John Lindley
FRS (5 February 1799 – 1 November 1865) was an
English
English usually refers to:
* English language
* English people
English may also refer to:
Peoples, culture, and language
* ''English'', an adjective for something of, from, or related to England
** English national ide ...
botanist, gardener and
orchidologist
This is a list of orchidologists, botanists specializing in the study of orchids. The list is sorted in the surname alphabetical order.
A
* Oakes Ames (botanist) (1874–1950), an American biologist specializing in orchids
Joseph Arditti (193 ...
.
Early years
Born in
Catton, near
Norwich
Norwich () is a cathedral city and district of Norfolk, England, of which it is the county town. Norwich is by the River Wensum, about north-east of London, north of Ipswich and east of Peterborough. As the seat of the See of Norwich, with ...
, England, John Lindley was one of four children of George and Mary Lindley. George Lindley was a nurseryman and pomologist and ran a commercial nursery garden. Although he had great horticultural knowledge, the undertaking was not profitable and George lived in a state of indebtedness. As a boy he would assist in the garden and also collected
wild flower
A wildflower (or wild flower) is a flower that grows in the wild, meaning it was not intentionally seeded or planted. The term implies that the plant probably is neither a hybrid nor a selected cultivar that is in any way different from the w ...
s he found growing in the Norfolk countryside. Lindley was educated at
Norwich School
Norwich School (formally King Edward VI Grammar School, Norwich) is a selective English independent day school in the close of Norwich Cathedral, Norwich. Among the oldest schools in the United Kingdom, it has a traceable history to 1096 as a ...
. He would have liked to go to university or to buy a commission in the army but the family could not afford either. He became
Belgian
Belgian may refer to:
* Something of, or related to, Belgium
* Belgians, people from Belgium or of Belgian descent
* Languages of Belgium, languages spoken in Belgium, such as Dutch, French, and German
*Ancient Belgian language, an extinct language ...
agent for a
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
seed merchant in 1815.
At this time Lindley became acquainted with the botanist
William Jackson Hooker
Sir William Jackson Hooker (6 July 178512 August 1865) was an English botanist and botanical illustrator, who became the first director of Kew when in 1841 it was recommended to be placed under state ownership as a botanic garden. At Kew he ...
who allowed him to use his botanical library and who introduced him to
Sir Joseph Banks
Sir Joseph Banks, 1st Baronet, (19 June 1820) was an English naturalist, botanist, and patron of the natural sciences.
Banks made his name on the 1766 natural-history expedition to Newfoundland and Labrador. He took part in Captain James C ...
who offered him employment as an assistant in his herbarium. His first publication, in 1819, a translation of the ''Analyse du fruit'' of
L. C. M. Richard, was followed in 1820 by an origina
''Monographia Rosarum'' with descriptions of new species, and drawings executed by himself, then in 1821 by ''Monographia Digitalium'', and "''Observations on Pomaceae''", which were both contributed to the
Linnean Society
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature colle ...
.
Career
Lindley went to work at Banks’ house in
London
London is the capital and largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary down to the North Sea, and has been a majo ...
. He concentrated on the
genera
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
''
Rosa
Rosa or De Rosa may refer to:
People
*Rosa (given name)
* Rosa (surname)
*Santa Rosa (female given name from Latin-a latinized variant of Rose)
Places
*223 Rosa, an asteroid
*Rosa, Alabama, a town, United States
* Rosa, Germany, in Thuringia, G ...
'' and ''
Digitalis
''Digitalis'' ( or ) is a genus of about 20 species of herbaceous perennial plants, shrubs, and biennials, commonly called foxgloves.
''Digitalis'' is native to Europe, western Asia, and northwestern Africa. The flowers are tubular in sha ...
'' and published the monograph “A Botanical History of Roses” which distinguished seventy-six species, describes thirteen new ones and was illustrated by nineteen coloured plates painted by himself. He became acquainted with
Joseph Sabine
Joseph Sabine FRS ( ; 6 June 1770 – 24 January 1837) was an English lawyer, naturalist and writer on horticulture.
Life and work
Sabine was born into a prominent Anglo-Irish family in Tewin, Hertfordshire, the eldest son of Joseph Sabine. ...
who grew a large assortment of roses and was the Secretary of the
Horticultural Society of London
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
. His employment came to an abrupt end with the death of Banks a few months later. One of Banks’ friends, a wealthy merchant called
William Cattley
William Cattley (1788 – 8 August 1835) was a British merchant and horticulturist. He was significantly involved with the trade between Britain and Russia, including the importation of grain (generically called "corn") to England. He also c ...
, paid Lindley to draw and describe new plants in his garden at
Barnet
Barnet may refer to:
People
*Barnet (surname)
* Barnet (given name)
Places United Kingdom
*Chipping Barnet or High Barnet, commonly known as Barnet, one of three focal towns of the borough below.
*East Barnet, a district of the borough below; an ...
. He also paid for the publication of “''Digitalia Monographia''”. (Later Lindley honoured him by naming the orchid genus ''
Cattleya
''Cattleya'' () is a genus of orchids from Costa Rica south to Argentina. The genus is abbreviated C in trade journals.
Description
Epiphytic or terrestrial orchids with cylindrical rhizome from which the fleshy noodle-like roots grow. Pseu ...
'' after him.) In 1820, at the age of twenty-one, Lindley was elected a fellow of the
Linnean Society of London
The Linnean Society of London is a learned society dedicated to the study and dissemination of information concerning natural history, evolution, and taxonomy. It possesses several important biological specimen, manuscript and literature colle ...
.
From 1821 to 1826 he published a folio work with coloured illustrations that he had painted himself, “Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants”. Many of these plants came from the family
Orchidaceae
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae (), a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
Along with the Asteraceae, they are one of the two largest families of flowering ...
with which he had a lifelong fascination.
Lindley was appointed assistant secretary to the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
and its new garden at Chiswick in 1822, where he supervised the collection of plants.
[Aitken, R., ‘Lindley, John’, in R. Aitken and M. Looker (eds) (2002) ''Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens'', South Melbourne, Oxford University Press. . p. 371.]
Assistant secretary to the
Horticultural Society since 1822, in 1829 Lindley was appointed to the
chair
A chair is a type of seat, typically designed for one person and consisting of one or more legs, a flat or slightly angled seat and a back-rest. They may be made of wood, metal, or synthetic materials, and may be padded or upholstered in vario ...
of botany at
University College, London
, mottoeng = Let all come who by merit deserve the most reward
, established =
, type = Public research university
, endowment = £143 million (2020)
, budget = ...
, which he retained until 1860. He also lectured on botany from 1831 at the
Royal Institution
The Royal Institution of Great Britain (often the Royal Institution, Ri or RI) is an organisation for scientific education and research, based in the City of Westminster. It was founded in 1799 by the leading British scientists of the age, inc ...
, including delivering the 1833
Royal Institution Christmas Lecture, and from 1836 at the
Chelsea Physic Garden
The Chelsea Physic Garden was established as the Apothecaries' Garden in London, England, in 1673 by the Worshipful Society of Apothecaries to grow plants to be used as medicines. This four acre physic garden, the term here referring to the sc ...
, starting the society's flower show in the late 1830s.
![Makers of British botany, Plate 14 (John Lindley)](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Makers_of_British_botany%2C_Plate_14_%28John_Lindley%29.png)
Lindley described the plants collected on
Thomas Livingstone Mitchell
Sir Thomas Livingstone Mitchell (15 June 1792 – 5 October 1855), surveyor and explorer of Southeastern Australia, was born at Grangemouth in Stirlingshire, Scotland. In 1827 he took up an appointment as Assistant Surveyor General of New Sou ...
's expeditions of 1838 and wrote an Appendix to ''
Edwards's Botanical Register
''The Botanical Register'', subsequently known as ''Edwards's Botanical Register'', was an illustrated horticultural magazine that ran from 1815 to 1847. It was started by the botanical illustrator Sydenham Edwards, who had previously illustrate ...
'' of 1839, describing plants collected by
James Drummond and
Georgiana Molloy
Georgiana Molloy (23 May 1805 – 8 April 1843) was an early settler in Western Australia, who is remembered as one of the first botanical collectors in the colony. Her husband, John, was involved in the Wonnerup massacre, and she has been the ...
of the
Swan River Colony
The Swan River Colony, also known as the Swan River Settlement, or just Swan River, was a British colony established in 1829 on the Swan River, in Western Australia. This initial settlement place on the Swan River was soon named Perth, and it ...
in
Western Australia
Western Australia (commonly abbreviated as WA) is a state of Australia occupying the western percent of the land area of Australia excluding external territories. It is bounded by the Indian Ocean to the north and west, the Southern Ocean to th ...
.
According to John Ryan, Lindley's 1840 ‘Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony’ provided ‘the most succinct portrait to date of the flora of the Swan River Settlement’, which had been established in 1829.
The Sketch, which was published during November 1839 and January 1840 in Edwards’ Botanical Register and separately on its completion, was illustrated by nine hand-coloured lithographs and four wood-cuts.
He also played a large part in having Charles Moore appointed as Director of the
Sydney Botanical Gardens
The Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney is a heritage-listed major botanical garden, event venue and public recreation area located at Farm Cove on the eastern fringe of the Sydney central business district, in the City of Sydney local government ar ...
.
During his
professor
Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an Academy, academic rank at university, universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who pr ...
ship, he wrote many scientific and popular works as well as making significant contributions to the ''Botanical Register'', of which he was the editor for many years, and to ''
The Gardeners' Chronicle
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine ''Horticulture Week''.
History
Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Josep ...
'', where he was in charge of the horticultural department from 1841. He was a fellow of the
Royal
Royal may refer to:
People
* Royal (name), a list of people with either the surname or given name
* A member of a royal family
Places United States
* Royal, Arkansas, an unincorporated community
* Royal, Illinois, a village
* Royal, Iowa, a cit ...
,
Linnean and
Geological Societies. He received the Royal Society's royal medal in 1857, and in 1853 became a corresponding member of the Institut de France.
In 1862, he was elected as a member of the
American Philosophical Society
The American Philosophical Society (APS), founded in 1743 in Philadelphia, is a scholarly organization that promotes knowledge in the sciences and humanities through research, professional meetings, publications, library resources, and communit ...
.
Horticultural Society of London
About this time, the Horticultural Society of London, which became the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
at a later date, asked Lindley to draw roses and in 1822 he became the Assistant Secretary of the Society's garden. The Society's historian, Harold R Fletcher, later described him as “ ... the backbone of the Society and possibly the greatest servant it had ever had.” Now with a steady income, in 1823 he married Sarah Freestone (1797–1869). They rented a house in rural Acton Green, a location convenient for the Society's garden at
Turnham Green
Turnham Green is a public park on Chiswick High Road, Chiswick, London, and the neighbourhood and conservation area around it; historically, it was one of the four medieval villages in the Chiswick area, the others being Old Chiswick, Little S ...
.
The Secretary of the Horticultural Society of London at that time was Joseph Sabine and he authorised expenditure on large projects beyond the Society's means. Lindley could only expostulate and was unsuccessful in moderating his actions. By 1830, the Society had mounting debts and a committee of enquiry was set up. Sabine resigned as Secretary and Lindley successfully defended his own position and carried the Society forward with the new Honorary Secretary,
George Bentham
George Bentham (22 September 1800 – 10 September 1884) was an English botanist, described by the weed botanist Duane Isely as "the premier systematic botanist of the nineteenth century". Born into a distinguished family, he initially studi ...
.
Middle years
An eminent botanist of the time,
John Claudius Loudon
John Claudius Loudon (8 April 1783 – 14 December 1843) was a Scottish botanist, garden designer and author. He was the first to use the term arboretum in writing to refer to a garden of plants, especially trees, collected for the purpose of ...
, sought Lindley's collaboration on his “Encyclopedia of Plants”. This covered nearly fifteen thousand species of flowering plants and ferns. It was a massive undertaking and Lindley was responsible for most of it.
During his labour on this undertaking, which was completed in 1829, and through arduous study of character patterns, he became convinced of the superiority of the "natural" classification system devised by
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu
Antoine Laurent de Jussieu (; 12 April 1748 – 17 September 1836) was a French botanist, notable as the first to publish a natural classification of flowering plants; much of his system remains in use today. His classification was based on an e ...
– a system that he believed reflected the great plan of nature as distinct from the "artificial" system of
Linnaeus
Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...
followed in the ''Encyclopaedia of Plants''. This conviction found expression in ''A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order'' (1829) and i
''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany''(1830).
In 1828 Lindley was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of London and in 1833 was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Philosophy from the
University of Munich
The Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (simply University of Munich or LMU; german: Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München) is a public research university in Munich, Germany. It is Germany's List of universities in Germany, sixth-oldest u ...
. Other honours came from France, the United States and Switzerland.
In 1829 Lindley sought to augment his income and became professor of botany at the newly established
London University
The University of London (UoL; abbreviated as Lond or more rarely Londin in post-nominals) is a federal public research university located in London, England, United Kingdom. The university was established by royal charter in 1836 as a degree- ...
while still continuing his post at the Royal Horticultural Society. He had not been to university himself but apparently was an excellent teacher, giving six hour-long lectures each week. Being dissatisfied with what was available, he wrote some botanical textbooks for his students.
After the death of Joseph Banks and the death also of their patron, King George III, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew went into a decline. The Government commissioned a report on their future to be prepared by Lindley,
Joseph Paxton
Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
and John Wilson, head gardener to the Earl of Surrey.
The report recommended that the Gardens be retained but the Government did not accept their findings and proposed to abolish it, distribute the plants and pull down the glasshouses. On 11 February 1840, Lindley told the Prime Minister that the matter was to be raised in Parliament. This caused an outcry. The public was indignant, the Government backed down and the Gardens were saved. William Hooker was appointed to be the new Director.
In 1845, Lindley was part of a scientific commission set up by the Government to investigate
potato blight
''Phytophthora infestans'' is an oomycete or water mold, a fungus-like microorganism that causes the serious potato and tomato disease known as late blight or potato blight. Early blight, caused by ''Alternaria solani'', is also often called "po ...
and the
Irish famine
The Great Famine ( ga, an Gorta Mór ), also known within Ireland as the Great Hunger or simply the Famine and outside Ireland as the Irish Potato Famine, was a period of starvation and disease in Ireland from 1845 to 1852 that constituted a h ...
. The cause of the fungal disease was not known at the time and the weather was thought to be to blame. Although the commission was powerless to solve the problem, their report brought about the repeal of the 1815 Corn Laws which had forbidden the import of cheap wheat from America. This helped to alleviate the effects of the disease on populations that had become reliant on the
monoculture
In agriculture, monoculture is the practice of growing one crop species in a field at a time. Monoculture is widely used in intensive farming and in organic farming: both a 1,000-hectare/acre cornfield and a 10-ha/acre field of organic kale are ...
of potatoes. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Member of the
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
The American Academy of Arts and Sciences (abbreviation: AAA&S) is one of the oldest learned societies in the United States. It was founded in 1780 during the American Revolution by John Adams, John Hancock, James Bowdoin, Andrew Oliver, and ...
in 1859.
Lindley was very industrious and hardworking and published a number of works including ‘’''The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants''’’, the writing of which occupied him for ten years. He was acknowledged to be the top authority on the classification of orchids of his time.
Bentham and Hooker
A taxonomic system, the Bentham & Hooker system for seed plants, was published in Bentham and Hooker's ''Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita'' in three volumes between 1862 and 1883.
George Bentham (18 ...
, writing in 1883, accepted 114 genera he had named and described, and Pfitzer, in 1889, accepted 127. Over many years, Lindley had described a large number of orchid species, and many other plants, naming them and giving each a concise description of the plant’s characteristics.
He was held in high regard by other botanists and was honoured by naming more than 200 species with the epithets "''lindleyi''", "''lindleyana''", "''lindleyanum''", "''lindleyanus''", "''lindleya''" and "''lindleyoides''".
[ Stearn, 67]
Later years
In 1861, Lindley took charge of organising the exhibits from the British colonies for the International Exhibition at
South Kensington
South Kensington, nicknamed Little Paris, is a district just west of Central London in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Historically it settled on part of the scattered Middlesex village of Brompton. Its name was supplanted with ...
. This was exhausting work and seems to have taken a toll on his health. His memory also began deteriorating. He resigned his university professorship that year and his position as Secretary to the Royal Horticultural Society two years later.
In 1863 he travelled to
Vichy
Vichy (, ; ; oc, Vichèi, link=no, ) is a city in the Allier Departments of France, department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region of central France, in the historic province of Bourbonnais.
It is a Spa town, spa and resort town and in World ...
, a
spa
A spa is a location where mineral-rich spring water (and sometimes seawater) is used to give medicinal baths. Spa towns or spa resorts (including hot springs resorts) typically offer various health treatments, which are also known as balneoth ...
in the center of France, but his health continued to decline. He died at his home at
Acton Green, near London, aged 66. He was survived by his wife, two daughters including
Sarah Lindley Crease
Sarah Lindley Crease (1826–1922) was a Canadian artist.
Born in England, as the daughter of botanist John Lindley, Crease studied art with Charles Fox and Sarah Ann Drake. Her early works were botanical illustrations for her father's pub ...
and a son. The daughters were accomplished artists themselves and the son,
Nathaniel
, nickname =
{{Plainlist,
* Nat
* Nate
, footnotes =
Nathaniel is an English variant of the biblical Greek name Nathanael.
People with the name Nathaniel
* Nathaniel Archibald (1952–2018), American basketball player
* Nate A ...
, became a distinguished lawyer, the
Master of the Rolls
The Keeper or Master of the Rolls and Records of the Chancery of England, known as the Master of the Rolls, is the President of the Court of Appeal (England and Wales)#Civil Division, Civil Division of the Court of Appeal of England and Wales a ...
and a
life peer
In the United Kingdom, life peers are appointed members of the peerage whose titles cannot be inherited, in contrast to hereditary peers. In modern times, life peerages, always created at the rank of baron, are created under the Life Peerages ...
.
[ Stearn, 68]
List of selected publications
*
Translation of ''Analyse du fruit'' by
L. C. M. Richard (1819)
''Rosarum Monographia''(1820)
''Digitalium Monographia''(1821)
''Observations on the natural Group of Plants called Pomaceæ'' (1821)* Instructions for packing living plants in foreign countries, especially within the tropics; and directions for their treatment during the voyage to Europe (1824)
''Monographie du genre rosier, traduit de l'anglais de J. Lindley ...par M. de Pronville''(1824) With Auguste de Pronville
*
A Botanical History of Roses'
* ''Digitalia Monographia''
''Collectanea botanica or Figures and botanic Illustrations of rare and curious exotic Plants ''(1821–1826) With Richard and Arthur Taylor
* ''A Synopsis of British Flora, arranged according to the Natural Order'' (1829)
* ''An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture'' (1832)
* ''An Outline of the Structure and Physiology of Plants'' (1832)
*
''Einleitung in das natürliche System der Botanik''(1833)
*
*
*
The Fossil Flora of Great Britain' (with
William Hutton (1831–1837)
*
Ladies' Botany or, A familiar introduction to the study of the natural system of botany' (1834–37)
vols.London: James Ridgway
*
''Flora Medica''(1838)
''Sertum orchidaceum:a wreath of the most beautiful orchidaceous flowers selected by John Lindley''.(1838)
''Appendix to the first twenty-three volumes of Edwards's botanical register''(1839)
*
*
Theory of Horticulture' (1840)
* ''Sketch of the Vegetation of the Swan River Colony'' (1840)
''The genera and species of orchidaceous plants /by John Lindley.''(1830–1840)
''Edwards' botanical register''(1829–1847) With James Ridgway. Vol. 15–33.
''Medical and oeconomical botany /by John Lindley''(1849)
*
Folia Orchidacea' (1852)
''Paxton's flower garden by Professor Lindley and Sir Joseph Paxton et al.''(1853) Three volumes.
* ''Descriptive Botany'' (1858)
Taxonomic works
* A Natural System of Botany (1830–1836)
**
**
* The Vegetable Kingdom (1846–1853)
**
**
**
Edited works
* In 1841 he co-founded ''
The Gardeners' Chronicle
''The Gardeners' Chronicle'' was a British horticulture periodical. It lasted as a title in its own right for nearly 150 years and is still extant as part of the magazine ''Horticulture Week''.
History
Founded in 1841 by the horticulturists Josep ...
'' alongside
Joseph Paxton
Joseph is a common male given name, derived from the Hebrew Yosef (יוֹסֵף). "Joseph" is used, along with "Josef", mostly in English, French and partially German languages. This spelling is also found as a variant in the languages of the mo ...
,
Charles Wentworth Dilke
Charles Wentworth Dilke (1789–1864) was an English liberal critic and writer on literature.
Professional life
He served for many years in the Navy Pay-Office, on retiring from which in 1830 he devoted himself to literary pursuits.
Lit ...
and
William Bradbury William Bradbury may refer to:
*William Bradbury (footballer) (1884–1966), English soccer player
*William Bradbury (printer) (1800–1869), English printer, founder of Bradbury and Evans
*William Batchelder Bradbury (1816–1868), American musici ...
and became its first editor.
* ''
The Botanical Register
''The Botanical Register'', subsequently known as ''Edwards's Botanical Register'', was an illustrated horticultural magazine that ran from 1815 to 1847. It was started by the botanical illustrator Sydenham Edwards, who had previously illustrate ...
'' 1820–1847
See also
*
Lindley system
An early system of plant taxonomy, the Lindley system, was first published by John Lindley as ''An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany'' (''Natural History'', 1830). This was a minor modification of that of de Candolle (1813). He develop ...
*
Hundred of Lindley
County of Burra is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia which covers land located in the state’s east associated with the town of Burra. It was proclaimed in 1851 by Governor Young and named after the town of ...
References
Bibliography
* , in
*
**
* (see
Penny Cyclopedia)
*
*
*
*
*
*
External links
Books by John Lindley at the Biodiversity Heritage LibraryContributions to the Bibliography of John Lindley - Occasional Papers from the RHS Lindley Library volume 13, November 2015. Details Lindley's additional contributions to such works as ''Penny Cyclopaedia'' and the ''Athenaeum.''
Orchids.co: John Lindley's work on orchids*
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lindley, John
English botanists
English mycologists
English taxonomists
1799 births
1865 deaths
British phycologists
British pteridologists
Botanists active in Australia
Bryologists
Orchidologists
Paleobotanists
Fellows of the Linnean Society of London
Fellows of the Royal Society
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Royal Medal winners
Academics of University College London
People from Old Catton
People educated at Norwich School
Botanists with author abbreviations
19th-century British botanists