''Tilia'' is a
genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species.
In Britain and Ireland they are commonly called lime trees, although they are not related to the citrus
lime
Lime commonly refers to:
* Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit
* Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
* Lime (color), a color between yellow and green
Lime may also refer to:
Botany ...
. The genus occurs in Europe and eastern North America, but the greatest species diversity is found in Asia. Under the
Cronquist classification system, this genus was placed in the family
Tiliaceae
Tiliaceae () is a family of flowering plants. It is not a part of the APG, APG II and APG III classifications, being sunk in Malvaceae mostly as the subfamilies Tilioideae, Brownlowioideae and Grewioideae, but has an extensive historical record o ...
, but genetic research summarised by the
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) is an informal international group of systematic botanists who collaborate to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants (angiosperms) that reflects new knowledge about plant relationships disco ...
has resulted in the incorporation of this genus, and of most of the previous family, into the
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ...
.
''Tilia'' species are mostly large,
deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
trees, reaching typically tall, with oblique-cordate (heart-shaped) leaves across. As with
elm
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of North ...
s, the exact number of species is uncertain, as many of the species can
hybridise readily, both in the wild and in cultivation. They are
hermaphroditic
In reproductive biology, a hermaphrodite () is an organism that has both kinds of reproductive organs and can produce both gametes associated with male and female sexes.
Many taxonomic groups of animals (mostly invertebrates) do not have separ ...
, having
perfect flower
Plant reproductive morphology is the study of the physical form and structure (the morphology) of those parts of plants directly or indirectly concerned with sexual reproduction.
Among all living organisms, flowers, which are the reproductive s ...
s with both male and female parts, pollinated by insects.
''Tilia'' is the only known
ectomycorrhiza
An ectomycorrhiza (from Greek ἐκτός ', "outside", μύκης ', "fungus", and ῥίζα ', "root"; pl. ectomycorrhizas or ectomycorrhizae, abbreviated EcM) is a form of symbiotic relationship that occurs between a fungal symbiont, or mycobi ...
l genus in the family
Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic importance include okra, cotton, cacao and durian. There are also some genera containing familiar ...
. Studies of ectomycorrhizal relations of ''Tilia'' species indicate a wide range of fungal symbionts and a preference toward
Ascomycota
Ascomycota is a phylum of the kingdom Fungi that, together with the Basidiomycota, forms the subkingdom Dikarya. Its members are commonly known as the sac fungi or ascomycetes. It is the largest phylum of Fungi, with over 64,000 species. The def ...
fungal partners.
Name
The genus is generally called "lime" or "linden" in Britain and "linden", "lime", or "basswood" in North America.
"Lime" is an altered form of
Middle English
Middle English (abbreviated to ME) is a form of the English language that was spoken after the Norman conquest of 1066, until the late 15th century. The English language underwent distinct variations and developments following the Old English p ...
''lind'', in the 16th century also ''line'', from Old English feminine ''lind'' or ''linde'',
Proto-Germanic
Proto-Germanic (abbreviated PGmc; also called Common Germanic) is the reconstructed proto-language of the Germanic branch of the Indo-European languages.
Proto-Germanic eventually developed from pre-Proto-Germanic into three Germanic branc ...
''*lindō'', cognate to Latin ''lentus'' "flexible" and Sanskrit ''latā'' "
liana
A liana is a long- stemmed, woody vine that is rooted in the soil at ground level and uses trees, as well as other means of vertical support, to climb up to the canopy in search of direct sunlight. The word ''liana'' does not refer to a ta ...
". Within
Germanic languages
The Germanic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family spoken natively by a population of about 515 million people mainly in Europe, North America, Oceania and Southern Africa. The most widely spoken Germanic language, Engli ...
, English "lithe", German ''lind'' "lenient, yielding" are from the same root.
"Linden" was originally the adjective, "made from linwood or lime-wood" (equivalent to "wooden" or "oaken"); from the late 16th century, "linden" was also used as a noun, probably influenced by translations of German romance, as an adoption of ''Linden'', the plural of German ''Linde''.
Neither the name nor the tree is related to the citrus fruit called "
lime
Lime commonly refers to:
* Lime (fruit), a green citrus fruit
* Lime (material), inorganic materials containing calcium, usually calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide
* Lime (color), a color between yellow and green
Lime may also refer to:
Botany ...
" (''Citrus aurantifolia'', family
Rutaceae
The Rutaceae is a family, commonly known as the rue[RUTACEAE](_blank)
in BoDD – Botanical Derm ...
). Another common name used in North America is basswood, derived from ''bast'', the name for the inner bark (see
Uses
Use may refer to:
* Use (law), an obligation on a person to whom property has been conveyed
* Use (liturgy), a special form of Roman Catholic ritual adopted for use in a particular diocese
* Use–mention distinction, the distinction between using ...
, below).
Teil is an old name for the lime tree.
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
''tilia'' is cognate to
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
πτελέᾱ, ''ptelea'', "
elm tree
Elms are deciduous and semi-deciduous trees comprising the flowering plant genus ''Ulmus'' in the plant family Ulmaceae. They are distributed over most of the Northern Hemisphere, inhabiting the temperate and tropical-montane regions of Nor ...
", τιλίαι, ''tiliai'', "
black poplar
''Populus nigra'', the black poplar, is a species of cottonwood poplar, the type species of section ''Aigeiros'' of the genus ''Populus'', native to Europe, southwest and central Asia, and northwest Africa.Flora Europaea''Populus nigra''/ref>
...
" (
Hes.), ultimately from a
Proto-Indo-European
Proto-Indo-European (PIE) is the reconstructed common ancestor of the Indo-European language family. Its proposed features have been derived by linguistic reconstruction from documented Indo-European languages. No direct record of Proto-Indo-E ...
word ''*ptel-ei̯ā'' with a meaning of "broad" (feminine); perhaps "broad-leaved" or similar.
Description
![Tilia x europea-2](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Tilia_x_europea-2.JPG)
The ''Tilia'' sturdy trunk stands like a pillar and the branches divide and subdivide into numerous ramifications on which the twigs are fine and thick. In summer, these are profusely clothed with large leaves and the result is a dense head of abundant foliage.
The leaves of all the ''Tilia'' species are heart-shaped, and most are asymmetrical. The tiny, pea-like fruit hangs attached to a ribbon-like, greenish-yellow
bract
In botany, a bract is a modified or specialized leaf, especially one associated with a reproductive structure such as a flower, inflorescence axis or cone scale. Bracts are usually different from foliage leaves. They may be smaller, larger, or of ...
whose apparent purpose is to launch the ripened seed clusters just a little beyond the parent tree. The flowers of the European and American ''Tilia'' species are similar, except the American ones bear a petal-like scale among their stamens and the European varieties are devoid of these appendages. All of the ''Tilia'' species may be propagated by cuttings and grafting, as well as by seed. They grow rapidly in rich soil, but are subject to the attack of many insects. ''Tilia'' is notoriously difficult to propagate from seed unless collected fresh in fall. If allowed to dry, the seeds go into a deep dormancy and take 18 months to germinate.
In particular, aphids are attracted by the rich supply of sap, and are in turn often "farmed" by ants for the production of the sap, which the ants collect for their own use, and the result can often be a dripping of excess sap onto the lower branches and leaves, and anything else below. Cars left under the trees can quickly become coated with a film of the syrup ("honeydew") thus dropped from higher up. The ant/aphid "farming" process does not appear to cause any serious damage to the trees.
File:Tilia x cordata leaf underside.JPG, Leaf of common lime (''Tilia × europaea
''Tilia'' × ''europaea'', generally known as the European lime, common lime (British Isles) or common linden, is a naturally occurring hybrid between ''Tilia cordata'' (small-leaved lime) and ''Tilia platyphyllos'' (large-leaved lime). It occurs ...
'') showing venation
File:Lime tree.jpg, ''Tilia'' flowers
File:Tilia cordata Owoce lipy 656.jpg, ''Tilia'' fruit
File:Tilia x cordata flower veination.JPG, The venation within a ''Tilia'' bract
History
![Tilia johnsoni 01](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Tilia_johnsoni_01.jpg)
In Europe, some linden trees reached considerable ages. A
coppice
Coppicing is a traditional method of woodland management which exploits the capacity of many species of trees to put out new shoots from their stump or roots if cut down. In a coppiced wood, which is called a copse, young tree stems are repeated ...
of ''T. cordata'' in
Westonbirt Arboretum
Westonbirt, The National Arboretum is an arboretum in Gloucestershire, England, about southwest of the town of Tetbury. Managed by Forestry England, it is perhaps the most important and widely known arboretum in the United Kingdom.
Planted in ...
in
Gloucestershire
Gloucestershire ( abbreviated Glos) is a county in South West England. The county comprises part of the Cotswold Hills, part of the flat fertile valley of the River Severn and the entire Forest of Dean.
The county town is the city of Gl ...
is estimated to be 2,000 years old. In the courtyard of the
Imperial Castle at Nuremberg is a ''Tilia'', which by tradition recounted in 1900, was planted by the
Empress Cunigunde, the wife of
Henry II of Germany
Henry II (german: Heinrich II; it, Enrico II; 6 May 973 – 13 July 1024), also known as Saint Henry the Exuberant, Obl. S. B., was Holy Roman Emperor ("Romanorum Imperator") from 1014. He died without an heir in 1024, and was the last ruler o ...
''circa'' 1000. The ''Tilia'' of Neuenstadt am Kocher in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, was estimated at 1000 years old when it fell.
The Alte Linde tree of Naters, Switzerland, is mentioned in a document in 1357 and described by the writer at that time as already ''magnam'' (large). A plaque at its foot mentions that in 1155, a linden tree was already on this spot. The
Najevnik linden tree
Ludranski Vrh () is a dispersed settlement in the hills south of Črna na Koroškem in the Carinthia region in northern Slovenia.
Name
The name ''Ludranski Vrh'' is believed to be a corruption of ''Luteranski Vrh'' (literally, 'Lutheran Peak'). ...
( sl, Najevska lipa), a 700-year-old ''T. cordata'', is the thickest tree in
Slovenia
Slovenia ( ; sl, Slovenija ), officially the Republic of Slovenia (Slovene: , abbr.: ''RS''), is a country in Central Europe. It is bordered by Italy to the west, Austria to the north, Hungary to the northeast, Croatia to the southeast, an ...
.
* The excellence of the honey of the far-famed
Hyblaean Mountains
The Hyblaean Mountains ( scn, Munt'Ibblei; it, Monti Iblei; la, Hyblaei montes) is a mountain range in south-eastern Sicily, Italy. It straddles the provinces of Ragusa, Syracuse and Catania. The highest peak of the range is Monte Lauro, at 98 ...
was due to the linden trees that covered its sides and crowned its summit.
* Lime fossils have been found in the
Tertiary
Tertiary ( ) is a widely used but obsolete term for the geologic period from 66 million to 2.6 million years ago.
The period began with the demise of the non-avian dinosaurs in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, at the start ...
formations of
Grinnell Land
Grinnell Land is the central section of Ellesmere Island in the northernmost part of Nunavut territory in Canada. It was named for Henry Grinnell, a shipping magnate from New York, who in the 1850s helped finance two expeditions to search for F ...
, Canada, at 82°N latitude, and in
Svalbard
Svalbard ( , ), also known as Spitsbergen, or Spitzbergen, is a Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. North of mainland Europe, it is about midway between the northern coast of Norway and the North Pole. The islands of the group range ...
, Norway. Sapporta believed he had found there the common ancestor of the ''Tilia'' species of Europe and America.
Uses
![Bombus terrestris queen - Tilia cordata - Keila](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Bombus_terrestris_queen_-_Tilia_cordata_-_Keila.jpg)
The linden is recommended as an ornamental tree when a mass of foliage or a deep shade is desired.
It produces fragrant and nectar-producing flowers and is an important honey plant for beekeepers, giving rise to a pale but richly flavoured
monofloral honey
Monofloral honey is a type of honey which has a distinctive flavor or other attribute due to its being predominantly from the nectar of a single plant species. It is stored and labeled separately so as to command a premium price. While there may ...
. In European and North American herbal medicine, the flowers are also used for herbal teas and
tinctures
A tincture is typically an extract of plant or animal material dissolved in ethanol (ethyl alcohol). Solvent concentrations of 25–60% are common, but may run as high as 90%.Groot Handboek Geneeskrachtige Planten by Geert Verhelst In chemistr ...
. The flowers are used for herbal tea in the winter in Greece and Turkey.
In
English landscape garden
The English landscape garden, also called English landscape park or simply the English garden (french: Jardin à l'anglaise, it, Giardino all'inglese, german: Englischer Landschaftsgarten, pt, Jardim inglês, es, Jardín inglés), is a sty ...
s, avenues of linden trees were fashionable, especially during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Many
country houses
An English country house is a large house or mansion in the English countryside. Such houses were often owned by individuals who also owned a town house. This allowed them to spend time in the country and in the city—hence, for these peopl ...
have a surviving "lime avenue" or "lime walk", the example at
Hatfield House
Hatfield House is a country house set in a large park, the Great Park, on the eastern side of the town of Hatfield, Hertfordshire, England. The present Jacobean house, a leading example of the prodigy house, was built in 1611 by Robert Ceci ...
was planted between 1700 and 1730. The fashion was derived from the earlier practice of planting lindens in lines as shade trees in Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and northern France. Most of the trees used in British gardens were
cultivar
A cultivar is a type of cultivated plant that people have selected for desired traits and when propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and stem cuttings, offsets, grafting, tissue culture, ...
s propagated by
layering
Layering has evolved as a common means of vegetative propagation of numerous species in natural environments. Layering is also utilized by horticulturists to propagate desirable plants.
Natural layering typically occurs when a branch touches ...
in the Netherlands.
Wood
![Riemenschneider Hl Georg](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Riemenschneider_Hl_Georg.jpg)
Linden trees produce soft and easily worked timber, which has very little
grain
A grain is a small, hard, dry fruit (caryopsis) – with or without an attached hull layer – harvested for human or animal consumption. A grain crop is a grain-producing plant. The two main types of commercial grain crops are cereals and legum ...
and a density of 560 kg/m
3. It was often used by Germanic tribes for constructing shields. It is a popular wood for model building and for intricate carving. Especially in Germany, it was the classic wood for sculpture from the Middle Ages onwards and is the material for the elaborate
altarpiece
An altarpiece is an artwork such as a painting, sculpture or relief representing a religious subject made for placing at the back of or behind the altar of a Christian church. Though most commonly used for a single work of art such as a painting o ...
s of
Veit Stoss
Veit Stoss (also: ''Veit Stoß'' and ''Stuoss''; pl, Wit Stwosz; before 1450about 20 September 1533) was a leading German sculptor, mostly working with wood, whose career covered the transition between the late Gothic and the Northern Renaissa ...
,
Tilman Riemenschneider
Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460 – 7 July 1531) was a German sculptor and woodcarver active in Würzburg from 1483. He was one of the most prolific and versatile sculptors of the transition period between late Gothic and Renaissance, a master i ...
, and many others. In England, it was the favoured medium of the sculptor
Grinling Gibbons
Grinling Gibbons (4 April 1648 – 3 August 1721) was an Anglo-Dutch sculptor and wood carver known for his work in England, including Windsor Castle and Hampton Court Palace, St Paul's Cathedral and other London churches, Petworth House and other ...
(1648–1721). The wood is used in
marionette
A marionette (; french: marionnette, ) is a puppet controlled from above using wires or strings depending on regional variations. A marionette's puppeteer is called a marionettist. Marionettes are operated with the puppeteer hidden or reveale ...
- and
puppet
A puppet is an object, often resembling a human, animal or Legendary creature, mythical figure, that is animated or manipulated by a person called a puppeteer. The puppeteer uses movements of their hands, arms, or control devices such as rods ...
-making and -carving. Having a fine, light grain and being comparatively light in weight, it has been used for centuries for this purpose; despite the availability of modern alternatives, it remains one of the main materials used .
Ease of working and good acoustic properties also make limewood popular for electric and bass guitar bodies and for
wind instrument
A wind instrument is a musical instrument that contains some type of resonator (usually a tube) in which a column of air is set into vibration by the player blowing into (or over) a mouthpiece set at or near the end of the resonator. The pitc ...
s such as
recorders.
Percussion
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that is sounded by being struck or scraped by a beater including attached or enclosed beaters or rattles struck, scraped or rubbed by hand or struck against another similar instrument. Exc ...
manufacturers sometimes use ''Tilia'' as a material for drum shells, both to enhance their sound and for their aesthetics.
Linden wood is also the material of choice for window blinds and shutters. Real-wood blinds are often made from this lightweight but strong and stable wood, which is well suited to natural and stained finishes.
Bark
Known in the trade as basswood, particularly in North America, its name originates from the inner fibrous bark of the tree, known as bast. A strong
fibre
Fiber or fibre (from la, fibra, links=no) is a natural or artificial substance that is significantly longer than it is wide. Fibers are often used in the manufacture of other materials. The strongest engineering materials often incorporate ...
is obtained from the tree by peeling off the bark and soaking it in water for a month, after which the inner fibres can be easily separated. Bast obtained from the inside of the bark of the ''
Tilia japonica
''Tilia japonica'', the Japanese lime or Japanese linden, is a species of ''Tilia'' native to eastern China and Japan, preferring to grow in mountains up to 2000m. It superficially resembles the better-known ''Tilia cordata'', the small-leaved li ...
'' tree has been used by the
Ainu people
The Ainu are the indigenous people of the lands surrounding the Sea of Okhotsk, including Hokkaido Island, Northeast Honshu Island, Sakhalin Island, the Kuril Islands, the Kamchatka Peninsula and Khabarovsk Krai, before the arrival of the Y ...
of Japan to weave their traditional clothing, the ''attus''. Excavations in Britain have shown that lime tree fibre was preferred for clothing there during the Bronze Age. Similar fibres obtained from other plants are also called bast: see
Bast fibre
Bast fibre (also called phloem fibre or skin fibre) is plant fibre collected from the phloem (the "inner bark", sometimes called "skin") or bast surrounding the stem of certain dicotyledonous plants. It supports the conductive cells of the phloe ...
.
Phytochemicals and folk medicine
The dried flowers are mildly sweet and sticky, and the fruit is somewhat sweet and mucilaginous. Linden flower tea has a pleasing taste, due to the aromatic
volatile oil
An essential oil is a concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile (easily evaporated at normal temperatures) chemical compounds from plants. Essential oils are also known as volatile oils, ethereal oils, aetheroleum, or simply as the o ...
found in the flowers.
Phytochemical
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds produced by plants, generally to help them resist fungi, bacteria and plant virus infections, and also consumption by insects and other animals. The name comes . Some phytochemicals have been used as poisons ...
s in the ''Tilia'' flowers include
flavonoids
Flavonoids (or bioflavonoids; from the Latin word ''flavus'', meaning yellow, their color in nature) are a class of polyphenolic secondary metabolites found in plants, and thus commonly consumed in the diets of humans.
Chemically, flavonoids ...
and
tannin
Tannins (or tannoids) are a class of astringent, polyphenolic biomolecules that bind to and precipitate proteins and various other organic compounds including amino acids and alkaloids.
The term ''tannin'' (from Anglo-Norman ''tanner'', ...
s with
astringent
An astringent (sometimes called adstringent) is a chemical that shrinks or constricts body tissues. The word derives from the Latin ''adstringere'', which means "to bind fast". Calamine lotion, witch hazel, and yerba mansa, a Californian plant ...
properties.
[Bradley P., ed. (1992). British Herbal Compendium. Vol. 1: 142–144. British Herbal Medicine Association, Dorset (Great Britain)] In
traditional medicine
Traditional medicine (also known as indigenous medicine or folk medicine) comprises medical aspects of traditional knowledge that developed over generations within the folk beliefs of various societies, including indigenous peoples, before the ...
, ''Tilia'' flowers have been used as tea for treatment of
respiratory disease
Respiratory diseases, or lung diseases, are pathology, pathological conditions affecting the organs and tissues that make gas exchange difficult in Breathing, air-breathing animals. They include conditions of the respiratory tract including the t ...
s.
[
In his compendium ''Food for Free'', ]Richard Mabey
Richard Thomas Mabey (born 20 February 1941) is a writer and broadcaster, chiefly on the relations between nature and culture.
Education
Mabey was educated at three independent schools, all in Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire. The first was at Roth ...
includes a recipe for tilleul tea, popular in France, made with the flowers of the Lime tree, described as "one of the very best teas of all wild flowers" and notes that the tree's leaves can be eaten in salad or as a sandwich filling.
The nectar contains a major secondary metabolite with the trivial name tiliaside (1--(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene-1-carboxylate
The hyphen-minus is the most commonly used type of hyphen, widely used in digital documents. It is the only character that looks like a minus sign or a dash in many character sets such as ASCII or on most keyboards, so it is also used as such. ...
6-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranose) which is transformed in the gut of bumble bees to the aglycone (i.e., the gentiobiose group is cleaved) which is bioactive against a common and debilitating gut parasite of bumble bees, ''Crithidia bombi''. This naturally occurring compound may support bees to manage the burden of disease - one of the major contributors to pollinator decline.
Other uses
Usually, the double-flowered species are used to make perfumes. The leaf buds and young leaves are also edible raw.
''Tilia'' species are used as food plants by the larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
e of some Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
; see List of Lepidoptera that feed on ''Tilia''.
Classification
This list comprises the most widely accepted species, hybrids, and cultivars".
Species
* ''Tilia americana
''Tilia americana'' is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to eastern North America, from southeast Manitoba east to New Brunswick, southwest to northeast Oklahoma, southeast to South Carolina, and west along the Niobrara River to ...
'' L. – American basswood, American linden
* ''Tilia amurensis
''Tilia amurensis'', the Amur lime or Amur linden, is a species of ''Tilia'' native to eastern Asia. It differs from the better-known ''Tilia cordata'' in having somewhat smaller leaves, bracts and cymes. It is an important timber tree in Russia, ...
'' – Amur lime, Amur linden
* ''Tilia caroliniana
''Tilia caroliniana'' Philip Miller, Mill. is a species of tree in the family (biology), family Malvaceae native to the southern and south-eastern states of the U.S., and Mexico.
Taxonomy
''T. caroliniana'' consists of 4 subspecies:
* ''T. carol ...
'' – Carolina basswood
* ''Tilia chinensis
''Tilia chinensis'' (Chinese linden, ) is a species of lime or linden tree that is endemic to China. It flowers in July or August when honey bees collect honey from its flowers. Especially famous is honey taken from the Chinese linden flowers i ...
'' – Chinese linden
* ''Tilia chingiana
''Tilia chingiana'' Hu & W.C.Cheng is a medium-sized tree native to the provinces of Anhui, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang in China.Tang, Y., Gilbert, M. G., & Dorr, L. J. Tiliaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) (2007). ''Flora of China'', Vol. ...
'' Hu & W.C.Cheng
* ''Tilia cordata
''Tilia cordata'', the small-leaved lime or small-leaved linden, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to much of Europe. Other common names include little-leaf or littleleaf linden, or traditionally in South East England, pry or p ...
'' Mill.
Philip Miller FRS (1691 – 18 December 1771) was an English botanist and gardener of Scottish descent. Miller was chief gardener at the Chelsea Physic Garden for nearly 50 years from 1722, and wrote the highly popular '' The Gardeners Dict ...
– Small-leaved lime, little-leaf linden or greenspire linden
* ''Tilia dasystyla
''Tilia dasystyla'' is a deciduous lime tree species. It contains the following subspecies:
*''T. dasystyla'' subsp. ''caucasica'' (V.Engl.) Pigott ( syn. ''T. begoniifolia'', ''T. caucasica'', ''T. platyphyllos'' subsp. ''caucasica'', ''T. rub ...
'' Steven
* ''Tilia henryana
''Tilia henryana'' Szyszyl., commonly known as Henry's lime, was introduced to the West from China by Ernest Wilson in 1901. The tree is native to the provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang,Tang, Y., G ...
'' Szyszyl. – Henry's lime, Henry's linden
* '' Tilia hupehensis'' – Hubei lime
* '' Tilia insularis''
* ''Tilia intonsa
''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain and Ireland they ...
''
* ''Tilia japonica
''Tilia japonica'', the Japanese lime or Japanese linden, is a species of ''Tilia'' native to eastern China and Japan, preferring to grow in mountains up to 2000m. It superficially resembles the better-known ''Tilia cordata'', the small-leaved li ...
'' – Japanese lime, ''shina'' (when used as a laminate)
* †''Tilia johnsoni
''Tilia johnsoni'' is an extinct species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae that, as a member of the genus ''Tilia'', is related to modern lindens (called "limes" in Britain and "basswoods" in the US). The species is known from fossil le ...
'' Wolfe & Wehr Wehr may refer to:
* WEHR, a former radio station owned by Penn State University
* Wehr, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
* Wehr, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany
* Wehr, a village in Selfkant, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany
People with the surname
* D ...
Eocene
The Eocene ( ) Epoch is a geological epoch (geology), epoch that lasted from about 56 to 33.9 million years ago (mya). It is the second epoch of the Paleogene Period (geology), Period in the modern Cenozoic Era (geology), Era. The name ''Eocene' ...
; Washington and British Columbia
* ''Tilia kiusiana
''Tilia kiusiana'', the Kyushu lime, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae
Malvaceae, or the mallows, is a family of flowering plants estimated to contain 244 genera with 4225 known species. Well-known members of economic impo ...
''
* '' Tilia mandshurica'' – Manchurian lime
* ''Tilia maximowicziana
''Tilia maximowicziana'' is a species of flowering plant in the lime and linden genus ''Tilia'', family Malvaceae. It is native to central and northern Japan, and Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands. In the mountain forests of ...
''
* ''Tilia miqueliana
''Tilia miqueliana'' is a species of linden.
In Japan, ''Tilia miqueliana'' is among ''hibakujumoku
''Hibakujumoku'' ( ja, 被爆樹木; also called survivor tree or A-bombed tree in English) is a Japanese term for a tree that survived the ...
''
* ''Tilia mongolica
''Tilia mongolica'' Maxim., commonly known as Mongolian lime, is a tree native to mountains of the northern China, growing up to elevations of 1200–2200 m.Tang, Y., Gilbert, M. G., & Dorr, L. J. Tiliaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ...
'' Maxim. – Mongolian lime, Mongolian linden
* ''Tilia nasczokinii
''Tilia nasczokinii'' Stepanov, commonly known as Nasczokin's lime or Nasczokin's linden, is a rare deciduous tree or shrub endemic to Siberia in Russia.
Description
The tree grows to 20 m tall, its bark pale grey and fissured. The leaves a ...
'' – Nasczokin's lime, Nasczokin's linden
* '' Tilia nobilis''
* ''Tilia officinarum
''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain and Ireland they ...
''
* ''Tilia oliveri
''Tilia oliveri'', the Chinese white lime or Oliver's lime, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to central and southeastern China. It has found use as a street tree, and does well in the United Kingdom, but is not comm ...
'' – Oliver's lime
* '' Tilia paucicostata''
* ''Tilia platyphyllos
''Tilia platyphyllos'', the large-leaved lime or large-leaved linden, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae (Tiliaceae). It is a deciduous tree, native to much of Europe, including locally in southwestern Great Britain, growing ...
'' Scop.
Giovanni Antonio Scopoli (sometimes Latinisation of names, Latinized as Johannes Antonius Scopolius) (3 June 1723 – 8 May 1788) was an Italian physician and natural history, naturalist. His biographer Otto Guglia named him the "first anational ...
– large-leaved lime
* ''Tilia rubra
''Tilia'' is a genus of about 30 species of trees or bushes, native throughout most of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The tree is known as linden for the European species, and basswood for North American species. In Britain and Ireland they ...
'' – Red stem lime (syn. ''T. platyphyllos'' var. ''rubra'')
* ''Tilia tomentosa
''Tilia tomentosa'', known as silver linden in the US and silver lime in the UK, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Malvaceae, native plant, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from Romania and the Ba ...
'' Moench – silver lime, silver linden
* ''Tilia tuan
''Tilia tuan'' is a species of flowering plant found in forests at elevations of 1200–2400 m in the central Chinese provinces of Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang. The species has ...
'' Szyszyl.
Hybrids and cultivars
* '' Tilia × euchlora'' (''T. dasystyla × T. cordata'')
* ''Tilia × europaea
''Tilia'' × ''europaea'', generally known as the European lime, common lime (British Isles) or common linden, is a naturally occurring hybrid between ''Tilia cordata'' (small-leaved lime) and ''Tilia platyphyllos'' (large-leaved lime). It occurs ...
'' – Common lime (''T. cordata × T. platyphyllos''; syn. ''T. × vulgaris'')
* ''Tilia × petiolaris'' (''T. tomentosa × T. ?'')
* ''Tilia'' 'Flavescens' – Glenleven linden (''T. americana × T. cordata'')
* ''Tilia'' 'Moltkei' (''T. americana × T. petiolaris'')
* ''Tilia'' 'Orbicularis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
* ''Tilia'' 'Spectabilis' (hybrid, unknown origin)
Gallery
File:AmericanBasswood.JPG, ''Tilia americana
''Tilia americana'' is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to eastern North America, from southeast Manitoba east to New Brunswick, southwest to northeast Oklahoma, southeast to South Carolina, and west along the Niobrara River to ...
''
File:Tilia-cordata2.JPG, ''Tilia cordata
''Tilia cordata'', the small-leaved lime or small-leaved linden, is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae, native to much of Europe. Other common names include little-leaf or littleleaf linden, or traditionally in South East England, pry or p ...
''
File:Tilia henryana.jpg, ''Tilia henryana
''Tilia henryana'' Szyszyl., commonly known as Henry's lime, was introduced to the West from China by Ernest Wilson in 1901. The tree is native to the provinces of Anhui, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Zhejiang,Tang, Y., G ...
''
File:Tilia monticola JPG1FeA.jpg, ''Tilia heterophylla
''Tilia caroliniana'' Mill. is a species of tree in the family Malvaceae native to the southern and south-eastern states of the U.S., and Mexico.
Taxonomy
''T. caroliniana'' consists of 4 subspecies:
* ''T. caroliniana subsp. caroliniana''
* ''T ...
'' (syn. ''T. monticola'')
File:Tilia insularis 3.jpg, '' Tilia insularis''
File:Tilia japonica.JPG, ''Tilia japonica
''Tilia japonica'', the Japanese lime or Japanese linden, is a species of ''Tilia'' native to eastern China and Japan, preferring to grow in mountains up to 2000m. It superficially resembles the better-known ''Tilia cordata'', the small-leaved li ...
''
File:Tilia maximowicziana 1.JPG, ''Tilia maximowicziana
''Tilia maximowicziana'' is a species of flowering plant in the lime and linden genus ''Tilia'', family Malvaceae. It is native to central and northern Japan, and Kunashir Island, the southernmost of the Kuril Islands. In the mountain forests of ...
''
File:Tilia miqueliana3.jpg, ''Tilia miqueliana
''Tilia miqueliana'' is a species of linden.
In Japan, ''Tilia miqueliana'' is among ''hibakujumoku
''Hibakujumoku'' ( ja, 被爆樹木; also called survivor tree or A-bombed tree in English) is a Japanese term for a tree that survived the ...
''
File:Tilia mongolica0.jpg, ''Tilia mongolica
''Tilia mongolica'' Maxim., commonly known as Mongolian lime, is a tree native to mountains of the northern China, growing up to elevations of 1200–2200 m.Tang, Y., Gilbert, M. G., & Dorr, L. J. Tiliaceae, in Wu, Z. & Raven, P. (eds) ...
''
File:Tilia oliveri JPG1Fe.jpg, ''Tilia oliveri
''Tilia oliveri'', the Chinese white lime or Oliver's lime, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae, native to central and southeastern China. It has found use as a street tree, and does well in the United Kingdom, but is not comm ...
''
File:20140508Tilia platyphyllos3.jpg, ''Tilia platyphyllos
''Tilia platyphyllos'', the large-leaved lime or large-leaved linden, is a species of flowering plant in the family Malvaceae (Tiliaceae). It is a deciduous tree, native to much of Europe, including locally in southwestern Great Britain, growing ...
''
File:Tilia-tomentosa.JPG, ''Tilia tomentosa
''Tilia tomentosa'', known as silver linden in the US and silver lime in the UK, is a species of flowering plant in the family (biology), family Malvaceae, native plant, native to southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia, from Romania and the Ba ...
''
See also
* International World War Peace Tree
The International World War Peace Tree is a linden tree on the southwestern edge of Darmstadt, Indiana, serving as a reminder of Germany's armistice with the United States in 1918.
Description
The tree stands on the northwest corner of St. Josep ...
, a ''Tilia'' tree that stands as a sign of Germany's armistice with the United States
* Lime tree in culture
The lime tree, or linden, ('' Tilia'') is important in the mythology, literature, and folklore of a number of cultures.
Cultural significance
Slavic mythology
In old pagan Slavic mythology, the linden (''lipa'', as called in all Slavic language ...
* Matryoshka doll
Matryoshka dolls ( ; rus, матрёшка, p=mɐˈtrʲɵʂkə, a=Ru-матрёшка.ogg), also known as stacking dolls, nesting dolls, Russian tea dolls, or Russian dolls, are a set of wooden dolls of decreasing size placed one inside ano ...
, made from linden trees
* St Lawrence Lime
The St Lawrence Lime Tree was a at the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury, Kent, England. It was located within the boundary ropes of the cricket field which required special rules. In 2005, it was broken in two in high winds.
History
It is no ...
, a former lime tree in Canterbury, England
References
Bibliography
*
External links
*
*
{{Authority control
Malvaceae genera
Medicinal plants
Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus