Limacina Atypica

''Limacina'' is a genus of swimming predatory sea snails commonly known as sea butterflies in the family Limacinidae. This genus contains some of the world's most abundant gastropod species.Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2012). Limacina. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138122 on 2012-07-18

Etymological meaning of the generic name ''Limacina'' is "snail-like".

As pelagic marine gastropods, ''Limacina'' swim by flapping their parapodia, inspiring the common name sea butterflies.

Sea butterflies are part of the clade Thecosomata. Sea angels, similar to ''Limacina'', are in the order Gymnosomata. Both of these orders are still referred to as "pteropods". Sea butterflies of the order Thecosomata have a shell, while sea angels in the order Gymnosomata do not.

Shell description

The shells of ''Limacina'' are well developed, sinistrally coiled, turret-like, and include an operculum. Shell size and thickness vary within the genus. At high latitudes, the diameter of the shell does not exceed 15 mm. At lower latitudes, the diameter varies from 1 to 3 mm.

Description of the soft parts

Two large winglike parapodia, derived from foot tissue, propel these invertebrates through the water column to overcome negative buoyancy due to the animal's shell. As diel vertical migrators, ''Limacina'' inhabit deeper waters during the day and travel to the surface at night to feed.

Life habits

Feeding habits of ''Limacina'' are characterized by actively feeding on planktonic organisms such as bacteria, small crustaceans, gastropod larvae, dinoflagellates and diatoms. These prey items become entangled in a mucosal web (up to 5 cm wide) excreted by the animal that is, in turn, eaten along with the prey items. This net also provides positive buoyancy. Ciliated posterior footlobes and lateral footlobes move food collected by the mucosal web into the mouth.

Large aggregations of ''Limacina'' migrating to the surface of the water attract predators such as ''Clione'' (family Clionidae, suborder Gymnosomata), baleen whales, various species of salmonids, herring, and seabirds.

Species

Species within the genus ''Limacina'' include:
* † '' Limacina atypica'' (Laws, 1944)
* (recent) '' Limacina bulimoides'' (d'Orbigny, 1836) - Bulimoid pteropod. Distribution: Red Sea, Pacific. Length: 1.2 mm.
* † '' Limacina erasmiana'' Janssen, 2010Janssen A. W. (2010). "Pteropods (Mollusca, Euthecosomata) from the Early Eocene of Rotterdam (The Netherlands)". ''Scripta Geologica'' 07 http://www.scriptageologica.nl/10/nr007/a09
* † '' Limacina dilatata'' (Koenen, 1892)
* † ''Limacina ferax'' (Laws, 1944)
* † ''Limacina gormani'' (Curry, 1982)
* † '' Limacina guersi'' Janssen, 2010
* (recent) ''Limacina helicina'' (Phipps, 1774) - Helicid pteropod. Type species.Janssen A. W. (2007). "Holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda: Pterotracheoidea, Janthinoidea, Thecosomata and Gymnosomata) from the Pliocene of Pangasinan (Luzon, Philippines)". ''Scripta Geologica'' 137 http://www.scriptageologica.nl/07/nr135/a02
* (recent) '' Limacina lesueurii'' (d'Orbigny, 1836) - Distribution: North America, Western Atlantic.
* † '' Limacina limata'' (Marwick, 1926)
* † '' Limacina pygmaea'' (Lamarck, 1805)
* (recent) '' Limacina rangii'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)
* (recent) ''Limacina retroversa'' (Fleming, 1823) - Retrovert pteropod. Distribution: North America, Western Atlantic, Arctic Ocean.
* † '' Limacina sculptilis'' (Maxwell, 1992)
* † ''Limacina taylori'' (Curry, 1965)
* (recent) ''Limacina trochiformis'' (d'Orbigny, 1836) - Trochiform pteropod. Distribution: North America, Western Atlantic, Red Sea, Pacific. Length: 1 mm.
* † '' Limacina valvatina'' (Reuss, 1867)
* † '' Limacina? vegrandis'' Cahuzac & Janssen, 2010Cahuzac B. & Janssen A. W. (2010). "Eocene to Miocene holoplanktonic Mollusca (Gastropoda) of the Aquitaine Basin, southwest France". ''Scripta Geologica'' 141: http://www.scriptageologica.nl/10/nr141/a01
;Species brought into synonymy:
* (recent) ''Limacina antarctica'' Woodward, 1854:WoRMS (2010). ''Limacina antarctica'' Woodward, 1854. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=509607 on 2011-01-29 synonym of ''Limacina rangii'' f. ''antarctica'' Woodward, 1854: synonym of ''Limacina rangii'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)
* ''Limacina balea'' Møller, 1841: synonym of ''Limacina retroversa'' (Fleming, 1823)
* ''Limacina contorta'' Sykes, 1905: synonym of ''Limacina trochiformis'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)
* ''Limacina crossei'' Pelseneer, 1888: synonym of ''Limacina lesueurii'' (d'Orbigny, 1835)
* ''Limacina cucullata'' Gould, 1852: synonym of ''Limacina rangii'' f. ''antarctica'' Woodward, 1854: synonym of ''Limacina rangii'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)
* ''Limacina helicialis'' Lamarck, 1819: synonym of ''Limacina helicina'' (Phipps, 1774)
* (recent) ''Limacina helicoides'' Jeffreys, 1877 - synonym of '' Thielea helicoides'' (Jeffreys, 1877)
* (recent) ''Limacina inflata'' (d'Orbigny, 1836) - Planorbid pteropod. Distribution: circumglobal, Red Sea, Pacific. Length: 1 mm. Description: the shell is flatly twisted, resembling the shell of the cephalopod Nautilus. - synonym: '' Heliconoides inflata'' (d’Orbigny, 1836)
* ''Limacina naticoides'' Souleyet, 1852: synonym of ''Limacina trochiformis'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)
* ''Limacina pacifica'' Dall, 1871: synonym of ''Limacina helicina pacifica'' Dall, 1871
* ''Limacina scaphoidea'' Gould, 1852: synonym of '' Heliconoides inflatus'' (d'Orbigny, 1834)

References

* Vaught, K.C. (1989). ''A classification of the living Mollusca''. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). . XII, 195 pp.
* Gofas, S.; Le Renard, J.; Bouchet, P. (2001). Mollusca, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). ''European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification''. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 180–213

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3202503

Limacinidae
Gastropod genera
Taxa named by Louis Augustin Guillaume Bosc