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The Limenitidinae are a
subfamily In biological classification, a subfamily (Latin: ', plural ') is an auxiliary (intermediate) taxonomic rank, next below family but more inclusive than genus. Standard nomenclature rules end subfamily botanical names with "-oideae", and zoologi ...
of
butterflies Butterflies are insects in the macrolepidopteran clade Rhopalocera from the Order (biology), order Lepidoptera, which also includes moths. Adult butterflies have large, often brightly coloured wings, and conspicuous, fluttering flight. The ...
that includes the admirals and relatives. The
common names In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
of many
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
and
genera Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms as well as viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus comes above species and below family. In binomial nomenclat ...
reference
military rank Military ranks are a system of hierarchical relationships, within armed forces, police, intelligence agencies or other institutions organized along military lines. The military rank system defines dominance, authority, and responsibility in a ...
s or – namely the
Adoliadini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
titles of nobility Traditional rank amongst European royalty, peers, and nobility is rooted in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Although they vary over time and among geographic regions (for example, one region's prince might be equal to another's grand duke), ...
(e.g.,
count Count (feminine: countess) is a historical title of nobility in certain European countries, varying in relative status, generally of middling rank in the hierarchy of nobility. Pine, L. G. ''Titles: How the King Became His Majesty''. New York: ...
,
duke Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ran ...
,
earl Earl () is a rank of the nobility in the United Kingdom. The title originates in the Old English word ''eorl'', meaning "a man of noble birth or rank". The word is cognate with the Scandinavian form ''jarl'', and meant "chieftain", particular ...
, and
marquis A marquess (; french: marquis ), es, marqués, pt, marquês. is a nobleman of high hereditary rank in various European peerages and in those of some of their former colonies. The German language equivalent is Markgraf (margrave). A woman wi ...
), in reference to these butterflies' large size, bold patterns, and dashing flight. In particular, the light stripe running lengthwise across the wings of many
Limenitidini Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the subfamily Limenitidinae. Genera In alphabetical order: – sisters * ''Athyma'' Westwood, 850/small> – sergeants * '' Auzakia'' Moore, 898/small> * '' Cymothoe'' Hübner, 819/small> ...
has reminded earlier authors of
officers An officer is a person who has a position of authority in a hierarchical organization. The term derives from Old French ''oficier'' "officer, official" (early 14c., Modern French ''officier''), from Medieval Latin ''officiarius'' "an officer," fro ...
' (e.g.
admiral Admiral is one of the highest ranks in some navies. In the Commonwealth nations and the United States, a "full" admiral is equivalent to a "full" general in the army or the air force, and is above vice admiral and below admiral of the fleet, ...
,
commander Commander (commonly abbreviated as Cmdr.) is a common naval officer rank. Commander is also used as a rank or title in other formal organizations, including several police forces. In several countries this naval rank is termed frigate captain. ...
,
commodore Commodore may refer to: Ranks * Commodore (rank), a naval rank ** Commodore (Royal Navy), in the United Kingdom ** Commodore (United States) ** Commodore (Canada) ** Commodore (Finland) ** Commodore (Germany) or ''Kommodore'' * Air commodore, a ...
)
shoulder mark A shoulder mark, also called rank slide, or slip-on, is a flat cloth sleeve worn on the shoulder strap of a uniform. It may bear rank or other insignia. A shoulder mark should not be confused with a ''shoulder board'' (which is an elaborate sho ...
s and
epaulet Epaulette (; also spelled epaulet) is a type of ornamental shoulder piece or decoration used as insignia of rank by armed forces and other organizations. Flexible metal epaulettes (usually made from brass) are referred to as ''shoulder scales'' ...
s. In flight, many of these butterflies have the habit of flapping their wings, so the (usually) bright upperside and the
cryptic Cryptic may refer to: In science: * Cryptic species complex, a group of species that are very difficult to distinguish from one another * Crypsis, the ability of animals to blend in to avoid observation * Cryptic era, earliest period of the Earth ...
underside alternate for the observer, then gliding for prolonged distances, with the motionless wings held outstretched. The common names of some Limenitidinae – "
aeroplane An airplane or aeroplane (informally plane) is a fixed-wing aircraft that is propelled forward by thrust from a jet engine, propeller, or rocket engine. Airplanes come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and wing configurations. The broad spectr ...
s", "
clipper A clipper was a type of mid-19th-century merchant sailing vessel, designed for speed. Clippers were generally narrow for their length, small by later 19th century standards, could carry limited bulk freight, and had a large total sail area. "C ...
s", or " gliders" – refer to this flight pattern.


Systematics

The
Biblidinae Biblidinae is a subfamily of nymphalid butterflies that includes the tropical brushfoots. This subfamily was sometimes merged within the Limenitidinae, but they are now recognized as quite distinct lineages. In older literature, this subfami ...
are sometimes merged here. The present subfamily is also sometimes included as a
tribe The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English language, English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in p ...
Limenitidini in the
Nymphalinae The Nymphalinae are a subfamily of brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). Sometimes, the subfamilies Limenitidinae, and Biblidinae are included here as subordinate tribe(s), while the tribe Melitaeini is occasionally regarded as a distinc ...
. But in fact, their closest living relatives seem to be the
Heliconiinae The Heliconiinae, commonly called heliconians or longwings, are a subfamily of the brush-footed butterflies (family Nymphalidae). They can be divided into 45–50 genera and were sometimes treated as a separate family Heliconiidae within the Pa ...
.Wahlberg & Brower (2007a,b) The Limenitidinae are traditionally divided into four
tribes The term tribe is used in many different contexts to refer to a category of human social group. The predominant worldwide usage of the term in English is in the discipline of anthropology. This definition is contested, in part due to conflic ...
, of which the
Parthenini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
are the most basal lineage and the others form a close-knit and more
apomorph In phylogenetics, an apomorphy (or derived trait) is a novel character or character state that has evolved from its ancestral form (or plesiomorphy). A synapomorphy is an apomorphy shared by two or more taxa and is therefore hypothesized to have ...
ic radiation. While this basic layout is likely to be fairly correct, a few genera cannot be easily assigned to the three "modern" tribes and seem to be somewhat intermediate. In particular, the delimitation of the
Limenitidini Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the subfamily Limenitidinae. Genera In alphabetical order: – sisters * ''Athyma'' Westwood, 850/small> – sergeants * '' Auzakia'' Moore, 898/small> * '' Cymothoe'' Hübner, 819/small> ...
versus the
Neptini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
is in need of more study.Wahlberg & Brower (2007a), and see references in Savela (2008)


Genera and selected species

The genera of Limenitidinae, sorted per tribe in the presumed
phylogenetic In biology, phylogenetics (; from Greek φυλή/ φῦλον [] "tribe, clan, race", and wikt:γενετικός, γενετικός [] "origin, source, birth") is the study of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups o ...
sequence and with some
species In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
also listed, are: Tribe
Parthenini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
Reuter, 1896 * ''
Bhagadatta Bhagadatta ( sa, भगदत्त) was the son of Narakasura, and the king of Pragjyotisha. Bhagadatta was born from a limb of the asura called Bāṣkala. He was a renowned warrior, and was known to be a great friend of Indra. When Arjuna emba ...
'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> * '' Parthenos'' – clippers Tribe
Adoliadini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
Doubleday, 1845 * ''
Abrota In Greek mythology, Abrota (Ancient Greek: ) or Habrotê, was the daughter of eponymous King Onchestus of the Boeotian city of Onchestos and sister of Megareus. Nisos, the king of Megara in the time of his reign married her and the supposed mo ...
'' Moore, 1857 * ''
Bassarona ''Bassarona'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies found in India and Southeast Asia. Selected species * '' Bassarona byakko'' (Uehara & Yoshida, 1995) * '' Bassarona dunya'' (Doubleday, 848 – great marquis * ''Bassarona durga ''Bassaro ...
'' Moore,
897 __NOTOC__ Year 897 ( DCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – King Lambert II travels to Rome with his mother, Queen Ageltr ...
/small> – marquises,
dukes Duke is a male title either of a monarch ruling over a duchy, or of a member of royalty, or nobility. As rulers, dukes are ranked below emperors, kings, grand princes, grand dukes, and sovereign princes. As royalty or nobility, they are ranked ...
** ''
Bassarona durga ''Bassarona durga'', the blue duke,nymphalid butterfly found in the Himalayas. Range It is found in Sikkim, Abor Hills and Nagaland. in 2022 an indian state sikkim has declared it as a state butterfly on the occasion of world environment day. ...
'' – blue duke ** ''
Bassarona iva ''Bassarona iva'', the grand duke,nymphalid The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they are usually medium-siz ...
'' – grand duke ** '' Bassarona recta'' – redtail marquis ** '' Bassarona teuta'' – banded marquis * '' Dophla'' Moore,
880 __NOTOC__ Year 880 ( DCCCLXXX) was a leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Byzantine Empire * Battle of Cephalonia: A Byzantine fleet, under Admiral Nasar, is sent ...
/small> – dukes ** '' Dophla evelina'' – redspot duke * ''
Euthalia ''Euthalia'' (from Ancient Greek: Euthalia Ευθαλια "flower", "bloom") is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly called barons or (like some relatives in ''Bassarona'' and '' Dophla'') dukes. Species Listed alphabetically: ...
'' – barons, dukes * '' Euthaliopsis'' Neervoort van de Poll, 1896 * '' Lexias'' – archdukes * '' Neurosigma'' Butler, 1868 * ''
Tanaecia ''Tanaecia'' is a genus of butterflies of the family Nymphalidae. Species The genus includes the following species:869]"">"''Tanaecia'' Butler,
''_Butler,_[1869.html" ;"title="869]"at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' *''Tanaecia amisa'' Gro ...
'' Butler, [1869">869]"at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' *''Tanaecia amisa'' Gro ...
'' Butler, [1869
/small> – counts ** ''Tanaecia cocytus'' – lavender count ** ''Tanaecia julii'' – common earl ** ''Tanaecia lepidea'' – grey count ** ''Tanaecia pelea'' – Malay viscount * ''Aterica'' Boisduval, 1833 – forest-glade nymphs * ''
Bebearia ''Bebearia'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. The species are confined to the Afrotropical realm, mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests. The genus ''Bebearia'' closely resembles the allied genus '' Euphaed ...
'' Hemming, 1960 * '' Catuna'' Kirby, 1871 – pathfinders * '' Crenidomimas'' Karsch, 1894 * '' Cynandra'' Schatz,
887 __NOTOC__ Year 887 (Roman numerals, DCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * November 17 – East Frankish magnates revolt against the ...
/small> – brilliant nymph * ''
Euphaedra ''Euphaedra'' is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae. The species are confined to the Afrotropical realm mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests. Description ''Euphaedra'' are large and showy butterfl ...
'' Hübner,
819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small> – typical foresters, figeaters * ''
Euptera ''Euptera'' is an Afrotropical genus of brush-footed butterflies. Species *''Euptera amieti'' Collins & Libert, 1998 *''Euptera aurantiaca'' Amiet, 1998 *'' Euptera choveti'' Amiet & Collins, 1998 *'' Euptera collinsi'' Chovet & Libert, 1998 *'' ...
'' Staudinger,
891 Year 891 ( DCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Ste ...
/small> * ''
Euriphene ''Euriphene'' is a butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae. The 70 or so member species are confined to the Afrotropical realm. They are found mainly in the Guinean Forests of West Africa and the Congolian forests. Description ''Euriphene ...
'' Boisduval, 1847 * '' Euryphaedra'' Staudinger,
891 Year 891 ( DCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Ste ...
/small> * '' Euryphura'' Staudinger,
891 Year 891 ( DCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Ste ...
/small> * '' Euryphurana'' Hecq, 1992 – noble commander * '' Hamanumida'' Hübner,
819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small> – guineafowl * ''
Harmilla ''Harmilla'' is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. It Monotypic taxon, contains only one species, ''Harmilla elegans'', the elegant forester, which is found in Nigeria, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the ...
'' Aurivillius, 1892 – elegant forester * '' Pseudargynnis'' Karsch, 1892 – false fritillary * '' Pseudathyma'' Staudinger,
891 Year 891 ( DCCCXCI) was a common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February 21 – Guy III, duke of Spoleto, is crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Ste ...
/small> – false sergeants Tribe
Limenitidini Limenitidini is a tribe of brush-footed butterflies of the subfamily Limenitidinae. Genera In alphabetical order: – sisters * ''Athyma'' Westwood, 850/small> – sergeants * '' Auzakia'' Moore, 898/small> * '' Cymothoe'' Hübner, 819/small> ...
Behr, 1864 * ''
Adelpha ''Adelpha'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies found from the southern United States and Mexico to South America. They are commonly known as sisters, due to the white markings on their wings, which resemble a nun's habit. This genus is someti ...
'' Hübner,
819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small> – sisters (sometimes included in ''Limenitis'') ** ''
Adelpha basiloides ''Adelpha basiloides'', the spot-celled sister, is a species of admirals, sisters in the family of butterflies known as Nymphalidae The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most ...
'' ** ''
Adelpha bredowii ''Adelpha bredowii'', the Bredow's sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It is endemic to western, central, and southern Mexico. ''Adelpha bredowii'' belongs to the ''serpa'' species group in the genus ''Adelpha'' (sisters) ...
'' – Mexico sister ** ''
Adelpha californica ''Adelpha californica'', the California sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. They are common in California, but can also be found in western Nevada and Oregon, as well as in northern Baja California. The upper surfaces of ...
'' – California sister (formerly in ''A. bredowii'') ** ''
Adelpha eulalia ''Adelpha eulalia'', the Arizona sister, is a species of butterfly in the family Nymphalidae. It occurs from at least Guatemala and Mexico to the southwestern United States, including southeastern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and southern T ...
'' – Arizona sister (formerly in ''A. bredowii'') ** ''
Adelpha fessonia ''Adelpha fessonia'', the band-celled sister or Mexican sister, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Panama north through Central America to Mexico. It is a periodic resident in the lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. ...
'' – band-celled sister * '' Auzakia'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> ** ''
Auzakia danava ''Auzakia'' is a monotypic butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. It contains the single species, ''Auzakia danava'', the commodore, which is found from Tibet to Sumatra Sumatra is one of the Sunda Islands of western Indonesia. It is ...
'' – commodore * '' Lelecella'' Hemming, 1939 * ''
Limenitis ''Limenitis'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies, commonly called the admirals. The sister butterflies ('' Adelpha'') and commander butterflies ('' Moduza'') are sometimes included here. The name ''Limenitis'' is New Latin "of harbours", fro ...
'' – admirals * '' Litinga'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> * ''
Parasarpa ''Parasarpa'' is a genus of butterflies. ''Parasarpa hollandi'' ranges from Lombok to Timor. ''Parasarpa albidior'' and ''Parasarpa houlberti'' are known only from Yunnan. The three other species occur in northern India and southern China.898 ...
'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> ** ''
Parasarpa dudu ''Parasarpa dudu'', the white commodore, is a species of nymphalid The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they ...
'' – white commodore ** ''
Parasarpa zayla ''Parasarpa zayla'', the bicolor commodore, is a species of nymphalid The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, t ...
'' – bicolor commodore * '' Patsuia'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> * '' Sumalia'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> ** '' Sumalia daraxa'' – green commodore ** ''
Sumalia zulema ''Sumalia zulema'', the scarce white commodore, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.
'' – scarce white commodore * ''
Moduza ''Moduza'' is a genus of south-east Asian (Indomalayan realm) Nymphalidae, brush-footed butterflies commonly called the commanders. Species Listed alphabetically:881/small> – commanders (sometimes included in ''Limenitis'') ** ''
Moduza procris ''Moduza procris'', the commander, sometimes included in the genus ''Limenitis'', is a medium-sized, strikingly coloured brush-footed butterfly found in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is notable for the mode of concealment employed by its cate ...
'' – commander * '' Tarattia'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> * ''
Athyma ''Athyma'' is a genus of brush-footed butterflies. They are commonly known as the "true" or "typical" sergeants, to distinguish them from the false sergeants of the genus ''Pseudathyma'', a fairly close relative from the Adoliadini tribe. The ge ...
'' – sergeants * '' Pandita'' Moore, 1857 * '' Tacola'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> Tribe
Neptini The Limenitidinae are a subfamily of butterflies that includes the admirals and relatives. The common names of many species and genera reference military ranks or – namely the Adoliadini – titles of nobility (e.g., count, duke, earl, an ...
Newman, 1870 * ''
Aldania ''Aldania'' is a butterfly genus of the Limenitidinae. The genus is confined to the temperate East Palearctic. ''Aldania'' is closely related to ''Neptis''. Species *''Aldania deliquata'' (Stichel, 1909) Transbaikalia, Amur, Ussuri, Northeast Ch ...
'' Moore,
896 __NOTOC__ Year 896 ( DCCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * February – King Arnulf of Carinthia invades Italy at the head of an East ...
/small> * '' Lasippa'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> * ''
Neptis ''Neptis'' is a large genus of butterflies of Old World tropics subtropics. They are commonly called sailer butterflies or sailers, or more precisely typical sailers to distinguish them from the related blue sailer (''Pseudoneptis''). Descri ...
'' – typical sailers * '' Pandassana'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> (might belong in ''Neptis'') * ''
Pantoporia ''Pantoporia'' is a genus of Asian butterflies sometimes called the lascars. They are predominantly with striped patterns of orange and black. Species in the genus include: * '' Pantoporia antara'' (Moore, 1858) * '' Pantoporia assamica'' (Moore ...
'' Hübner,
819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small> – lascars ** ''
Pantoporia assamica ''Pantoporia assamica'', the Assam lascar, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.
'' – Assam lascar ** ''
Pantoporia bieti ''Pantoporia bieti'', the Tytler's lascar, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia.819]"">"''Pantoporia'' Hübner,
''_–_Tytler's_lascar **_''Pantoporia_hordonia.html" ;"title="819]"at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' The species is nam ...
'' – Tytler's lascar ** ''Pantoporia hordonia">819]"at Markku Savela's ''Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms'' The species is nam ...
'' – Tytler's lascar ** ''Pantoporia hordonia
'' – common lascar ** ''Pantoporia karwara'' – Karwar lascar ** ''Pantoporia paraka'' – Perak lascar ** ''Pantoporia sandaka'' – extra lascar * ''Phaedyma'' Felder, 1861 – aeroplanes ** ''Phaedyma shepherdi'' – common aeroplane ''
Incertae sedis ' () or ''problematica'' is a term used for a taxonomic group where its broader relationships are unknown or undefined. Alternatively, such groups are frequently referred to as "enigmatic taxa". In the system of open nomenclature, uncertainty ...
'' * '' Cymothoe'' Hübner,
819 __NOTOC__ Year 819 (Roman numerals, DCCCXIX) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Spring – Emperor Louis the Pious, Louis I marries Judith ...
/small> (Limenitidini or Neptini?) – typical gliders ** '' Cymothoe caenis'' ** '' Cymothoe hobarti'' – Hobart's red glider ** ''
Cymothoe sangaris ''Cymothoe sangaris'', the blood-red glider, is a species of butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Central Africa. Some authors believe the species should be split into separate species. They base this on morphological characterist ...
'' * '' Harma'' Doubleday,
848 __NOTOC__ Year 848 (Roman numerals, DCCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * Summer – Bordeaux, capital of Aquitaine, falls into the hand ...
/small> – angular glider (Limenitidini or Neptini?) * '' Kumothales'' Overlaet, 1940 (Limenitidini?) * '' Lamasia'' Moore,
898 __NOTOC__ Year 898 ( DCCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. Events By place Europe * January 1 – King Odo I (or Eudes) dies at La Fère (Northern France) af ...
/small> (Limenitidini?) * '' Lebadea'' Felder, 1861 (Limenitidini or Parthenini?) ** ''
Lebadea martha ''Lebadea martha'', the knight, is a species of nymphalid butterfly found in tropical and subtropical Asia. Subspecies Listed alphabetically.Pseudacraea ''Pseudacraea'' is an Afrotropical butterfly genus in the subfamily Limenitidinae. Their placement in the tribe Limenitidini remains to be verified. Some of these species are mimics of Acraeinae and the present genus is thus known as false acra ...
'' – false acraeas (Limenitidini?) * ''
Pseudoneptis ''Pseudoneptis'' is a butterfly genus in the family Nymphalidae. It contains only one species ''Pseudoneptis bugandensis'', the blue sailer or blue sergeant. It is found in Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Camero ...
'' Snellen, 1882 – blue sailers (Limenitidini?) * ''
Chalinga ''Chalinga'' is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae The Nymphalidae are the largest family of butterflies, with more than 6,000 species distributed throughout most of the world. Belonging to the superfamily Papilionoidea, they a ...
'' Moore, 1898 (='' Seokia'' Sibatani, 1943) (Limenitidini or Chalingini?)


Footnotes


References

* (2008): Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms
Limenitidinae
Version of 31 August 2008. Retrieved 7 April 2009. * (2007a): Tree of Life Web Project
Limenitidinae
Version of 15 January 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009. * (2007b): Tree of Life Web Project
Nymphalidae
Version of 19 February 2007. Retrieved 7 April 2009.


External links





{{Taxonbar, from=Q669463 Butterfly subfamilies - Taxa named by Hans Hermann Behr