Lip reconstruction may be required after trauma or surgical excision. The lips are considered the beginning of the

oral cavity In animal anatomy, the mouth, also known as the oral cavity, or in Latin cavum oris, is the opening through which many animals take in food and issue vocal sounds. It is also the cavity lying at the upper end of the alimentary canal, bounded on ...

and are the most common site of

oral cancer Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is cancer of the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. In the mouth, it most commonly starts as a painless white patch, that thickens, develops red patches, an ulcer, and continues to grow. When on ...

. Any reconstruction of the lips must include both functional and cosmetic considerations. The lips are necessary for speech, facial expression, and eating. Because of their prominent location on the face, even small abnormalities can be apparent.

Relevant anatomy

Superficial

The upper and lower lips include the

vermilion border The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin ...

. This is the juncture between the lighter skin and the redder tissue (vermilion) that we commonly call the lip. This tissue is red because the skin is thin and underlain by large numbers of

capillaries A capillary is a small blood vessel from 5 to 10 micrometres (μm) in diameter. Capillaries are composed of only the tunica intima, consisting of a thin wall of simple squamous endothelial cells. They are the smallest blood vessels in the body: ...

. The vermilion is different both from the oral mucosa and from regular skin, as it includes a cornified

stratum corneum The stratum corneum (Latin for 'horny layer') is the outermost layer of the epidermis. The human stratum corneum comprises several levels of flattened corneocytes that are divided into two layers: the ''stratum disjunctum'' and ''stratum compact ...

and lacks salivary glands, unlike the oral mucosa, but is thinner and more vascularised than regular skin, and lacks both

hair follicle The hair follicle is an organ found in mammalian skin. It resides in the dermal layer of the skin and is made up of 20 different cell types, each with distinct functions. The hair follicle regulates hair growth via a complex interaction between h ...

s and

sweat gland Sweat glands, also known as sudoriferous or sudoriparous glands, , are small tubular structures of the skin that produce sweat. Sweat glands are a type of exocrine gland, which are glands that produce and secrete substances onto an epithelial sur ...

s. The pattern of the vermilion border defines the areas of the lip: *

Philtrum The philtrum ( la, philtrum from Ancient Greek ''phíltron,'' lit. "love charm"), or medial cleft, is a vertical indentation in the middle area of the upper lip, common to therian mammals, extending in humans from the nasal septum to the tubercl ...

-two vertical lines extending from the base of the nose to the central vermilion border, forming the bow of the central upper lip; *Commissures-where the upper and lower lips meet laterally; *Lateral upper lip-between philtrum and commissure.

Deep

The primary underlying muscle of the lips is the

orbicularis oris In human anatomy, the orbicularis oris muscle is a complex of muscles in the lips that encircles the mouth. It is a sphincter, or circular muscle, but it is actually composed of four independent quadrants that interlace and give only an appearance ...

. This circumferential muscle underlies the upper and lower lip. The muscle contracts the lips to allow for expression, speech, chewing and swallowing. It also maintains tone to prevent objects from falling out of the mouth (referred to as ''oral competence''). Disruption of the circular nature of this muscle can have a significant effect on oral function. In addition, there are other muscles both above and below the lips that attach either to the orbicularis oris or to the fibrous bands extending from the commissures.

Nerve supply

The muscles are supplied by two cranial nerves, the

facial nerve The facial nerve, also known as the seventh cranial nerve, cranial nerve VII, or simply CN VII, is a cranial nerve that emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of tas ...

and the

trigeminal nerve In neuroanatomy, the trigeminal nerve ( lit. ''triplet'' nerve), also known as the fifth cranial nerve, cranial nerve V, or simply CN V, is a cranial nerve responsible for sensation in the face and motor functions such as biting and chewin ...

. The upper lip receives its sensibility from the infraorbital nerve, which is a branch of the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve. The infraorbital nerve provides sensation to the upper lip, cheek, ala, and nasal sidewall. The sensory innervation of the lower lip is provided by the mental nerve. The mental nerve is the terminal branch of the inferior alveolar nerve, which in turn is a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.

Blood supply

The muscles and overlying skin are supplied by branches of the

external carotid artery The external carotid artery is a major artery of the head and neck. It arises from the common carotid artery when it splits into the external and internal carotid artery. External carotid artery supplies blood to the face and neck. Structure T ...

(the

facial artery The facial artery (external maxillary artery in older texts) is a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies structures of the superficial face. Structure The facial artery arises in the carotid triangle from the external carotid arte ...

and

Superior labial artery The superior labial artery (superior labial branch of facial artery) is larger and more egregious than the inferior labial artery. It follows a similar course along the edge of the upper lip, lying between the mucous membrane and the orbicularis ...

Lymph drainage

Submandibular/submental-Under the chin

Principles of Reconstruction

*Preserve sensation of the lips *Maintain oral competence *Continuity of vermilion border *Sufficient oral access (not too small, microstoma) *Adequate lip appearance

Types of defects

Lip defects are classified by their depth and their size. Superficial defects involve the skin and vermilion, and leave the underlying muscles, nerves and arteries undisturbed. Deep/full thickness defects include the underlying muscles, primarily the orbicularis oris. The nerve and blood supply may also be affected if the defect is large. Regardless of the depth or size, a successful lip reconstruction considers the five principles and the effect that the reconstruction has on the surrounding tissue.

Superficial upper lip reconstruction

Successful reconstruction of the upper lip attempts to maintain the anatomic relationship of the philtrum (central portion of upper lip) and the base of the nose. Not distorting the commissure is also desirable for upper lip reconstruction.

Central lip

*Straight line closure-may cause a pulling up of the vermilion border as it heals *Advancement flaps-these pull in skin from the sides and heal best when the defect is the full height of the upper lip, can come in from one or both sides (single or double advancement)

Lateral lip

*Straight line closure *A-T closure-extends the defect up to the philtrum or down to the vermilion border to make the scar less noticeable. *Single Advancement-incision along vermilion border to pull tissue in from the lateral aspect *Rotation flaps-rotate in tissue from the cheek

Superficial lower lip reconstruction

The anatomic requirements are not as limiting for the lower lip because the surrounding anatomy is less complex. The considerations include maintaining a non-distorted vermillion border, hiding incisions in the horizontal crease of the chin, and not distorting the commissure.

Vermilion only

*A-T closure *Single or double advancement

Below the vermilion

*Single or double advancement *A-T closure

Deep/full thickness lip reconstruction

Deeper and larger defects of the lip introduce greater reconstruction challenges, as they compromise the integrity of the orbicularis oris, its nerve and blood supply. Accordingly, there is a shift in emphasis toward the functional outcome of the reconstruction, and less focus on the appearance of the lip. All of the flaps described below can be used on the upper or lower lip.

Primary closure

Small defects of the upper and lower lip can be closed primarily. For the upper lip, defects of up to 1/4 (25%) of the lip may be closed primarily. For the lower lip, defects of up to 1/3 of the lip may be closed primarily. This means the edges of the defect are simply sutured together in three layers: oral mucosa, muscle, and skin. This closure has the best outcome because it re-establishes continuity of the orbicularis oris, which allows for oral competence, maximal preservation of sensation of the lip, continuity of vermilion border, and adequate size of the opening. Image:Lipcancerpreop.JPG, Large

squamous-cell carcinoma Squamous-cell carcinomas (SCCs), also known as epidermoid carcinomas, comprise a number of different types of cancer that begin in squamous cells. These cells form on the surface of the skin, on the lining of hollow organs in the body, and on the ...

(SCC) of lower lip Image:Lipcancerintraop.JPG, Resection of SCC intraoperatively Image:Lipcancerpostop.JPG, Followup after primary closure of lower lip SCC

Abbe lip switch

If the defect is between 1/3 and 2/3 the length of the lip it can be closed by an Abbe flap. The flap was developed by the American plastic surgeon

Robert Abbe Robert Abbe (April 13, 1851 – March 7, 1928) was an American surgeon and pioneer radiologist in New York City. He was born in New York City and educated at the College of the City of New York (S.B., 1871) and Columbia University (M.D., ...

. It is based on a main artery of the orbicularis oris, the labial artery. A portion of the uninvolved lip (either upper or lower) is rotated across the mouth and into the defect of the involved lip while maintaining the blood supply from the labial artery. After 10–14 days, the blood supply of the flap has been established to the point where the artery can be divided. The Abbe flap has an excellent cosmetic result when it is used to replace the entire philtrum of the upper lip. The technique can also be used when the defect involves the commissure. This is called an Abbe-Estlander flap. This repair takes two surgeries and requires good planning to assure continuity of the vermilion border. Image:Cancer of lower lip.jpg , Large

(SCC) of lower lip Image:Lip reconstruction with Abbe lip switch 1.jpg, Suture intraoperatively Image:Abbe-Estlander flap 12 days after 1st op open.jpg, Followup 12 days after 1st surgery Image:Abbe-Estlander flap 12 days after 1st op.jpg, Followup 12 days after 1st surgery

Gillies fan flap

This flap borrows tissue from the cheek and lip of the uninvolved side of lip with the defect. It restores lip continuity in a one-stage procedure, but has some disadvantages, including an adverse effect on sensation, small size of mouth, and difficulty matching up the vermilion border of the central lip with the lateral lip.

Karapandzic flap

This flap borrows tissue from the sides of the defect, like the Gilles flap. The difference is that it maintains the nerve and blood supply of the

. The flap comes from both directions to meet in the middle of the defect. This is a one-stage procedure that preserves sensation and oral competence. The main problem with this reconstruction is that it can create a very small mouth opening.

Total lip reconstruction

Whole lip reconstructed is a challenge. Tissue can be rotated in from the nasolabial or the cheek region bilaterally, but the results are limited by lack of sensation, small size, poor oral competency, and less than optimal appearance. Image:Totallip.JPG, Immediate post-procedure after

Mohs surgery Mohs surgery, developed in 1938 by a general surgeon, Frederic E. Mohs, is microscopically controlled surgery used to treat both common and rare types of skin cancer. During the surgery, after each removal of tissue and while the patient waits, t ...

resection of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma Image:Totallip2.JPG, Elevation of depressor anguli oris muscle flaps Image:Totallip3.JPG, Patient immediately after closure of total lower lip reconstruction For Large Postoperartive Lip defects deltopectoral flap may be useful :its tube pedicle flap to cover bare mandible. After 6 weeks lip reconstruction done

Complications of reconstruction

*Poor cosmetic result *Lack of oral competence *Small size of mouth *Decreased sensation of lips or mouth *Recurrent disease

References

External links

Emedicine Lip Reconstruction article

Lip reconstruction
{{Tumors Lip surgery