''Lilium'' () is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

herbaceous Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials. Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous" The fourth edition of t ...

flowering plant Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...

s growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the

northern hemisphere The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...

and their range is

temperate climate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

s and extends into the

subtropics The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...

. Many other plants have "lily" in their

common name In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...

s, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.

Description

Lilies are tall perennials ranging in height from . They form naked or tunicless scaly underground

bulb In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs duri ...

s which are their organs of

perennation In botany, perennation is the ability of organisms, particularly plants, to survive from one germinating season to another, especially under unfavourable conditions such as drought or winter. It typically involves development of a perennating orga ...

. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into

rhizome In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...

s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop

stolon In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...

s. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out

adventitious Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant a ...

roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil. Lily, petal

The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in

raceme A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...

s or

umbel In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin ''umbella'' "p ...

s at the tip of the stem, with six

tepals A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...

spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a nectary at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the

anthers The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10 Morphology and terminology A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...

. The

fruit In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering. Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...

is a three-celled capsule.European Garden Flora; Volume 1 2012-01-04 17-57-36-lys

Seed A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...

s ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex

germination Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...

patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates. Most cool temperate species are

deciduous In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...

and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters ('' Lilium candidum'', '' Lilium catesbaei'', '' Lilium longiflorum'') lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather. Lilium candidum MHNT

The basic chromosome number is twelve (n=12).

Taxonomy

Taxonomical division in

sections Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to: Arts, entertainment and media * Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea * Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents ** Section sig ...

follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the

World Checklist of Selected Plant Families The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plan ...

, the taxonomy of section ''Pseudolirium'' is from the Flora of North America, the taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section ''Sinomartagon'' follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion''. The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, , considers ''

Nomocharis ''Nomocharis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. It consists of about 7 species native to montane regions of western China, Myanmar, and northern India. They are similar to ''Lilium'', with one of the more obvious differenc ...

'' a separate genus in its own right, however some authorities consider ''Nomocharis'' to be embedded within ''Lilium'', rather than treat it as a separate genus. The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups. There are seven sections: *''Martagon'' *''Pseudolirium'' *''Liriotypus'' *''Archelirion'' *''Sinomartagon'' *''Leucolirion'' *''Daurolirion'' There are 111 species counted in this genus. For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see

List of Lilium species List of ''Lilium'' species. The genus ''Lilium'' is within the tribe Lilieae of the subfamily Lilioideae, in the family Liliaceae of the order Liliales. List Species of ''Lilium'' currently accepted, with approximate native ranges, include: ...

. Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include ''

Cardiocrinum ''Cardiocrinum'' is a genus of bulbous plants of the lily family first described in 1846. They are native to the Himalaya, China, the Russian Far East, and Japan. The bulbs are usually formed at the soil surface. The preferred habitat is woodlan ...

'', ''

Notholirion ''Notholirion'' is a small Asian genus of bulbous plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. It is closely related to Lilium, but each individual flowers only once, and then dies after producing offsets. The bulb is covered by a tunic. Leaves are basa ...

'', ''

'' and ''

Fritillaria ''Fritillaria'' (fritillaries) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). The type species, ''Fritillaria meleagris'', was first described in Europe in 1571, while other species from the ...

''.

Etymology

The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the

Latin Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...

form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the Greek word ''leírion'', generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the

Madonna lily ''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the Canary ...

. The word was borrowed from

Coptic Coptic may refer to: Afro-Asia * Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya * Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century * Coptic alphabet ...

(dial. Fayyumic) , from standard , from Demotic , from

Egyptian Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt. Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to: Nations and ethnic groups * Egyptians, a national group in North Africa ** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...

"flower".

Meillet Paul Jules Antoine Meillet (; 11 November 1866 Moulins, France – 21 September 1936 Châteaumeillant, France) was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. He began his studies at the Sorbonne University, where he was ...

maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. grc, κρῖνον, label=, , was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color. The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including

water lily Water lily or water lilies may refer to: Plants * Members of family Nymphaeaceae * Formerly, members of the genus ''Nelumbo'' (the genus to which lotus belongs) * Some members of the genus ''Nymphoides'' Other uses * ''Water Lilies'' (Monet ...

, fire lily, lily of the Nile,

calla lily Calla lily is a common name of several members of the family Araceae. It may refer to: * '' Calla palustris'' * ''Zantedeschia ''Zantedeschia'' is a genus of eight species of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants in the family Araceae, nati ...

trout lily ''Erythronium'', the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family, most closely related to tulips. The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek () "red" in ...

kaffir lily Kaffir lily is a common name which may refer to the following ornamental plants: * ''Clivia miniata'' in the family Amaryllidaceae * ''Hesperantha coccinea'' syn. ''Schizostylis coccinea'' in the family Iridaceae Iridaceae is a family of plants ...

, cobra lily,

lily of the valley Lily of the valley (''Convallaria majalis'' (), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate No ...

daylily A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...

, ginger lily,

Amazon lily ''Eucharis'' is a genus of about 15–20 species of neotropical plants in the Amaryllis family, native to Central America and South America, from Guatemala south to Bolivia. Some species have become naturalized in Mexico, the West Indies, and ...

leek lily ''Bulbine semibarbata'', commonly known as leek lily, native leek or wild onion, is a species of annual herb native to Australia. Description It grows as an annual herb from 7 to 45 centimetres high, with yellow flowers. Taxonomy It was first ...

, Peruvian lily, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew ''shūshan'', ''shōshan'', ''shōshannā'' as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of '' Song of Solomon'', for instance, may be the honeysuckle.

Distribution and habitat

The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often montane, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and

epiphyte An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...

s are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.

Ecology

Lilies are used as food plants by the

larva A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle. The ...

e of some

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

species including the

Dun-bar The dun-bar (''Cosmia trapezina'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a common Palearctic species. Distribution The species occurs throughout almost the whole of Europe. In the north, the range extends to Middle Fennoscandia, in the east t ...

. The proliferation of deer (e.g. ''

Odocoileus virginianus The white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus''), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced t ...

'') in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.

Cultivation

Many species are widely grown in the garden in

temperate In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...

, sub-tropical and

tropical The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...

regions. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially '' Lilium longiflorum'', form important cut flower crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, ''Lilium longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily. Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except '' Lilium candidum'' which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn. They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A

soil pH Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil. Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. pH is defined as the neg ...

of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.

Awards

The following lily species and

cultivars A cultivar is a type of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and when Plant propagation, propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and st ...

currently hold the

Royal Horticultural Society The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity. The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...

Award of Garden Merit The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions. History The Award of Garden Merit ...

(confirmed 2017): Lilium Golden Splendour3

*African Queen Group (VI-/a) 2002 H6 *'Casa Blanca' (VIIb/b-c) 1993 H6 *'Fata Morgana' (Ia/b) 2002 H6 *'Garden Party' (VIIb/b) 2002 H6 *Golden Splendor Group (VIb-c/a) *''

Lilium henryi ''Lilium henryi'' (), sometimes called tiger lily or Henry's lily, is a native lily of the mountains of central China (Provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi). The flowers are orange, spotted black, and unscented. The petals are recurving (bent ba ...

'' (IXc/d) 1993 H6 * ''

Lilium mackliniae ''Lilium mackliniae'', the Shirui lily or Shirui Kashung Timrawon, is a rare Indian species of plant found only in the upper reaches of the Shirui hill ranges in the Ukhrul district of Manipur, India, at an elevation of above sea level. It is l ...

'' (IXc/a) 2012 H5 * ''

Lilium martagon ''Lilium martagon'', the martagon lily or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia. Description It is stem-rooting, growing be ...

'' – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d) * ''

Lilium pardalinum ''Lilium pardalinum'', also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its range includes California c ...

'' – leopard lily (IXc/d) *Pink Perfection Group (VIb/a) * ''

Lilium regale ''Lilium regale'', called the regal lily, royal lily, king's lily, or, in New Zealand, the Christmas lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, with trumpet-shaped flowers. It is native to the western part of Sichuan Pro ...

'' – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a)

Classification of garden forms

Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:

Asiatic hybrids (Division I)

File:Lilium canadense.JPG File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg File:Lilium Dimension.JPG : These are derived from hybrids between species in ''Lilium'' section ''Sinomartagon''. : They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including ''

Lilium amabile ''Lilium amabile'', also known as the friendly lily or lovable lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The Latin specific epithet ' means "lovable". Description ''Lilium amabile'' grows from to tall. The bul ...

'', '' Lilium bulbiferum'', ''

Lilium callosum ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', ''

Lilium cernuum ''Lilium cernuum'' is a species of lily native to Korea, the Primorye region of Russia, and northeastern China (Provinces of Jilin + Liaoning). ''Lilium cernuum'' typically grows to 50 cm tall. The flowers are white to purple, though usu ...

'', ''

Lilium concolor ''Lilium concolor'' (also known as morning star lily) is a species of flowering plant in the ''Liliaceae, lily family'' which occurs naturally in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. Its relationship with other species is not clear, although it has so ...

'', ''

Lilium dauricum ''Lilium pensylvanicum'' is an Asian plant species of the family Liliaceae. Sometimes called the Siberian lily, it is native to a cold climate and needs frost in the winter. It is found in the wild form in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, ...

'', ''

Lilium davidii ''Lilium davidii'' is an Asian species of plants in the lily family, native to mountainous areas of Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, Bhutan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.Mao, A.A. & Bhaumik, M. (2007). Notes on ''Lilium ...

'', ''

Lilium × hollandicum ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', ''

Lilium lancifolium ''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...

'' (syn. ''

Lilium tigrinum ''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...

''), ''

Lilium lankongense ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...

'', ''

Lilium leichtlinii ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', '' Lilium × maculatum'', '' Lilium pumilum'', ''

Lilium × scottiae ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', ''

Lilium wardii ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...

'' and ''

Lilium wilsonii is a plant in the lily family native to Japan. Etymology Its Japanese name is , literally "see-through lily" or perhaps "openwork lily", originates from the gaps between its tepals.Lilium 'Navona' ''Lilium'' 'Navona' is an Asiatic lily hybrid variety of white lilies, used in cutflower production worldwide. Description It has big upward-facing, white flowers, with dark green foliage, that flower from late spring to early summer. They ca ...

. * Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers. They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye', 'Tiny Dessert'.

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg :These are based on ''

Lilium dalhansonii ''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...

'', ''

Lilium hansonii ''Lilium hansonii'', known as Hanson's lily and Japanese turk's-cap lily, is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Korea, Japan, and to Jilin Province in northeastern China, as well as being widely cultivated as an ...

'', ''

'', '' Lilium medeoloides'', and ''

Lilium tsingtauense ''Lilium tsingtauense'', also known as twilight lily, is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Korea and eastern China (Anhui + Shandong Provinces). ''Lilium tsingtauense'' is an herb up to 85 cm tall, growing ...

''. :The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg : This includes mostly European species: '' Lilium candidum'', ''

Lilium chalcedonicum ''Lilium chalcedonicum'' is a European species of Liriotypus lily, native to Tuscany, Greece and Albania. Classification The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 on Mount Chalcedon in Thessaly, under its current name. Ιn additio ...

'', '' Lilium kesselringianum'', ''

Lilium monadelphum ''Lilium monadelphum'' is a bulbous plant native to Crimea and to North and South Caucasus The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, str ...

'', ''

Lilium pomponium ''Lilium pomponium'', the turban lily, is a European species of lily native to France, Spain, and Italy.Ikinci, N., Oberprieler, C. & Güner, A. (2006). On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of ''Lilium'' section ''Liriotypus'' ...

'', '' Lilium pyrenaicum'' and ''

Lilium × testaceum ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

''.

American hybrids (Division IV)

: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''

Lilium bolanderi ''Lilium bolanderi'' is a rare North American species of plants in the lily family, known by the common name Bolander's lily. It is native to northwestern California ( Del Norte, Humboldt, & Siskiyou Counties) and southwestern Oregon (Curry + ...

'', ''

Lilium × burbankii ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

'', ''

Lilium canadense ''Lilium canadense'', commonly called either the Canada lily, wild yellow-lily, or the meadow lily, is a native of eastern North America. Its native range extends from Ontario to Nova Scotia south to Georgia and Alabama. It is most common in New ...

'', ''

Lilium columbianum ''Lilium columbianum'' is a lily native to western North America. It is also known as the Columbia lily, Columbia tiger lily, or simply tiger lily (sharing the latter common name with several other lily species in its genus). Distribution and ha ...

'', ''

Lilium grayi ''Lilium grayi'' (Gray's lily, orange bell lily, Roan lily) is a perennial plant that is endemic to the eastern US states of North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee, growing in moist, acid soil in the Appalachian mountains on higher elevation mea ...

'', ''

Lilium humboldtii ''Lilium humboldtii'', or Humboldt's lily, is a species of lily native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. It is named after naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It is native to the South High Cascad ...

'', ''

Lilium kelleyanum ''Lilium kelleyanum'' is a California species of lily known by the common name Kelley's lily. It grows primarily in wetlands in the Sierra Nevada as well as in the Coast Ranges and southern Cascades in the northern part of the state. Descriptio ...

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Lilium kelloggii ''Lilium kelloggii'' is a species of lily known by the common name Kellogg's lily. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, where it grows in forests, including those dominated by redwoods. ''Li ...

'', '' Lilium maritimum'', ''

Lilium michauxii ''Lilium michauxii'', commonly known as the Carolina lily,Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, ...

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Lilium michiganense ''Lilium michiganense'' is a species of true lily commonly referred to as the Michigan lily. It is a wildflower present in prairie habitats in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley regions of the United States and Canada, from South Dakot ...

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Lilium occidentale ''Lilium occidentale'' is a rare North American species of lily known by the common name western lily. Its species name 'Occidentale' means 'westernmost' and refers to its location along the West Coast. It is native to northwestern California and ...

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Lilium × pardaboldtii ''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...

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'', ''Lilium parryi'', ''Lilium parvum'', ''Lilium philadelphicum'', ''Lilium pitkinense'', ''Lilium superbum'', ''Lilium ollmeri'', ''Lilium washingtonianum'', and ''Lilium wigginsii''. :Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies. :They are most important as plants for cut flowers, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')

File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg : This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including ''Lilium × aurelianense'', ''Lilium brownii'', ''Lilium × centigale'', ''

'', ''Lilium × imperiale'', ''Lilium × kewense'', ''Lilium leucanthum'', ''

'', ''Lilium rosthornii'', ''Lilium sargentiae'', ''Lilium sulphureum'' and ''Lilium × sulphurgale''. :The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

File:Oriental hybrid1 (cropped).jpg File:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg File:Lilium x Universe.jpg File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg : These are based on hybrids within ''Lilium'' section ''Archelirion'', specifically ''Lilium auratum'' and ''Lilium speciosum'', together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including ''Lilium nobilissimum'', ''Lilium rubellum'', ''Lilium alexandrae'', and ''Lilium japonicum''. :They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see Lilium 'Stargazer', ''Lilium'' 'Stargazer'.)

Other hybrids (Division VIII)

File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg, File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG : Includes all other garden hybrids.

Species (Division IX)

: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group. The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form: * Flower aspect: :*a up-facing :*b out-facing :*c down-facing * Flower form: :*a trumpet-shaped :*b bowl-shaped :*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved) :*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state) Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.

Pests and diseases

Aphids may infest plants. Crane fly, Leatherjackets feed on the roots. Larvae of the Scarlet lily beetle can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (''Lilium'') and fritillaries (''

''). Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American ''Lilium'' species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies (''Hemerocallis'', not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers. Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of ''Botrytis elliptica'', also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight. Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.

Propagation and growth

Lilies can be propagated in several ways; * by division of the bulbs * by growing-on bulbils which are

bulbs formed on the stem * by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb * by seed; there are many Lily Seed Germination Types, seed germination patterns, which can be complex * by micropropagation techniques (which include Plant tissue culture, tissue culture); commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated in vitro and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013. Plant grow regulators(PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especial those sold as potted plants; commonly used Chemical substance, chemicals include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of gibberellins, a class of Plant hormone, plant hormones responsible for stem growth.

Toxicity

Some ''Lilium'' species are toxic to cats. This is known to be so especially for '' Lilium longiflorum'', though other ''Lilium'' and the unrelated ''Hemerocallis'' can also cause the same symptoms. The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the renal tubular epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute kidney failure. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.

Culinary uses

Chinese cuisine

Lily bulbs are starchy and edible as root vegetables, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat. Lilium brownii var. viridulum, ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', known as 百合 (''pak hop''; ), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in China. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the Chinatown, San Francisco, San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry. A landrace called 龍牙百合 () mainly cultivated in Hunan and Jiangxi is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs. ''Lilium lancifolium, L. lancifolium'' () is widely cultivated in China, especially in Yixing, Huzhou and Longshan County, Longshan. Its bulbs are slightly bitter. Lilium davidii, ''L. davidii'' var. ''unicolor'' () is mainly cultivated in Lanzhou and its bulbs are valued for sweetness. Other edible Chinese lilies include Lilium brownii, ''L. brownii'' var. ''brownii'', Lilium davidii, ''L. davidii'' var. ''davidii'', ''Lilium concolor, L. concolor'', ''Lilium pensylvanicum, L. pensylvanicum'', ''Lilium distichum, L. distichum'', Lilium martagon, ''L. martagon'' var. ''pilosiusculum'', ''Lilium pumilum, L. pumilum'', ''Lilium rosthornii, L. rosthornii'' and Lilium speciosum, ''L. speciosum'' var. ''gloriosoides''. Researchers have also explored the possibility of using ornamental cultivars as edible lilies. The dried bulbs are commonly used in the south to flavor soup. They may be reconstituted and stir frying, stir-fried, grated and used to thicken soup, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the potato, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller. The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called 金针菜 (''kam cham tsoi''; ) in Chinese cuisine, are actually from daylilies, ''Hemerocallis citrina'', or possibly ''Hemerocallis fulva, H. fulva''. Flowers of the ''Hemerocallis graminea, H. graminea'' and '' Lilium bulbiferum'' were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include ''L. bulbiferum''. Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties". Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year. The parts of ''Lilium'' species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of ''

'', Lilium brownii var. viridulum, ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', '' Lilium pumilum'' and '' Lilium candidum''.

Japanese cuisine

The lily bulb or ''yuri-ne'' is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional in the chawanmushi, chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or . The boiled bulb may also be sieve, strained into purée for use, as in the sweetened ''kinton'', or ''chakin-shibori''.

Yokan

There is also the ''yuri-yōkan'', one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with agar dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of Hamada, Shimane, and the shop established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a Waka (poetry), waka poem about the confection which mentioned ''hime-yuri'' "princess lily", one source stated that the ''hime-yuri'' (usually taken to mean ''Lilium concolor, L. concolor'') had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of ''yama-yuri'' (''Lilium auratum, L. auratum'').

Species used

Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption: the ''oni yuri'' or tiger lily ''

'', the ''kooni yuri'' Lilium leichtlinii var maximowiczii, ''Lilium leichtlinii'' var. ''maximowiczii'', and the gold-banded white ''yama-yuri'' ''L. auratum''. But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces ''kooni yuri'' with the named from the gaps between the

. There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the ''hime-yuri'' used as food, because although this is usually the common name for Lilium concolor, L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily ''himeyuri'' is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.

North America

The flower buds and roots of

are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples. Coast Salish peoples, Coast Salish, Nuu-chah-nulth and most western Washington (state), Washington peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of ''

''. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.

Medicinal uses

Traditional Chinese medicine list the use of the following: 野百合 ''Lilium brownii'', 百合 ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', 渥丹 ''

'', 毛百合 ''

'', 卷丹 ''

'', 山丹 '' Lilium pumilum'', 南川百合 ''Lilium rosthornii'', 药百合''Lilium speciosum'' var. ''gloriosoides'', 淡黄花百合 ''Lilium sulphureum'' In Taiwan, governmental publications list ''

'' Thunb., Lilium brownii var. viridulum, ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'' Baker, '' Lilium pumilum'' DC. In the ''kanpo, kanpō'' or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental pharmacopeia includes the use of lily bulb (known as in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: ''

'', ''Lilium brownii'', Lilium brownii var. colchesteri, ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''colchesteri'', '' Lilium pumilum''
index
The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed. In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 ''

'' Thunberg; 당나리 Lilium brownii var. viridulum, ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulun'' Baker;

In culture

Symbolism

In the Victorian era, Victorian language of flowers, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth. Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence. ''Lilium formosanum'', or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" () by the elderly members of the Hakka ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on. An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower. In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or '' Lilium candidum'' has been associated with the Virgin Mary since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the Annunciation, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of Resurrection of Jesus, Christ's resurrection. '' Lilium longiflorum'', the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and '' Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.

Heraldry

The ''fleur-de-lis'', associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower. '' Lilium bulbiferum'' has long been recognised as a symbol of the Orange Order in Northern Ireland. ''

'' is the state flower of Manipur. ''

'', the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of North Carolina. Idyllwild, California, hosts the Lemon Lily Festival, which celebrates ''Lilium parryi''.Lemon Lily Festival
Lilium philadelphicum is the floral emblem of Saskatchewan province in Canada, and is on the flag of Saskatchewan., designated in 1941.

Other plants referred to as lilies

Lily of the valley, Gloriosa (plant), flame lilies, daylilies, and Nymphaeaceae#Symbolism, water lilies are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus ''Lilium''.

Explanatory notes

References

;Citations ;Bibliography * * * * "yuri ユリ", in , digested from ''Shin shikunshi''. ** Seika-en Sanjin 精花園山人 "Hana-yuri 花百合", in

External links

The Plant List

Online Lily Register, over 9400 entries ''Lilium''

North American Lily Society

Royal Horticultural Society Lily Group

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Time-lapse videos
THE GENUS LILIUM
*

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130605062624/http://www.liliumbreeding.nl/polygon.htm Crossing polygon of the genus Lilium].
Bulb flower production » Lilies, International Flower Bulb Centre

Lily Picture Book, International Flower Bulb Centre

Flora

Flora Europaea: ''Lilium''

Flora of China: ''Lilium''

Flora of Nepal: ''Lilium'' species list

Flora of North America: ''Lilium''
{{Authority control Lilium, Bulbous plants Garden plants Liliaceae genera Root vegetables Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Description

Taxonomy

Etymology

Distribution and habitat

Ecology

Cultivation

Awards

Classification of garden forms

Asiatic hybrids (Division I)

Martagon hybrids (Division II)

Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)

American hybrids (Division IV)

Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)

Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')

Oriental hybrids (Division VII)

Other hybrids (Division VIII)

Species (Division IX)

Pests and diseases

Propagation and growth

Toxicity

Culinary uses

Chinese cuisine

Japanese cuisine

Yokan

Species used

North America

Medicinal uses

In culture

Symbolism

Heraldry

Other plants referred to as lilies

See also

Explanatory notes

References

External links

Flora