genus
Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
herbaceous
Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials, and nearly all annuals and biennials.
Definitions of "herb" and "herbaceous"
The fourth edition of t ...
flowering plant
Flowering plants are plants that bear flowers and fruits, and form the clade Angiospermae (), commonly called angiosperms. The term "angiosperm" is derived from the Greek words ('container, vessel') and ('seed'), and refers to those plants th ...
s growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. Most species are native to the
northern hemisphere
The Northern Hemisphere is the half of Earth that is north of the Equator. For other planets in the Solar System, north is defined as being in the same celestial hemisphere relative to the invariable plane of the solar system as Earth's Nort ...
and their range is
temperate climate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
s and extends into the
subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...
. Many other plants have "lily" in their
common name
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrast ...
s, but do not belong to the same genus and are therefore not true lilies.
Description
Lilies are tall
perennials
A perennial plant or simply perennial is a plant that lives more than two years. The term ('' per-'' + '' -ennial'', "through the years") is often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials. The term is also widel ...
ranging in height from . They form naked or tunicless scaly underground
bulb
In botany, a bulb is structurally a short stem with fleshy leaves or leaf basesBell, A.D. 1997. ''Plant form: an illustrated guide to flowering plant morphology''. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K. that function as food storage organs duri ...
s which are their organs of
perennation
In botany, perennation is the ability of organisms, particularly plants, to survive from one germinating season to another, especially under unfavourable conditions such as drought or winter. It typically involves development of a perennating orga ...
. In some North American species the base of the bulb develops into
rhizome
In botany and dendrology, a rhizome (; , ) is a modified subterranean plant stem that sends out roots and shoots from its nodes. Rhizomes are also called creeping rootstalks or just rootstalks. Rhizomes develop from axillary buds and grow hori ...
s, on which numerous small bulbs are found. Some species develop
stolon
In biology, stolons (from Latin '' stolō'', genitive ''stolōnis'' – "branch"), also known as runners, are horizontal connections between organisms. They may be part of the organism, or of its skeleton; typically, animal stolons are external s ...
s. Most bulbs are buried deep in the ground, but a few species form bulbs near the soil surface. Many species form stem-roots. With these, the bulb grows naturally at some depth in the soil, and each year the new stem puts out
adventitious Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant a ...
roots above the bulb as it emerges from the soil. These roots are in addition to the basal roots that develop at the base of the bulb, a number of species also produce contractile roots that move the bulbs deeper into the soil.
The flowers are large, often fragrant, and come in a wide range of colors including whites, yellows, oranges, pinks, reds and purples. Markings include spots and brush strokes. The plants are late spring- or summer-flowering. Flowers are borne in
raceme
A raceme ( or ) or racemoid is an unbranched, indeterminate type of inflorescence bearing flowers having short floral stalks along the shoots that bear the flowers. The oldest flowers grow close to the base and new flowers are produced as the s ...
s or
umbel
In botany, an umbel is an inflorescence that consists of a number of short flower stalks (called pedicels) that spread from a common point, somewhat like umbrella ribs. The word was coined in botanical usage in the 1590s, from Latin ''umbella'' "p ...
s at the tip of the stem, with six
tepals
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
spreading or reflexed, to give flowers varying from funnel shape to a "Turk's cap". The tepals are free from each other, and bear a
nectary
Nectar is a sugar-rich liquid produced by plants in glands called nectaries or nectarines, either within the flowers with which it attracts pollinating animals, or by extrafloral nectaries, which provide a nutrient source to animal mutualists ...
at the base of each flower. The ovary is 'superior', borne above the point of attachment of the
anthers
The stamen (plural ''stamina'' or ''stamens'') is the pollen-producing reproductive organ of a flower. Collectively the stamens form the androecium., p. 10
Morphology and terminology
A stamen typically consists of a stalk called the filam ...
. The
fruit
In botany, a fruit is the seed-bearing structure in flowering plants that is formed from the ovary after flowering.
Fruits are the means by which flowering plants (also known as angiosperms) disseminate their seeds. Edible fruits in particu ...
is a three-celled capsule.European Garden Flora; Volume 1
Seed
A seed is an embryonic plant enclosed in a protective outer covering, along with a food reserve. The formation of the seed is a part of the process of reproduction in seed plants, the spermatophytes, including the gymnosperm and angiospe ...
s ripen in late summer. They exhibit varying and sometimes complex
germination
Germination is the process by which an organism grows from a seed or spore. The term is applied to the sprouting of a seedling from a seed of an angiosperm or gymnosperm, the growth of a sporeling from a spore, such as the spores of fungi, fer ...
patterns, many adapted to cool temperate climates.
Most cool temperate species are
deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, aft ...
and dormant in winter in their native environment. But a few species native to areas with hot summers and mild winters (''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
'', ''
Lilium catesbaei
''Lilium catesbaei'', sometimes known as Catesby's lily, pine lily, leopard lily, tiger lily, or southern-red lily is a native of Florida and the coastal regions of the American Southeast, where it usually grows in damp areas from Louisiana to Vi ...
'', ''
Lilium longiflorum
''Lilium longiflorum'' (Japanese: テッポウユリ, ''Teppōyuri''), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). '' Lilium formosanum'', a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as ...
'') lose their leaves and enter a short dormant period in summer or autumn, sprout from autumn to winter, forming dwarf stems bearing a basal rosette of leaves until, after they have received sufficient chilling, the stem begins to elongate in warming weather.
The basic
chromosome number
Ploidy () is the number of complete sets of chromosomes in a cell, and hence the number of possible alleles for autosomal and pseudoautosomal genes. Sets of chromosomes refer to the number of maternal and paternal chromosome copies, respectively ...
is twelve (n=12).
Taxonomy
Taxonomical division in
sections
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sig ...
follows the classical division of Comber, species acceptance follows the
World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (usually abbreviated to WCSP) is an "international collaborative programme that provides the latest peer reviewed and published opinions on the accepted scientific names and synonyms of selected plan ...
, the taxonomy of section ''Pseudolirium'' is from the Flora of North America, the taxonomy of Section ''Liriotypus'' is given in consideration of Resetnik et al. 2007, the taxonomy of Chinese species (various sections) follows the Flora of China and the taxonomy of Section ''Sinomartagon'' follows Nishikawa et al. as does the taxonomy of Section ''Archelirion''.
The World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, , considers ''
Nomocharis
''Nomocharis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. It consists of about 7 species native to montane regions of western China, Myanmar, and northern India. They are similar to ''Lilium'', with one of the more obvious differenc ...
'' a separate genus in its own right, however some authorities consider ''Nomocharis'' to be embedded within ''Lilium'', rather than treat it as a separate genus. The Sinomartagon are divided in 3 paraphyletic groups, while the Leucolirion are divided in 2 paraphyletic groups.
There are seven sections:
*''Martagon''
*''Pseudolirium''
*''Liriotypus''
*''Archelirion''
*''Sinomartagon''
*''Leucolirion''
*''Daurolirion''
There are 111 species counted in this genus. For a full list of accepted species with their native ranges, see
List of Lilium species
List of ''Lilium'' species.
The genus ''Lilium'' is within the tribe Lilieae of the subfamily Lilioideae, in the family Liliaceae of the order Liliales.
List
Species of ''Lilium'' currently accepted, with approximate native ranges, include:
...
.
Some species formerly included within this genus have now been placed in other genera. These genera include ''
Cardiocrinum
''Cardiocrinum'' is a genus of bulbous plants of the lily family first described in 1846. They are native to the Himalaya, China, the Russian Far East, and Japan. The bulbs are usually formed at the soil surface. The preferred habitat is woodlan ...
'', ''
Notholirion
''Notholirion'' is a small Asian genus of bulbous plants in the lily family, Liliaceae. It is closely related to Lilium, but each individual flowers only once, and then dies after producing offsets. The bulb is covered by a tunic. Leaves are basa ...
'', ''
Nomocharis
''Nomocharis'' is a genus of flowering plants in the family Liliaceae. It consists of about 7 species native to montane regions of western China, Myanmar, and northern India. They are similar to ''Lilium'', with one of the more obvious differenc ...
'' and ''
Fritillaria
''Fritillaria'' (fritillaries) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). The type species, ''Fritillaria meleagris'', was first described in Europe in 1571, while other species from the ...
''.
Etymology
The botanic name ''Lilium'' is the
Latin
Latin (, or , ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. Latin was originally a dialect spoken in the lower Tiber area (then known as Latium) around present-day Rome, but through the power of the ...
form and is a Linnaean name. The Latin name is derived from the
Greek
Greek may refer to:
Greece
Anything of, from, or related to Greece, a country in Southern Europe:
*Greeks, an ethnic group.
*Greek language, a branch of the Indo-European language family.
**Proto-Greek language, the assumed last common ancestor ...
word ''leírion'', generally assumed to refer to true, white lilies as exemplified by the
Madonna lily
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the Canary ...
. The word was borrowed from
Coptic
Coptic may refer to:
Afro-Asia
* Copts, an ethnoreligious group mainly in the area of modern Egypt but also in Sudan and Libya
* Coptic language, a Northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century
* Coptic alphabet ...
(dial. Fayyumic) , from standard , from
Demotic
Demotic may refer to:
* Demotic Greek, the modern vernacular form of the Greek language
* Demotic (Egyptian), an ancient Egyptian script and version of the language
* Chữ Nôm, the demotic script for writing Vietnamese
See also
*
* Demos (disa ...
, from
Egyptian
Egyptian describes something of, from, or related to Egypt.
Egyptian or Egyptians may refer to:
Nations and ethnic groups
* Egyptians, a national group in North Africa
** Egyptian culture, a complex and stable culture with thousands of years of ...
"flower".
Meillet
Paul Jules Antoine Meillet (; 11 November 1866 Moulins, France – 21 September 1936 Châteaumeillant, France) was one of the most important French linguists of the early 20th century. He began his studies at the Sorbonne University, where he was ...
maintains that both the Egyptian and the Greek word are possible loans from an extinct, substratum language of the Eastern Mediterranean. grc, κρῖνον, label=, , was used by the Greeks, albeit for lilies of any color.
The term "lily" has in the past been applied to numerous flowering plants, often with only superficial resemblance to the true lily, including
water lily
Water lily or water lilies may refer to:
Plants
* Members of family Nymphaeaceae
* Formerly, members of the genus ''Nelumbo'' (the genus to which lotus belongs)
* Some members of the genus ''Nymphoides''
Other uses
* ''Water Lilies'' (Monet ...
calla lily
Calla lily is a common name of several members of the family Araceae. It may refer to:
* ''Calla palustris''
* ''Zantedeschia'' generally
** ''Zantedeschia aethiopica
''Zantedeschia aethiopica'', commonly known as calla lily and arum lily, is a ...
,
trout lily
''Erythronium'', the fawn lily, trout lily, dog's-tooth violet or adder's tongue, is a genus of Eurasian and North American plants in the lily family, most closely related to tulips. The name Erythronium derives from Ancient Greek () "red" in ...
,
kaffir lily Kaffir lily is a common name which may refer to the following ornamental plants:
* ''Clivia miniata'' in the family Amaryllidaceae
* ''Hesperantha coccinea'' syn. ''Schizostylis coccinea'' in the family Iridaceae
Iridaceae is a family of plants ...
lily of the valley
Lily of the valley (''Convallaria majalis'' (), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate No ...
,
daylily
A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...
leek lily
''Bulbine semibarbata'', commonly known as leek lily, native leek or wild onion, is a species of annual herb native to Australia.
Description
It grows as an annual herb from 7 to 45 centimetres high, with yellow flowers.
Taxonomy
It was first ...
,
Peruvian lily
''Alstroemeria'' (), commonly called the Peruvian lily or lily of the Incas, is a genus of flowering plants in the family Alstroemeriaceae. They are all native to South America, although some have become naturalized in the United States, Mexi ...
, and others. All English translations of the Bible render the Hebrew ''shūshan'', ''shōshan'', ''shōshannā'' as "lily", but the "lily among the thorns" of '' Song of Solomon'', for instance, may be the honeysuckle.
Distribution and habitat
The range of lilies in the Old World extends across much of Europe, across most of Asia to Japan, south to India, and east to Indochina and the Philippines. In the New World they extend from southern Canada through much of the United States. They are commonly adapted to either woodland habitats, often
montane
Montane ecosystems are found on the slopes of mountains. The alpine climate in these regions strongly affects the ecosystem because temperatures fall as elevation increases, causing the ecosystem to stratify. This stratification is a crucial f ...
, or sometimes to grassland habitats. A few can survive in marshland and
epiphyte
An epiphyte is an organism that grows on the surface of a plant and derives its moisture and nutrients from the air, rain, water (in marine environments) or from debris accumulating around it. The plants on which epiphytes grow are called phoroph ...
s are known in tropical southeast Asia. In general they prefer moderately acidic or lime-free soils.
Ecology
Lilies are used as food plants by the
larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
e of some
Lepidoptera
Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...
species including the
Dun-bar
The dun-bar (''Cosmia trapezina'') is a moth of the family Noctuidae. It is a common Palearctic species.
Distribution
The species occurs throughout almost the whole of Europe. In the north, the range extends to Middle Fennoscandia, in the east t ...
.
The proliferation of deer (e.g. ''
Odocoileus virginianus
The white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus''), also known as the whitetail or Virginia deer, is a medium-sized deer native to North America, Central America, and South America as far south as Peru and Bolivia. It has also been introduced t ...
'') in North America, mainly due to factors such as the elimination of large predators for human safety, is responsible there for a downturn in lily populations in the wild and is a threat to garden lilies as well. Fences as high as 8 feet may be required to prevent them from consuming the plants, an impractical solution for most wild areas.
Cultivation
Many species are widely grown in the garden in
temperate
In geography, the temperate climates of Earth occur in the middle latitudes (23.5° to 66.5° N/S of Equator), which span between the tropics and the polar regions of Earth. These zones generally have wider temperature ranges throughout t ...
,
sub-tropical
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographical and climate zones to the north and south of the tropics. Geographically part of the temperate zones of both hemispheres, they cover the middle latitudes from to approximately 35° north and ...
and
tropical
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator. They are defined in latitude by the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere at N and the Tropic of Capricorn in
the Southern Hemisphere at S. The tropics are also referred to ...
regions. Numerous ornamental hybrids have been developed. They are used in herbaceous borders, woodland and shrub plantings, and as patio plants. Some lilies, especially ''
Lilium longiflorum
''Lilium longiflorum'' (Japanese: テッポウユリ, ''Teppōyuri''), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). '' Lilium formosanum'', a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as ...
'', form important
cut flower
Cut may refer to:
Common uses
* The act of cutting, the separation of an object into two through acutely-directed force
** A type of wound
** Cut (archaeology), a hole dug in the past
** Cut (clothing), the style or shape of a garment
** Cut (e ...
crops or potted plants. These are forced to flower outside of the normal flowering season for particular markets; for instance, ''Lilium longiflorum'' for the Easter trade, when it may be called the Easter lily.
Lilies are usually planted as bulbs in the dormant season. They are best planted in a south-facing (northern hemisphere), slightly sloping aspect, in sun or part shade, at a depth 2½ times the height of the bulb (except ''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
'' which should be planted at the surface). Most prefer a porous, loamy soil, and good drainage is essential. Most species bloom in July or August (northern hemisphere). The flowering periods of certain lily species begin in late spring, while others bloom in late summer or early autumn. They have contractile roots which pull the plant down to the correct depth, therefore it is better to plant them too shallowly than too deep. A
soil pH
Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity (alkalinity) of a soil. Soil pH is a key characteristic that can be used to make informative analysis both qualitative and quantitatively regarding soil characteristics. pH is defined as the neg ...
of around 6.5 is generally safe. Most grow best in well-drained soils, and plants are watered during the growing season. Some species and cultivars have strong wiry stems, but those with heavy flower heads are staked to stay upright.
Awards
The following lily species and
cultivars
A cultivar is a type of Horticulture, cultivated plant that people have selected for desired phenotypic trait, traits and when Plant propagation, propagated retain those traits. Methods used to propagate cultivars include: division, root and st ...
currently hold the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nort ...
's
Award of Garden Merit
The Award of Garden Merit (AGM) is a long-established annual award for plants by the British Royal Horticultural Society (RHS). It is based on assessment of the plants' performance under UK growing conditions.
History
The Award of Garden Merit ...
Lilium henryi
''Lilium henryi'' (), sometimes called tiger lily or Henry's lily, is a native lily of the mountains of central China (Provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi). The flowers are orange, spotted black, and unscented. The petals are recurving (bent ba ...
'' (IXc/d) 1993 H6
* ''
Lilium mackliniae
''Lilium mackliniae'', the Shirui lily or Shirui Kashung Timrawon, is a rare Indian species of plant found only in the upper reaches of the Shirui hill ranges in the Ukhrul district of Manipur, India, at an elevation of above sea level. It is l ...
'' (IXc/a) 2012 H5
* ''
Lilium martagon
''Lilium martagon'', the martagon lily or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia.
Description
It is stem-rooting, growing be ...
'' – Turk's cap lily (IXc/d)
* ''
Lilium pardalinum
''Lilium pardalinum'', also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its range includes California c ...
Lilium regale
''Lilium regale'', called the regal lily, royal lily, king's lily, or, in New Zealand, the Christmas lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, with trumpet-shaped flowers. It is native to the western part of Sichuan Pro ...
'' – regal lily, king's lily (IXb/a)
Classification of garden forms
Numerous forms, mostly hybrids, are grown for the garden. They vary according to the species and interspecific hybrids that they derived from, and are classified in the following broad groups:
Asiatic hybrids (Division I)
File:Lilium canadense.JPG
File:Dwarf Asian Lily Tiny Dessert (closeup).jpg
File:Lilium %27Navona%272.jpg
File:Lily Festival 2009 Neepawa Manitoba Canada %2816%29.JPG
File:Lilium Cappuccino.jpg
File:Lilium Dimension.JPG
: These are derived from hybrids between species in ''Lilium''
section
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sign ...
''Sinomartagon''.
: They are derived from central and East Asian species and interspecific hybrids, including ''
Lilium amabile
''Lilium amabile'', also known as the friendly lily or lovable lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family Liliaceae. The Latin specific epithet ' means "lovable".
Description
''Lilium amabile'' grows from to tall. The bul ...
'', ''
Lilium bulbiferum
''Lilium bulbiferum'', common names orange lily, fire lily, Jimmy's Bane and tiger lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.
The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", r ...
'', ''
Lilium callosum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
'', ''
Lilium cernuum
''Lilium cernuum'' is a species of lily native to Korea, the Primorye region of Russia, and northeastern China (Provinces of Jilin + Liaoning).
''Lilium cernuum'' typically grows to 50 cm tall. The flowers are white to purple, though usu ...
'', ''
Lilium concolor
''Lilium concolor'' (also known as morning star lily) is a species of flowering plant in the ''Liliaceae, lily family'' which occurs naturally in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. Its relationship with other species is not clear, although it has so ...
'', ''
Lilium dauricum
''Lilium pensylvanicum'' is an Asian plant species of the family Liliaceae. Sometimes called the Siberian lily, it is native to a cold climate and needs frost in the winter. It is found in the wild form in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, ...
'', ''
Lilium davidii
''Lilium davidii'' is an Asian species of plants in the lily family, native to mountainous areas of Assam, Manipur, Arunachal Pradesh, Tibet, Bhutan, Hubei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Guizhou, and Yunnan.Mao, A.A. & Bhaumik, M. (2007). Notes on ''Lilium ...
'', ''
Lilium × hollandicum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
'', ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
'' (syn. ''
Lilium tigrinum
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
''), ''
Lilium lankongense
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'', ''
Lilium leichtlinii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
Lilium pumilum
''Lilium pumilum'' is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲi ...
Lilium wardii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'' and ''
Lilium wilsonii
is a plant in the lily family native to Japan.
Etymology
Its Japanese name is , literally "see-through lily" or perhaps "openwork lily", originates from the gaps between its tepals.Lilium 'Navona'.
* Dwarf (Patio, Border) varieties are much shorter, c.36–61 cm in height and were designed for containers. They often bear the cultivar name 'Tiny', such as the 'Lily Looks' series, e.g. 'Tiny Padhye', 'Tiny Dessert'.
Martagon hybrids (Division II)
File:Lilium %27Claude Shride%27 2013 013.JPG
File:Lilium %27Kalna Karalis%27 2013 015.JPG
File:Lilium %27Manitoba Fox%27 007.JPG
File:Lilium %27Mrs R.O.Backhouse%27 (cropped).jpg
File:Lilium %27Slate%27s Morning%27.jpg
File:Lilium, Hare Hill, Cheshire 2c.jpg
:These are based on ''
Lilium dalhansonii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium hansonii
''Lilium hansonii'', known as Hanson's lily and Japanese turk's-cap lily, is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Korea, Japan, and to Jilin Province in northeastern China, as well as being widely cultivated as an ...
'', ''
Lilium martagon
''Lilium martagon'', the martagon lily or Turk's cap lily, is a Eurasian species of lily. It has a widespread native region extending from Portugal east through Europe and Asia as far east as Mongolia.
Description
It is stem-rooting, growing be ...
'', ''
Lilium medeoloides
''Lilium medeoloides'' is an East Asian herb in the lily family. It is native to southeast China, Jeju-do in Korea, Japan and eastern Russia (Kamchatka, Kuril Islands, Sakhalin), where it grows in forests and on grassy and rocky subalpine area ...
'', and ''
Lilium tsingtauense
''Lilium tsingtauense'', also known as twilight lily, is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to Korea and eastern China (Anhui + Shandong Provinces).
''Lilium tsingtauense'' is an herb up to 85 cm tall, growing ...
''.
:The flowers are nodding, Turk's cap style (with the petals strongly recurved).
Candidum (Euro-Caucasian) hybrids (Division III)
File:Lilium x testaceum.jpg
: This includes mostly European species: ''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
'', ''
Lilium chalcedonicum
''Lilium chalcedonicum'' is a European species of Liriotypus lily, native to Tuscany, Greece and Albania.
Classification
The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 on Mount Chalcedon in Thessaly, under its current name. Ιn additio ...
'', ''
Lilium kesselringianum
''Lilium kesselringianum'' is a large herbaceous member of the lily family. It is native to North and South Caucasus as well as northern Turkey. It grows from sea level along the Black Sea up into the mountains to subalpine level on forest edges, ...
'', ''
Lilium monadelphum
''Lilium monadelphum'' is a bulbous plant native to Crimea and to North and South Caucasus
The South Caucasus, also known as Transcaucasia or the Transcaucasus, is a geographical region on the border of Eastern Europe and Western Asia, str ...
'', ''
Lilium pomponium
''Lilium pomponium'', the turban lily, is a European species of lily native to France, Spain, and Italy.Ikinci, N., Oberprieler, C. & Güner, A. (2006). On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of ''Lilium'' section ''Liriotypus'' ...
'', ''
Lilium pyrenaicum
''Lilium pyrenaicum'' (Pyrenean lily, yellow Turk's-cap lily, yellow martagon lily) is native to montane regions, mainly the Pyrenees, from Spain and eastwards, with the range extending into the Caucasus
The Caucasus () or Caucasia (), is a ...
: These are mostly taller growing forms, originally derived from ''
Lilium bolanderi
''Lilium bolanderi'' is a rare North American species of plants in the lily family, known by the common name Bolander's lily. It is native to northwestern California ( Del Norte, Humboldt, & Siskiyou Counties) and southwestern Oregon (Curry + ...
'', ''
Lilium × burbankii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
'', ''
Lilium canadense
''Lilium canadense'', commonly called either the Canada lily, wild yellow-lily, or the meadow lily, is a native of eastern North America. Its native range extends from Ontario to Nova Scotia south to Georgia and Alabama. It is most common in New ...
'', ''
Lilium columbianum
''Lilium columbianum'' is a lily native to western North America. It is also known as the Columbia lily, Columbia tiger lily, or simply tiger lily (sharing the latter common name with several other lily species in its genus).
Distribution and ha ...
'', ''
Lilium grayi
''Lilium grayi'' (Gray's lily, orange bell lily, Roan lily) is a perennial plant that is endemic to the eastern US states of North Carolina, Virginia, and Tennessee, growing in moist, acid soil in the Appalachian mountains on higher elevation mea ...
'', ''
Lilium humboldtii
''Lilium humboldtii'', or Humboldt's lily, is a species of lily native to the US state of California and the Mexican state of Baja California. It is named after naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. It is native to the South High Cascad ...
'', ''
Lilium kelleyanum
''Lilium kelleyanum'' is a California species of lily known by the common name Kelley's lily. It grows primarily in wetlands in the Sierra Nevada as well as in the Coast Ranges and southern Cascades in the northern part of the state.
Descriptio ...
'', ''
Lilium kelloggii
''Lilium kelloggii'' is a species of lily known by the common name Kellogg's lily. It is endemic to the Klamath Mountains of northwestern California and southwestern Oregon, where it grows in forests, including those dominated by redwoods.
''Li ...
'', ''
Lilium maritimum
''Lilium maritimum'' is a species of lily known by the common name coast lily. It is endemic to California, where it is known only from the coastline north of San Francisco. It formerly occurred south of San Francisco, but these occurrences have ...
'', ''
Lilium michauxii
''Lilium michauxii'', commonly known as the Carolina lily,Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, ...
'', ''
Lilium michiganense
''Lilium michiganense'' is a species of true lily commonly referred to as the Michigan lily. It is a wildflower present in prairie habitats in the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley regions of the United States and Canada, from South Dakot ...
'', ''
Lilium occidentale
''Lilium occidentale'' is a rare North American species of lily known by the common name western lily. Its species name 'Occidentale' means 'westernmost' and refers to its location along the West Coast. It is native to northwestern California and ...
Lilium pardalinum
''Lilium pardalinum'', also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its range includes California c ...
'', ''
Lilium parryi
''Lilium parryi'', common name lemon lily, is a rare species of lily.
''Lilium parryi'' is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico where it grows in moist areas in mountain habitats. In California it is currently known ...
'', ''
Lilium parvum
''Lilium parvum'' is a species of lily known by the common names Sierra tiger lily and alpine lily. It is native to the mountains of the western United States, primarily the Sierra Nevada of California but also with additional populations in nor ...
'', ''
Lilium philadelphicum
''Lilium philadelphicum'', also known as the wood lily, Philadelphia lily, prairie lily, or western red lily, is a perennial species of lily native to North America.
Distribution
The plant is widely distributed in much of Canada from British C ...
'', ''
Lilium pitkinense
''Lilium pardalinum'', also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the Liliaceae, lily family, native plant, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its ran ...
'', ''
Lilium superbum
''Lilium superbum'' is a species of true lily native to the eastern and central regions of North America. Common names include Turk's cap lily, turban lily, swamp lily, lily royal, or American tiger lily. The native range of the species extends ...
'', ''
Lilium ollmeri
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'', ''
Lilium washingtonianum
''Lilium washingtonianum'' is a North American plant species in the lily family.Kellogg, Albert. 1859. Hesperian (San Francisco) 3: 340 It is also known as the Washington lily, Shasta lily, or Mt. Hood lily. It is named after Martha Washington a ...
'', and ''
Lilium wigginsii
''Lilium pardalinum'', also known as the leopard lily or panther lily, is a flowering bulbous perennial plant in the lily family, native to Oregon, California, and Baja California. It usually grows in damp areas. Its range includes California c ...
''.
:Many are clump-forming perennials with rhizomatous rootstocks.
Longiflorum hybrids (Division V)
: These are cultivated forms of this species and its subspecies.
:They are most important as plants for
cut flowers
Cut flowers are flowers or flower buds (often with some stem and leaf) that have been cut from the plant bearing it. It is usually removed from the plant for decorative use. Typical uses are in vase displays, wreaths and garlands. Many gardene ...
, and are less often grown in the garden than other hybrids.
Trumpet lilies (Division VI), including Aurelian hybrids (with ''L. henryi'')
File:Lilium x African Queen.jpg
File:Lilium %27Fanfare%27.jpg
File:Lilium Pink Perfection1f.UME.jpg
File:Lilium x Dresdener Romance.jpg
File:Lilium x aurelianense1MTFL.jpg
: This group includes hybrids of many Asiatic species and their interspecific hybrids, including '' Lilium × aurelianense'', ''
Lilium brownii
''Lilium brownii'' is a species of lily native to Mainland China, Hong Kong, Kinmen and Matsu Islands as well as northern and central Vietnam and Kachin of Myanmar. Its common names include Hong Kong lily and Brown's lily.
Botanical varieties
T ...
'', ''
Lilium × centigale
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium henryi
''Lilium henryi'' (), sometimes called tiger lily or Henry's lily, is a native lily of the mountains of central China (Provinces of Guizhou, Hubei, Jiangxi). The flowers are orange, spotted black, and unscented. The petals are recurving (bent ba ...
'', ''
Lilium × imperiale
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
'', ''
Lilium × kewense
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium leucanthum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'', ''
Lilium regale
''Lilium regale'', called the regal lily, royal lily, king's lily, or, in New Zealand, the Christmas lily, is a species of flowering plant in the lily family Liliaceae, with trumpet-shaped flowers. It is native to the western part of Sichuan Pro ...
'', ''
Lilium rosthornii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium sargentiae
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium sulphureum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
'' and '' Lilium × sulphurgale''.
:The flowers are trumpet shaped, facing outward or somewhat downward, and tend to be strongly fragrant, often especially night-fragrant.
Oriental hybrids (Division VII)
File:Oriental hybrid1 (cropped).jpg
File:Smithsoniangardens1.jpg
File:Lilium Dizzy.jpg
File:Lilium x Universe.jpg
File:Lilium Golden Stargazer.jpg
File:Lilium %27Marco Polo%27 Flower 2580px.jpg
: These are based on hybrids within ''Lilium''
section
Section, Sectioning or Sectioned may refer to:
Arts, entertainment and media
* Section (music), a complete, but not independent, musical idea
* Section (typography), a subdivision, especially of a chapter, in books and documents
** Section sign ...
''Archelirion'', specifically ''
Lilium auratum
''Lilium auratum'' ( ja, 山百合, yamayuri, label=none, literally "mountain lily") is one of the true lilies. It is native to Japan and is sometimes called the golden-rayed lily or the goldband lily.
Description
The flower colour is typical ...
'' and ''
Lilium speciosum
''Lilium speciosum'' is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to southern Japan and southern China, where it can be found at elevations of . It is sometimes called the Japanese lily though there are other species with ...
'', together with crossbreeds from several species native to Japan, including ''
Lilium nobilissimum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'', ''
Lilium rubellum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', ''
Lilium alexandrae
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. ...
'', and ''
Lilium japonicum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
''.
:They are fragrant, and the flowers tend to be outward facing. Plants tend to be tall, and the flowers may be quite large. The whole group are sometimes referred to as "stargazers" because many of them appear to look upwards. (For the specific cultivar, see ''Lilium'' 'Stargazer'.)
Other hybrids (Division VIII)
File:Lilium 'Royal Trinity' 03.JPG
File:Lilium x Sea Treasure.jpg
File:Lilium x Red Alert.jpg
File:Lilium 'Anastasiya' 03.JPG
File:Lily -- Lilium 'Tiny Double You'.jpg,
File:Lilium 'Eyeliner' 06.JPG
File:Dwarf Asiatic Lily Hybrid-Lilium 'Matrix'-Offnfopt 4635.JPG
: Includes all other garden hybrids.
Species (Division IX)
: All natural species and naturally occurring forms are included in this group.
The flowers can be classified by flower aspect and form:
* Flower aspect:
:*a up-facing
:*b out-facing
:*c down-facing
* Flower form:
:*a trumpet-shaped
:*b bowl-shaped
:*c flat (or with tepal tips recurved)
:*d tepals strongly recurved (with the Turk's cap form as the ultimate state)
Many newer commercial varieties are developed by using new technologies such as ovary culture and embryo rescue.
Pests and diseases
Aphids
Aphids are small sap-sucking insects and members of the superfamily Aphidoidea. Common names include greenfly and blackfly, although individuals within a species can vary widely in color. The group includes the fluffy white woolly aphids. A t ...
Larva
A larva (; plural larvae ) is a distinct juvenile form many animals undergo before metamorphosis into adults. Animals with indirect development such as insects, amphibians, or cnidarians typically have a larval phase of their life cycle.
The ...
e of the
Scarlet lily beetle
The scarlet lily beetle, red lily beetle, or lily leaf beetle (''Lilioceris lilii''), is a leaf beetle that eats the leaves, stem, buds, and flowers, of lilies, fritillaries and other members of the family Liliaceae. It lays its eggs most often ...
can cause serious damage to the stems and leaves. The scarlet beetle lays its eggs and completes its life cycle only on true lilies (''Lilium'') and fritillaries (''
Fritillaria
''Fritillaria'' (fritillaries) is a genus of spring flowering herbaceous bulbous perennial plants in the lily family (Liliaceae). The type species, ''Fritillaria meleagris'', was first described in Europe in 1571, while other species from the ...
''). Oriental, rubrum, tiger and trumpet lilies as well as Oriental trumpets (orienpets) and Turk's cap lilies and native North American ''Lilium'' species are all vulnerable, but the beetle prefers some types over others. The beetle could also be having an effect on native Canadian species and some rare and endangered species found in northeastern North America. Daylilies (''Hemerocallis'', not true lilies) are excluded from this category. Plants can suffer from damage caused by mice, deer and squirrels. Slugs, snails and millipedes attack seedlings, leaves and flowers.
Brown spots on damp leaves may signal an infection of '' Botrytis elliptica'', also known as Lily blight, lily fire, and botrytis leaf blight. Various viral diseases can cause mottling of leaves and stunting of growth, including lily curl stripe, ringspot, and lily rosette virus.
Propagation and growth
Lilies can be propagated in several ways;
* by division of the bulbs
* by growing-on
bulbil
A bulbil (also referred to as bulbel, bulblet, and/or pup) is a small, young plant that is reproduced vegetatively from axillary buds on the parent plant's stem or in place of a flower on an inflorescence. These young plants are clones of the pa ...
s which are
adventitious Important structures in plant development are buds, shoots, roots, leaves, and flowers; plants produce these tissues and structures throughout their life from meristems located at the tips of organs, or between mature tissues. Thus, a living plant a ...
bulbs formed on the stem
* by scaling, for which whole scales are detached from the bulb and planted to form a new bulb
* by seed; there are many seed germination patterns, which can be complex
* by
micropropagation
Micropropagation or tissue culture is the practice of rapidly multiplying plant stock material to produce many progeny plants, using modern plant tissue culture methods.
Micropropagation is used to multiply a wide variety of plants, such as th ...
techniques (which include
tissue culture
Tissue culture is the growth of tissues or cells in an artificial medium separate from the parent organism. This technique is also called micropropagation. This is typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium, su ...
); commercial quantities of lilies are often propagated
in vitro
''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called "test-tube experiments", these studies in biology an ...
and then planted out to grow into plants large enough to sell. A highly efficient technique for multiple shoot and propagule formation was given by Yadav et al., in 2013.
Plant grow regulators(PGRs) are used to limit the height of lilies, especial those sold as potted plants; commonly used
chemical
A chemical substance is a form of matter having constant chemical composition and characteristic properties. Some references add that chemical substance cannot be separated into its constituent elements by physical separation methods, i.e., wi ...
s include ancymidol, fluprimidol, paclobutrazol, and uni-conazole, which are applied to the foliage and retard the biosynthesis of
gibberellin
Gibberellins (GAs) are plant hormones that regulate various developmental processes, including stem elongation, germination, dormancy, flowering, flower development, and leaf and fruit senescence. GAs are one of the longest-known classes of p ...
s, a class of
plant hormones
Plant hormone (or phytohormones) are signal molecules, produced within plants, that occur in extremely low concentrations. Plant hormones control all aspects of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis, the regulation of organ size, pat ...
responsible for stem growth.
Toxicity
Some ''Lilium'' species are toxic to
cat
The cat (''Felis catus'') is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal. It is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of ...
s. This is known to be so especially for ''
Lilium longiflorum
''Lilium longiflorum'' (Japanese: テッポウユリ, ''Teppōyuri''), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). '' Lilium formosanum'', a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as ...
'', though other ''Lilium'' and the unrelated ''
Hemerocallis
A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticulturists have long ...
'' can also cause the same symptoms. The true mechanism of toxicity is undetermined, but it involves damage to the
renal tubular
The nephron is the minute or microscopic structural and functional unit of the kidney. It is composed of a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule. The renal corpuscle consists of a tuft of capillaries called a glomerulus and a cup-shaped structure ca ...
epithelium (composing the substance of the kidney and secreting, collecting, and conducting urine), which can cause acute
kidney failure
Kidney failure, also known as end-stage kidney disease, is a medical condition in which the kidneys can no longer adequately filter waste products from the blood, functioning at less than 15% of normal levels. Kidney failure is classified as eit ...
. Veterinary help should be sought, as a matter of urgency, for any cat that is suspected of eating any part of a lily – including licking pollen that may have brushed onto its coat.
Culinary uses
Chinese cuisine
Lily bulbs are
starch
Starch or amylum is a polymeric carbohydrate consisting of numerous glucose units joined by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by most green plants for energy storage. Worldwide, it is the most common carbohydrate in human diets ...
y and edible as
root vegetable
Root vegetables are underground plant parts eaten by humans as food. Although botany distinguishes true roots (such as taproots and tuberous roots) from non-roots (such as bulbs, corms, rhizomes, and tubers, although some contain both hypocotyl a ...
s, though bulbs of some species may be too bitter to eat.
''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', known as 百合 (''pak hop''; ), is one of the most prominent edible lilies in
China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
. Its bulbs are large in size and not bitter. They were even exported and sold in the San Francisco Chinatown in the 19th century, available both fresh and dry. A landrace called 龍牙百合 () mainly cultivated in
Hunan
Hunan (, ; ) is a landlocked province of the People's Republic of China, part of the South Central China region. Located in the middle reaches of the Yangtze watershed, it borders the province-level divisions of Hubei to the north, Jiangxi to ...
and
Jiangxi
Jiangxi (; ; formerly romanized as Kiangsi or Chianghsi) is a landlocked province in the east of the People's Republic of China. Its major cities include Nanchang and Jiujiang. Spanning from the banks of the Yangtze river in the north int ...
is especially renowned for its good-quality bulbs.
'' L. lancifolium'' () is widely cultivated in China, especially in
Yixing
Yixing () is a county-level city administrated under the prefecture-level city of Wuxi in southern Jiangsu province, China, and is part of the Yangtze River Delta. The city is known for its traditional Yixing clay ware tea pots. It is a pene-excla ...
,
Huzhou
Huzhou (, ; Huzhounese: ''ghou² cieu¹'') is a prefecture-level city in northern Zhejiang province (Hangzhou–Jiaxing–Huzhou Plain, China). Lying south of the Lake Tai, it borders Jiaxing to the east, Hangzhou to the south, and the provinc ...
Lanzhou
Lanzhou (, ; ) is the capital and largest city of Gansu Province in Northwest China. Located on the banks of the Yellow River, it is a key regional transportation hub, connecting areas further west by rail to the eastern half of the country. H ...
stir-fried
Stir frying () is a cooking technique in which ingredients are fried in a small amount of very hot oil while being stirred or tossed in a wok. The technique originated in China and in recent centuries has spread into other parts of Asia and th ...
, grated and used to thicken
soup
Soup is a primarily liquid food, generally served warm or hot (but may be cool or cold), that is made by combining ingredients of meat or vegetables with stock, milk, or water. Hot soups are additionally characterized by boiling solid ing ...
, or processed to extract starch. Their texture and taste draw comparisons with the
potato
The potato is a starchy food, a tuber of the plant ''Solanum tuberosum'' and is a root vegetable native to the Americas. The plant is a perennial in the nightshade family Solanaceae.
Wild potato species can be found from the southern Unit ...
, although the individual bulb scales are much smaller.
The commonly marketed "lily" flower buds, called 金针菜 (''kam cham tsoi''; ) in
Chinese cuisine
Chinese cuisine encompasses the numerous cuisines originating from China, as well as overseas cuisines created by the Chinese diaspora. Because of the Chinese diaspora and historical power of the country, Chinese cuisine has influenced many ot ...
, are actually from
daylilies
A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family (biology), family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticul ...
, ''
Hemerocallis citrina
''Hemerocallis citrina'', common names citron daylily and long yellow daylily, is a species of herbaceous Perennial plant, perennial plant in the family (biology), family Asphodelaceae.
Description
''Hemerocallis citrina'' can reach a height of ...
Lilium bulbiferum
''Lilium bulbiferum'', common names orange lily, fire lily, Jimmy's Bane and tiger lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.
The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", r ...
'' were reported to have been eaten as well, but samples provided by the informant were strictly daylilies and did not include ''L. bulbiferum''.
Lily flowers and bulbs are eaten especially in the summer, for their perceived ability to reduce internal heat. A 19th century English source reported that "Lily flowers are also said to be efficacious in pulmonary affections, and to have tonic properties".
Asiatic lily cultivars are also imported from the Netherlands; the seedling bulbs must be imported from the Netherlands every year.
The parts of ''Lilium'' species which are officially listed as food material in Taiwan are the flower and bulbs of ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
Lilium pumilum
''Lilium pumilum'' is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲi ...
'' and ''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
''.
Japanese cuisine
The lily bulb or ''yuri-ne'' is sometimes used in Japanese cuisine. It may be most familiar in the present day as an occasional in the chawan-mushi (savoury egg custard), where a few loosened scales of this optional ingredient are found embedded in the "hot pudding" of each serving. It could also be used as an ingredient in a clear soup or .
The boiled bulb may also be strained into
purée
A purée (or mash) is cooked food, usually vegetables, fruits or legumes, that has been ground, pressed, blended or sieved to the consistency of a creamy paste or liquid. Purées of specific foods are often known by specific names, e.g., apples ...
for use, as in the sweetened ''kinton'', or ''chakin-shibori''.
Yokan
There is also the ''yuri-
yōkan
is a wagashi (Japanese confection) made of red bean paste, agar, and sugar. It is usually sold in a block form, and eaten in slices. There are two main types: ''neri yōkan'' and ''mizu yōkan''. "Mizu" means "water", and indicates that it i ...
'', one recipe of which calls for combining measures of yuri starch with
agar
Agar ( or ), or agar-agar, is a jelly-like substance consisting of polysaccharides obtained from the cell walls of some species of red algae, primarily from ogonori (''Gracilaria'') and "tengusa" (''Gelidiaceae''). As found in nature, agar is ...
dissolved in water and sugar. This was a specialty of
Hamada, Shimane
is a city located in Shimane Prefecture, Japan. It is the third largest city in the prefecture and is located at the southwestern end of the prefecture. It is a coastal city on the Sea of Japan and possesses beautiful white sand beaches, which mak ...
, and the shop established in 1885 became famous for it. Because a certain Viscount Jimyōin wrote a
waka
Waka may refer to:
Culture and language
* Waka (canoe), a Polynesian word for canoe; especially, canoes of the Māori of New Zealand
** Waka ama, a Polynesian outrigger canoe
** Waka hourua, a Polynesian ocean-going canoe
** Waka taua, a Māori w ...
poem about the confection which mentioned ''hime-yuri'' "princess lily", one source stated that the ''hime-yuri'' (usually taken to mean '' L. concolor'') had to have been used, but another source points out that the city of Hamada lies back to back with across a mountain range with Fuchu, Hiroshima which is renowned for its production of ''yama-yuri'' ('' L. auratum'').
Species used
Current Japanese governmental sources (c. 2005) list the following lily species as prominent in domestic consumption: the ''oni yuri'' or tiger lily ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
'', the ''kooni yuri'' ''Lilium leichtlinii'' var. ''maximowiczii'', and the gold-banded white ''yama-yuri'' ''L. auratum''.
But Japanese sources c. 1895–1900, give a top-three list which replaces ''kooni yuri'' with the named from the gaps between the
tepals
A tepal is one of the outer parts of a flower (collectively the perianth). The term is used when these parts cannot easily be classified as either sepals or petals. This may be because the parts of the perianth are undifferentiated (i.e. of very ...
.
There is uncertainty regarding which species is meant by the ''hime-yuri'' used as food, because although this is usually the common name for L. concolor in most up-to-date literature, it used to ambiguously referred to the tiger lily as well, c. 1895–1900. The non-tiger-lily ''himeyuri'' is certainly described as quite palatable in the literature at the time, but the extent of exploitation could not have been as significant.
North America
The flower buds and roots of
Lilium canadense
''Lilium canadense'', commonly called either the Canada lily, wild yellow-lily, or the meadow lily, is a native of eastern North America. Its native range extends from Ontario to Nova Scotia south to Georgia and Alabama. It is most common in New ...
are traditionally gathered and eaten by North American indigenous peoples.
Coast Salish
The Coast Salish is a group of ethnically and linguistically related Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast, living in the Canadian province of British Columbia and the U.S. states of Washington and Oregon. They speak one of the Coas ...
,
Nuu-chah-nulth
The Nuu-chah-nulth (; Nuučaan̓uł: ), also formerly referred to as the Nootka, Nutka, Aht, Nuuchahnulth or Tahkaht, are one of the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast in Canada. The term Nuu-chah-nulth is used to describe fifte ...
and most western
Washington
Washington commonly refers to:
* Washington (state), United States
* Washington, D.C., the capital of the United States
** A metonym for the federal government of the United States
** Washington metropolitan area, the metropolitan area centered on ...
peoples steam, boil or pit-cook the bulbs of ''
Lilium columbianum
''Lilium columbianum'' is a lily native to western North America. It is also known as the Columbia lily, Columbia tiger lily, or simply tiger lily (sharing the latter common name with several other lily species in its genus).
Distribution and ha ...
''. Bitter or peppery-tasting, they were mostly used as a flavoring, often in soup with meat or fish.
Medicinal uses
Traditional Chinese medicine
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an alternative medical practice drawn from traditional medicine in China. It has been described as "fraught with pseudoscience", with the majority of its treatments having no logical mechanism of action ...
list the use of the following: 野百合 ''
Lilium brownii
''Lilium brownii'' is a species of lily native to Mainland China, Hong Kong, Kinmen and Matsu Islands as well as northern and central Vietnam and Kachin of Myanmar. Its common names include Hong Kong lily and Brown's lily.
Botanical varieties
T ...
'', 百合 ''Lilium brownii'' var. ''viridulum'', 渥丹 ''
Lilium concolor
''Lilium concolor'' (also known as morning star lily) is a species of flowering plant in the ''Liliaceae, lily family'' which occurs naturally in China, Japan, Korea and Russia. Its relationship with other species is not clear, although it has so ...
'', 毛百合 ''
Lilium dauricum
''Lilium pensylvanicum'' is an Asian plant species of the family Liliaceae. Sometimes called the Siberian lily, it is native to a cold climate and needs frost in the winter. It is found in the wild form in Siberia, the Russian Far East, Mongolia, ...
'', 卷丹 ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
'', 山丹 ''
Lilium pumilum
''Lilium pumilum'' is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲi ...
'', 南川百合 ''
Lilium rosthornii
''Lilium'' () is a genus of Herbaceous plant, herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in mu ...
'', 药百合''
Lilium speciosum
''Lilium speciosum'' is an East Asian species of plants in the lily family. It is native to southern Japan and southern China, where it can be found at elevations of . It is sometimes called the Japanese lily though there are other species with ...
'' var. ''gloriosoides'', 淡黄花百合 ''
Lilium sulphureum
''Lilium'' () is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants growing from bulbs, all with large prominent flowers. They are the true lilies. Lilies are a group of flowering plants which are important in culture and literature in much of the world. M ...
''
In Taiwan, governmental publications list ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
Lilium pumilum
''Lilium pumilum'' is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲi ...
'' DC.
In the ''
kanpō
was a , also known as Kampō, after ''Genbun'' and before '' Enkyō.'' This period spanned the years from February 1741 through February 1744. The reigning emperor was .
Change of era
* 1741 : Based on the belief in Chinese astrology that the ...
'' or Chinese medicine as practiced in Japan, the official Japanese governmental
pharmacopeia
A pharmacopoeia, pharmacopeia, or pharmacopoea (from the obsolete typography ''pharmacopœia'', meaning "drug-making"), in its modern technical sense, is a book containing directions for the identification of compound medicines, and published by ...
includes the use of lily bulb (known as in traditional pharmacological circles), listing the use of the following species: ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
'', ''
Lilium brownii
''Lilium brownii'' is a species of lily native to Mainland China, Hong Kong, Kinmen and Matsu Islands as well as northern and central Vietnam and Kachin of Myanmar. Its common names include Hong Kong lily and Brown's lily.
Botanical varieties
T ...
Lilium pumilum
''Lilium pumilum'' is an Asian species of bulbous plants native to Mongolia, Siberia, the Russian Far East
The Russian Far East (russian: Дальний Восток России, r=Dal'niy Vostok Rossii, p=ˈdalʲnʲɪj vɐˈstok rɐˈsʲi ...
'' index The scales flaked off from the bulbs are used, usually steamed.
In South Korea, the lilium species which are officially listed for medicinal use are 참나리 ''
Lilium lancifolium
''Lilium lancifolium'' (syn. ''L. tigrinum'') is an Asian species of lily, native to China, Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East. It is widely planted as an ornamental because of its showy orange-and-black flowers, and sporadically occurs as a ...
language of flowers
Floriography (language of flowers) is a means of cryptological communication through the use or arrangement of flowers. Meaning has been attributed to flowers for thousands of years, and some form of floriography has been practiced in tradition ...
, lilies portray love, ardor, and affection for your loved ones, while orange lilies stand for happiness, love, and warmth.
Lilies are the flowers most commonly used at funerals, where they symbolically signify that the soul of the deceased has been restored to the state of innocence.
''
Lilium formosanum
''Lilium formosanum'', also known as the Formosa lily or Taiwanese lily (), is a plant species in the Liliaceae, lily family, endemic to Taiwan.
'', or Taiwanese lily, is called "the flower of broken bowl" () by the elderly members of the
Hakka
The Hakka (), sometimes also referred to as Hakka Han, or Hakka Chinese, or Hakkas are a Han Chinese subgroup whose ancestral homes are chiefly in the Hakka-speaking provincial areas of Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhej ...
ethnic group. They believe that because this lily grows near bodies of clean water, harming the lily may damage the environment, just like breaking the bowls that people rely on. An alternative explanation is that parents convince children into not taking the lily by convincing the children that their dinner bowls may break if they destroy this flower.
In Western Christianity, Madonna lily or ''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
'' has been associated with the
Virgin Mary
Mary; arc, ܡܪܝܡ, translit=Mariam; ar, مريم, translit=Maryam; grc, Μαρία, translit=María; la, Maria; cop, Ⲙⲁⲣⲓⲁ, translit=Maria was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother o ...
since at least the Medieval Era. Medieval and Renaissance depictions of the Virgin Mary, especially at the
Annunciation
The Annunciation (from Latin '), also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary, the Annunciation of Our Lady, or the Annunciation of the Lord, is the Christian celebration of the biblical tale of the announcement by the ange ...
, often show her with these flowers. Madonna lilies are also commonly included in depictions of
Christ's resurrection
The resurrection of Jesus ( grc-x-biblical, ἀνάστασις τοῦ Ἰησοῦ) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lord ...
. ''
Lilium longiflorum
''Lilium longiflorum'' (Japanese: テッポウユリ, ''Teppōyuri''), often called the Easter lily, is a plant endemic to both Taiwan and Ryukyu Islands (Japan). '' Lilium formosanum'', a closely related species from Taiwan, has been treated as ...
'', the Easter lily, is a symbol of Easter, and ''
Lilium candidum
''Lilium candidum'', the Madonna lily or white lily, is a plant in the Lilium, true lily family. It is native to the Balkans and Middle East, and naturalized in other parts of Europe, including France, Italy, and Ukraine, and in North Africa, the ...
'', the Madonna lily, carries a great deal of symbolic value in many cultures. See the articles for more information.
Heraldry
The ''
fleur-de-lis
The fleur-de-lis, also spelled fleur-de-lys (plural ''fleurs-de-lis'' or ''fleurs-de-lys''), is a lily (in French, and mean 'flower' and 'lily' respectively) that is used as a decorative design or symbol.
The fleur-de-lis has been used in the ...
'', associated primarily with French royalty, is a stylized lily flower.
''
Lilium bulbiferum
''Lilium bulbiferum'', common names orange lily, fire lily, Jimmy's Bane and tiger lily, is a herbaceous European lily with underground bulbs, belonging to the Liliaceae.
The Latin name ''bulbiferum'' of this species, meaning "bearing bulbs", r ...
'' has long been recognised as a symbol of the
Orange Order
The Loyal Orange Institution, commonly known as the Orange Order, is an international Protestant fraternal order based in Northern Ireland and primarily associated with Ulster Protestants, particularly those of Ulster Scots heritage. It also ...
in
Northern Ireland
Northern Ireland ( ga, Tuaisceart Éireann ; sco, label= Ulster-Scots, Norlin Airlann) is a part of the United Kingdom, situated in the north-east of the island of Ireland, that is variously described as a country, province or region. Nort ...
.
''
Lilium mackliniae
''Lilium mackliniae'', the Shirui lily or Shirui Kashung Timrawon, is a rare Indian species of plant found only in the upper reaches of the Shirui hill ranges in the Ukhrul district of Manipur, India, at an elevation of above sea level. It is l ...
'' is the state flower of
Manipur
Manipur () ( mni, Kangleipak) is a state in Northeast India, with the city of Imphal as its capital. It is bounded by the Indian states of Nagaland to the north, Mizoram to the south and Assam to the west. It also borders two regions of Myanm ...
. ''
Lilium michauxii
''Lilium michauxii'', commonly known as the Carolina lily,Bailey, L.H.; Bailey, E.Z.; the staff of the Liberty Hyde Bailey Hortorium (1976). ''Hortus third: A concise dictionary of plants cultivated in the United States and Canada''. Macmillan, ...
'', the Carolina lily, is the official state flower of
North Carolina
North Carolina () is a state in the Southeastern region of the United States. The state is the 28th largest and 9th-most populous of the United States. It is bordered by Virginia to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, Georgia and So ...
Lilium parryi
''Lilium parryi'', common name lemon lily, is a rare species of lily.
''Lilium parryi'' is native to the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico where it grows in moist areas in mountain habitats. In California it is currently known ...
Lilium philadelphicum
''Lilium philadelphicum'', also known as the wood lily, Philadelphia lily, prairie lily, or western red lily, is a perennial species of lily native to North America.
Distribution
The plant is widely distributed in much of Canada from British C ...
is the floral emblem of
Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan ( ; ) is a Provinces and territories of Canada, province in Western Canada, western Canada, bordered on the west by Alberta, on the north by the Northwest Territories, on the east by Manitoba, to the northeast by Nunavut, and on t ...
province in Canada, and is on the
flag of Saskatchewan
The provincial flag of Saskatchewan was adopted in 1969. It is blazoned '' per fess vert and or, in the fly a prairie lily slipped and leaved proper, in the dexter chief an escutcheon of the coat of arms of Saskatchewan fimbriated argent''. The ...
., designated in 1941.
Other plants referred to as lilies
Lily of the valley
Lily of the valley (''Convallaria majalis'' (), sometimes written lily-of-the-valley, is a woodland flowering plant with sweetly scented, pendent, bell-shaped white flowers borne in sprays in spring. It is native throughout the cool temperate No ...
daylilies
A daylily or day lily is a flowering plant in the genus ''Hemerocallis'' , a member of the family (biology), family Asphodelaceae, subfamily Hemerocallidoideae. Despite the common name, it is not in fact a lily. Gardening enthusiasts and horticul ...
, and
water lilies
''Water Lilies'' (or ''Nymphéas'', ) is a Serial imagery, series of approximately 250 oil paintings by French Impressionism, Impressionist Claude Monet (1840–1926). The paintings depict his Fondation Monet in Giverny, flower garden at Fond ...
are symbolically important flowers commonly referred to as lilies, but they are not in the genus ''Lilium''.
See also
*
Lily seed germination types
Lilies seed germination is classified as either epigeal or hypogeal. These classifications may be further refined as immediate or delayed. Whether a lily is epigeal or hypogeal may be related to survival strategies developed according to the cl ...
*
List of plants known as lily Lily usually refers to herbaceous plants of the genus ''Lilium'', with large showy trumpet-shaped flowers. Many species are cultivated as ornamentals.
Many other plants not closely related to lilies are called lilies, usually because their flowers ...
Explanatory notes
References
;Citations
;Bibliography
*
*
*
* "yuri ユリ", in , digested from ''Shin shikunshi''.
** Seika-en Sanjin 精花園山人 "Hana-yuri 花百合", in