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''Linum'' (flax) is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
in the
flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
family
Linaceae Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamilies: the Linoideae and Hugonioideae (often recognized as a distinct family, the Hugoniaceae). Leaves of ...
. They are native to
temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
and
subtropical The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical zone, geographical and Köppen climate classification, climate zones to the Northern Hemisphere, north and Southern Hemisphere, south of the tropics. Geographically part of the Geographical z ...
regions of the world. The genus includes the common flax (''L. usitatissimum''), the bast fibre of which is used to produce
linen Linen () is a textile made from the fibers of the flax plant. Linen is very strong, absorbent, and dries faster than cotton. Because of these properties, linen is comfortable to wear in hot weather and is valued for use in garments. It also ...
and the seeds to produce
linseed oil Linseed oil, also known as flaxseed oil or flax oil (in its edible form), is a colourless to yellowish oil obtained from the dried, ripened seeds of the flax plant (''Linum usitatissimum''). The oil is obtained by pressing, sometimes followed by ...
. The flowers of most species are blue or yellow, rarely red, white, or pink, and some are
heterostylous Heterostyly is a unique form of polymorphism and herkogamy in flowers. In a heterostylous species, two or three morphological types of flowers, termed "morphs", exist in the population. On each individual plant, all flowers share the same morph. ...
. There is an average of 6 to 10 seeds per boll. ''Linum'' species are used as food plants by the
larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...
e of some
Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
species including the
cabbage moth The cabbage moth (''Mamestra brassicae'') is primarily known as a pest that is responsible for severe crop damage of a wide variety of plant species. The common name, cabbage moth, is a misnomer as the species feeds on many fruits, vegetables, ...
, the nutmeg, the setaceous Hebrew character and ''
Coleophora striolatella ''Coleophora striolatella'' is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from southern France to Italy and from Hungary to Spain. The larvae feed on ''Linum narbonense ''Linum narbonense'', the perennial flax or blue flax, is a flowerin ...
'', which feeds exclusively on ''
Linum narbonense ''Linum narbonense'', the perennial flax or blue flax, is a flowering plant in the family Linaceae, native to Europe and similar in appearance to ''Linum perenne ''Linum perenne'', the perennial flax, blue flax or lint, is a flowering plant i ...
''.


Cultivation

Several flaxes are cultivated as garden ornamentals, including the blue-flowered species blue flax (''L. narbonense''), Lewis' blue flax (''L. lewisii''), and perennial blue flax (''L. perenne''), the red-flowered scarlet flax (''L. grandiflorum''), and the yellow-flowered golden flax (''L. flavum''). In
Eurasia Eurasia (, ) is the largest continental area on Earth, comprising all of Europe and Asia. Primarily in the Northern and Eastern Hemispheres, it spans from the British Isles and the Iberian Peninsula in the west to the Japanese archipelago a ...
, since Roman times, the genus ''Linum'' has been cultivated not only for its plant fiber, but also its seeds and tender leaves for culinary usage.
Babylonian Talmud The Talmud (; he, , Talmūḏ) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (''halakha'') and Jewish theology. Until the advent of modernity, in nearly all Jewish communities, the Talmud was the cente ...
('' Baba Bathra'' 92a,
Rashi Shlomo Yitzchaki ( he, רבי שלמה יצחקי; la, Salomon Isaacides; french: Salomon de Troyes, 22 February 1040 – 13 July 1105), today generally known by the acronym Rashi (see below), was a medieval French rabbi and author of a compre ...
, s.v. ולא צמחו; ''
Nedarim In Judaism, a neder (נדר, plural ''nedarim'') is a kind of vow or oath. The neder may consist of performing some act in the future (either once or regularly) or abstaining from a particular type of activity of the person's choice. The concept o ...
'' 49a),
Mishnah The Mishnah or the Mishna (; he, מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb ''shanah'' , or "to study and review", also "secondary") is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions which is known as the Oral Torah ...
('' Peah'' 6:4),
Tosefta The Tosefta (Jewish Babylonian Aramaic: תוספתא "supplement, addition") is a compilation of the Jewish oral law from the late 2nd century, the period of the Mishnah. Overview In many ways, the Tosefta acts as a supplement to the Mishnah ( ...
(''Ma'aser Rishon'' 3:8)


Selected species

; *''
Linum africanum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' *''
Linum alatum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – winged flax *''
Linum album ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' *'' Linum alpinum'' *''
Linum arboreum ''Linum arboreum'', called tree flax, evergreen flax and shrubby flax, is a species of ''Linum'' native to Greece, including Crete and the Aegean Islands, and Turkey. It has gained the Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Societ ...
'' – tree flax *''
Linum arenicola ''Linum arenicola'', known as sand flax, is a flowering plant in the flax family, Linaceae. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where it is considered an endangered species. References arenicola ''Arenicola'' is a genus of capi ...
'' – sand flax *'' Linum aristatum'' – bristle flax *''
Linum australe ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – southern flax *''
Linum austriacum ''Linum austriacum'', Asian flax, is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Linaceae Linaceae is a family of flowering plants. The family is cosmopolitan, and includes about 250 species in 14 genera, classified into two subfamili ...
'' – Asian flax *'' Linum berlandieri'' – Berlandier's yellow flax *''
Linum bienne ''Linum bienne'', the pale or narrowleaf flax, is a flowering plant in the genus ''Linum'', native to the Mediterranean region and western Europe, north to England and Ireland. Pale flax grows as a biennial plant, biennial or perennial plant i ...
'' (syn. ''L. angustifolium'') – pale flax *'' Linum campanulatum'' *'' Linum cariense'' *'' Linum carteri'' – Carter's flax *'' Linum catharticum'' – fairy flax *'' Linum compactum'' – Wyoming flax *'' Linum cratericola'' – Galápagos Islands flax *''
Linum dolomiticum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' *'' Linum elongatum'' – Laredo flax *'' Linum flavum'' – golden flax *''
Linum floridanum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
–'' Florida yellow flax *'' Linum grandiflorum'' – scarlet flax, flowering flax *'' Linum hirsutum'' – downy flax *'' Linum hudsonioides'' – Texas flax *''
Linum imbricatum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – tufted flax *''
Linum intercursum Linum intercursum, common names sandplain flax and sandplain wild flax, is a perennial plant native to the United States. Conservation status in the United States It is listed as endangered in Indiana, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island, ...
'' – sandplain flax *''
Linum kingii ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – King's flax *''
Linum leoni ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' *'' Linum lewisii'' – Lewis' blue flax, Lewis flax *'' Linum lundellii'' – Sullivan City flax *''
Linum macrocarpum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – Spring Hill flax *''
Linum marginale ''Linum marginale'', commonly known as native flax or wild flax, is a species of flowering plant in the family Linaceae and is endemic to Australia. It is a perennial herb with few branches, linear leaves, and blue flowers with five usually blu ...
'' – Australian native flax *''
Linum medium ''Linum medium'', common name stiff yellow flax, is a species of '' Linum'' (flax) native to eastern North America. It is found as far west as Texas and Wisconsin, east to the Atlantic ocean, north to Ontario and Maine, and south to southern Flor ...
'' – stiff yellow flax *'' Linum monogynum'' – New Zealand linen flax *''
Linum narbonense ''Linum narbonense'', the perennial flax or blue flax, is a flowering plant in the family Linaceae, native to Europe and similar in appearance to ''Linum perenne ''Linum perenne'', the perennial flax, blue flax or lint, is a flowering plant i ...
'' – blue flax *'' Linum neomexicanum'' – New Mexico yellow flax *'' Linum perenne'' – perennial blue flax *'' Linum pratense'' – meadow flax *''
Linum puberulum ''Linum puberulum'' is a species of flax known by the common name plains flax. It is native to the western and midwestern United States from California to Nebraska to Texas, where it grows in dry, open habitat including desert, semi-desert, hills ...
'' – plains flax *''
Linum pubescens ''Linum pubescens'', the hairy pink flax, is an herbaceous flowering plant in the genus ''Linum'' native to the east Mediterranean region. The plant is annual and blooms in the spring. References

Linum, pubescens Flora of Lebanon Flora ...
'' *''
Linum rigidum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' -– stiffstem flax *'' Linum rupestre'' – rock flax *'' Linum schiedeanum'' – Schiede's flax *'' Linum strictum'' – ridged yellow flax *'' Linum subteres'' – Sprucemont flax, slenderfoot flax *'' Linum suffruticosum'' *''
Linum sulcatum Linum sulcatum, common names yellow flax, grooved yellow flax, grooved flax, and yellow wild flax is a plant native to the United States and Canada. Conservation status in the United States It is listed as endangered in Connecticut,
'' – grooved flax *'' Linum tenuifolium'' *''
Linum trigynum ''Linum trigynum'', the French flax, is a species of annual herb in the family Linaceae. It is native to Southern Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and some oceanic islands, such as Madeira, Canary Islands and Socotra So ...
'' – French flax *'' Linum ucranicum'' *''
Linum usitatissimum Flax, also known as common flax or linseed, is a flowering plant, ''Linum usitatissimum'', in the family Linaceae. It is cultivated as a food and fiber crop in regions of the world with temperate climates. Textiles made from flax are known in W ...
'' – common cultivated flax *'' Linum vernal'' – Chihuahuan flax *''
Linum virginianum ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – woodland flax *''
Linum westii ''Linum'' (flax) is a genus of approximately 200 species''Linum''.
The Jepson Manual.
...
'' – West's flax


References


External links


IPNI Query''Linum lepagei'' type sheet
from Louis-Marie Herbarium (
Laval University Laval means ''The Valley'' in old French and is the name of: People * House of Laval, a French noble family originating from the town of Laval, Mayenne * Laval (surname) Places Belgium * Laval, a village in the municipality of Sainte-Ode, Luxemb ...
).
The Flax Council of Canada
{{Taxonbar, from=Q161100 Malpighiales genera