The lineage markers are characteristic molecules for
cell lineages, e.g.
cell surface markers,
mRNAs, or internal
proteins. Certain antibodies can be used to detect or purify cells with these markers by binding to their surface antigens. A standard cocktail of
antibodies
An antibody (Ab), also known as an immunoglobulin (Ig), is a large, Y-shaped protein used by the immune system to identify and neutralize foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses. The antibody recognizes a unique molecule of the ...
can be designed to remove or purify mature
hematopoietic cells or to detect
Cluster of differentiation from a sample. Those antibodies are e.g. targeted to
CD2,
CD3,
CD4
In molecular biology, CD4 (cluster of differentiation 4) is a glycoprotein that serves as a co-receptor for the T-cell receptor (TCR). CD4 is found on the surface of immune cells such as T helper cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic ...
,
CD5,
CD8,
NK1.1,
B220, TER-119, and Gr-1 in mice and CD3 (T lymphocytes),
CD14 (Monocytes),
CD16 (NK cells, granulocytes),
CD19
B-lymphocyte antigen CD19, also known as CD19 molecule ( Cluster of Differentiation 19), B-Lymphocyte Surface Antigen B4, T-Cell Surface Antigen Leu-12 and CVID3 is a transmembrane protein that in humans is encoded by the gene ''CD19''. In humans, ...
(B lymphocytes),
CD20 (B lymphocytes), and
CD56 (NK cells) in humans.
Lineage Marker Statistics
Lineage markers include mitochondrial
DNA (
mtDNA) and
Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (
Y-STR) haplotypes that are transferred directly from generation to generation either from mother to child in the case of mtDNA, or from father to son in the case of the
Y-chromosome.
X-chromosome
The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes ( allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and XO s ...
markers are another tool that can be used for genetic identity testing. Lineage markers can be helpful in missing persons investigations, disaster victim identification, forensic casework where other evidence is limited, and some complex kinship situations.
X-chromosome
The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes ( allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and XO s ...
analysis is especially helpful in assessing some kinship scenarios.
References
Genetic engineering
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