins in Phoenix, Arizona *La Ciudad, district of Durango City, Mexico *''La ciudad'', novel by Mario Levrero 1970 *La Ciudad ''The City ...

, the city of Chihuahua and other native towns. Lipan is spoken in New Mexico in the Mescalero Reservation and in Texas near the Mexico-U.S. border.

Bibliography

* Breuninger, Evelyn; Hugar, Elbys; Lathan, Ellen Ann; & Rushforth, Scott. (1982). ''Mescalero Apache dictionary''. Mescalero, NM: Mescalero Apache Tribe. * Gatschet, Albert S. 884 Lipan words, phrases, and sentences. (Unpublished manuscript No. 81, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution). * Gatschet, Albert S.

885 Year 885 ( DCCCLXXXV) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Emperor Charles the Fat summons a meeting of officials at Lobith (moder ...

Lipan words, clans, and stories. (Unpublished manuscript No. 114, Bureau of American Ethnology Archives, Smithsonian Institution). * Goddard, Pliny E.

906 __NOTOC__ Year 906 ( CMVI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February 27 – Battle of Fritzlar: The Conradines defeat the Babenberg co ...

Lipan texts. (Unpublished manuscript in Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana University, Bloomington.) * Hoijer, Harry. (n.d.). Lipan texts. (Available from the American Philosophical Society, Chicago.) (Unpublished field notes, includes handwritten transcription and typed versions, 4 texts, one text published as Hoijer 1975). * Hoijer, Harry. (1938). The southern Athapaskan languages. ''American Anthropologist'', ''40'' (1), 75-87. * Hoijer, Harry. (1942). Phonetic and phonemic change in the Athapaskan languages. ''Language'', ''18'' (3), 218-220. * Hoijer, Harry. (1945). The Apachean verb, part I: Verb structure and pronominal prefixes. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''11'' (4), 193-203. * Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part II: The prefixes for mode and tense. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (1), 1-13. * Hoijer, Harry. (1946). The Apachean verb, part III: The classifiers. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''12'' (2), 51-59. * Hoijer, Harry. (1948). Linguistic and cultural change. ''Language'', ''24'' (4), 335-345. * Hoijer, Harry. (1956). Athapaskan kinship systems. ''American Anthropologist'', ''58'' (2), 309-333. * Hoijer, Harry. (1956)
The chronology of the Athapaskan languages
''International Journal of American Linguistics'', ''22'' (4), 219-232. * Hoijer, Harry. (1975). The history and customs of the Lipan, as told by Augustina Zuazua. ''Linguistics: An international review'', ''161'', 5-37. * Jung, Dagmar. (2000). "Word Order in Apache Narratives." In ''The Athabaskan Languages''. (Eds. Fernald, Theodore and Platero, Paul). Oxford: Oxford UP. 92-100. * Opler, Morris E. (1936). ''The kinship systems of the southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes''. ''American Anthropologist'', ''38'', 620-633. * Webster, Anthony. (1999). "Lisandro Mendez’s ‘Coyote and Deer’: On narrative structures, reciprocity, and interactions." ''American Indian Quarterly''. 23(1): 1-24.

References

Apache culture Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest Southern Athabaskan languages Indigenous languages of Texas Indigenous languages of Mexico {{indigenousAmerican-lang-stub Languages of Mexico