''Lichenomphalia'' is both a basidiolichen and an agaric genus. Most of the species have inconspicuous lichenized thalli that consist of scattered, small, loose, nearly microscopic green balls or foliose small flakes containing single-celled

green alga The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) have emerged deep in the Charophyte alga as ...

e in the genus ''

Coccomyxa ''Coccomyxa'' is a genus of green algae The green algae (singular: green alga) are a group consisting of the Prasinodermophyta and its unnamed sister which contains the Chlorophyta and Charophyta/Streptophyta. The land plants (Embryophytes) h ...

'', all interconnected by a loose network of

hypha A hypha (; ) is a long, branching, filamentous structure of a fungus, oomycete, or actinobacterium. In most fungi, hyphae are the main mode of vegetative growth, and are collectively called a mycelium. Structure A hypha consists of one or ...

e. The agaric fruit bodies themselves are nonlichenized and resemble other types of

omphalinoid ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly w ...

mushrooms. These agarics lack clamp connections and do not form

hymenial The hymenium is the tissue layer on the hymenophore of a fungal fruiting body where the cells develop into basidia or asci, which produce spores. In some species all of the cells of the hymenium develop into basidia or asci, while in others some c ...

cystidia. The basidiospores are

hyaline A hyaline substance is one with a glassy appearance. The word is derived from el, ὑάλινος, translit=hyálinos, lit=transparent, and el, ὕαλος, translit=hýalos, lit=crystal, glass, label=none. Histopathology Hyaline cartilage is ...

, smooth, thin-walled, and

nonamyloid In mycology a tissue or feature is said to be amyloid if it has a positive amyloid reaction when subjected to a crude chemical test using iodine as an ingredient of either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, producing a blue to blue-black stai ...

. Most of the species were originally classified in the genera ''

Omphalina ''Omphalina'' is a genus of small agarics with white, nonamyloid, basidiospores and decurrent gills. Typically the cap has a deep central depression giving the umbrella-like to funnel-shaped cap the appearance of a belly button, or a belly with a ...

'' or ''

Gerronema ''Gerronema'' is a genus of small- to medium-sized lignicolous agarics with white, nonamyloid, spores and decurrent gills. The genus was circumscribed by American mycologist Rolf Singer in 1951. Description Typically the cap of the fruit bodi ...

''. Historically the species were classified with those other genera in the family, the Tricholomataceae together with the nonlichenized species. ''Lichenomphalia'' species can be grouped into brightly colored taxa, with vivid yellow and orange colors, versus the grey brown group, depending upon the microscopic pigmentation deposits.

Molecular A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by attractive forces known as chemical bonds; depending on context, the term may or may not include ions which satisfy this criterion. In quantum physics, organic chemistry, and bioche ...

research comparing

DNA sequence DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. It includes any method or technology that is used to determine the order of the four bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. Th ...

s now place ''Lichenomphalia'' close to the redefined genus ''

Arrhenia ''Arrhenia'' is a genus of fungi in the family Hygrophoraceae. ''Arrhenia'' also includes species formerly placed in the genera ''Leptoglossum'' and ''Phaeotellus'' and the lectotype species itself has an unusual growth form that would not norma ...

'', which together with several other genera not traditionally considered to be related, fall within the newly redefined

Hygrophoraceae The Hygrophoraceae are a family of fungi in the order Agaricales. Originally conceived as containing white-spored, thick-gilled agarics (gilled mushrooms), including ''Hygrophorus'' and ''Hygrocybe'' species (the waxcaps or waxy caps), DNA evide ...

Etymology

''Lichenomphalia'' is derived from the word

lichen A lichen ( , ) is a composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi species in a mutualistic relationship.Omphalia'' from whence the more familiar, longer, diminutive generic name ''

'' was derived. Basically it means the lichen omphalias.

Thallus names and nomenclature

Long before the connection was made between the nonlichenized agaric fruitbodies and the lichenized thalli, botanists and lichenologists named the asexual lichen thalli of ''Lichenomphalia'' species several times in a number of genera. Linnaeus in 1753 described the lichen thallus of ''L. umbellifera'' as an ' alga' named ''Byssus botryoides'' while simultaneously including the fruitbodies of ''L. umbellifera'' within his concept of ''Agaricus umbelliferus'', the

basionym In the scientific name of organisms, basionym or basyonym means the original name on which a new name is based; the author citation of the new name should include the authors of the basionym in parentheses. The term "basionym" is used in both botan ...

for the name ''L. umbellifera''. ''Byssus botryoides'' is the type species of the now officially rejected generic names ''Phytoconis'' and ''Botrydina''. Acharius in 1810 described the thalli of ''L. hudsoniana'' as a lichen, ''Endocarpon viride'', which is the type of another officially rejected name, ''Coriscium''. The names 'Botrydina' and 'Coriscium' are often used to describe the thalli of different ''Lichenomphalia'' even though they are rejected names listed in the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (Appendix V). Prior to officially rejecting these names, the names ''Botrydina'' and ''Phytoconis'' were both applied to describe ''Lichenomphalia'' species. Hence literature on these lichenized agarics appears under a myriad of names, such as ''Omphalina'', ''Gerronema'', ''Phytoconis'', ''Botrydina'' and ''Coriscium''.

Species

2011-06-20 Lichenomphalia chromacea (Cleland) Redhead, Lutzoni, Moncalvo & Vilgalys 152659

, Species Fungorum accepts 15 species of ''Lichenomphalia''. *'' Lichenomphalia alpina'' *'' Lichenomphalia altoandina'' – Chile *'' Lichenomphalia aurantiaca'' – Colombia *'' Lichenomphalia chromacea'' – Australia *'' Lichenomphalia cinereispinula'' – Europe *''

Lichenomphalia hudsoniana ''Lichenomphalia hudsoniana'' is a species of basidiolichen in the family Hygrophoraceae. It is widely distributed in alpine and arctic regions of the world, where it grows on moist soil amongst moss. Taxonomy The species was first species descr ...

'' – widespread in Northern Hemisphere *'' Lichenomphalia lobata'' – Colombia; Ecuador; Venezuela *'' Lichenomphalia luteovitellina'' *'' Lichenomphalia meridionalis'' *'' Lichenomphalia oreades'' *'' Lichenomphalia pararustica'' *'' Lichenomphalia tasmanica'' – Tasmania, Australia *'' Lichenomphalia umbellifera'' – widespread in Northern Hemisphere *'' Lichenomphalia velutina'' – southern South America *'' Lichenomphalia wallacei''

References

External links

''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''

''Lichenomphalia umbellifera''

''Lichenomphalia alpina''

''Lichenomphalia hudsoniana'' thalli originally called ''Coriscium viride''

''Lichenomphalia chromacea'' from Australia. {{Taxonbar, from=Q2975764 Agaricales genera Lichen genera Hygrophoraceae Basidiolichens Taxa described in 2002

Etymology

Thallus names and nomenclature

Species

See also

References

External links