LetterWise and WordWise were

predictive text Predictive text is an input technology used where one key or button represents many letters, such as on the Telephone keypad, numeric keypads of mobile phones and in accessibility technologies. Each key press results in a ''prediction'' rather ...

entry systems developed by Eatoni Ergonomics (Eatoni) for

handheld device A mobile device (or handheld computer) is a computer small enough to hold and operate in the hand. Mobile devices typically have a flat LCD or OLED screen, a touchscreen interface, and digital or physical buttons. They may also have a physical ...

s with ambiguous keyboards / keypads, typically non-smart traditional cellphones and portable devices with keypads. All patents covering those systems have expired. LetterWise used a prefix based predictive disambiguation method and can be demonstrated to have some advantages over the non-predictive

Multi-tap Multi-tap (multi-press) refers to a text entry system for mobile phones. The alphabet is printed under each key (beginning on "2") in a three-letter sequence as follows; ABC under 2 key, DEF under 3 key, etc. Exceptions are the "7" key, which ...

technique that was in widespread use at the time that system was developed.

WordWise Wordwise is a word processor program published in 1981. It was the best selling word processor in the UK for the BBC Microcomputer during the 1980–1990 time period (~50,000 copies sold as of January 1985). The program was supplied on an 8K R ...

was not a dictionary-based predictive system, but rather an extension of the LetterWise system to predict whole words from their linguistic components. It was designed to compete with dictionary-based predictive systems such as T9 and

iTap iTap is a predictive text technology developed for mobile phones, developed by Motorola employees as a competitor to T9. It was designed as a replacement for the old letter mappings on phones to help with word entry. This makes some of the mode ...

which were commonly used with mobile phones with 12-key telephone keypads.

History

The court dismissed a claim that Eatoni Ergonomics came into being in the Spring 1998 as an orally agreed partnership between Howard Gutowitz, David A. Kosower and Eugene Skepner; the former pair having met as social acquaintances and Skepner noted for programming skills. The Eatoni project had the objective of developing reduced size keypads for portable devices. By August 1999 Kosower stopped working on the project due to a disagreements with Gutowitz over terms for setting up the new company and patents Gutowitz had or intended to file which was eventually to result in a subsequent lawsuit. In September 1999 Gutowitz went on to form Delaware limited liability company, Eatoni Ergonomics LLC and on 16 February 2000 formed the

Delaware Corporation The Delaware General Corporation Law (Title 8, Chapter 1 of the Delaware Code) is the statute of the Delaware Code that governs corporate law in the U.S. state of Delaware. Adopted in 1899, the statute has since seen Delaware become the most imp ...

Eatoni Ergonomics Inc,. with Gutowitz as

CEO A chief executive officer (CEO), also known as a central executive officer (CEO), chief administrator officer (CAO) or just chief executive (CE), is one of a number of corporate executives charged with the management of an organization especially ...

. Eatoni composed a conference paper for March 2001 on ''Linguistically Optimized Text Entry on a Mobile Phone'' but it was not accepted. In November 2001 at the 14th annual ACM symposium on User interface software and technology a paper prepared by academic Scott MacKenzie and Hedy Kober supported by three from Eatomi including Skepner described experimental results comparing LetterWise against other schemes though notably WordWise was for whatever reason absent from the presentation despite being announced over a year previously. By May 2002 Gutowitz admitted adoption by established cell phone manufactures was proving difficult although

Benq BenQ Corporation (; ) is a Taiwanese multinational company that sells and markets technology products, consumer electronics, computing and communications devices under the "BenQ" brand name, which stands for the company slogan ''Bringing Enj ...

was taking the technology. Eatoni was involved in a series of

lawsuit - A lawsuit is a proceeding by a party or parties against another in the civil court of law. The archaic term "suit in law" is found in only a small number of laws still in effect today. The term "lawsuit" is used in reference to a civil actio ...

s and

countersuit In a court of law, a party's claim is a counterclaim if one party asserts claims in response to the claims of another. In other words, if a plaintiff initiates a lawsuit and a defendant responds to the lawsuit with claims of their own against th ...

s mobile phone manufacturer BlackBerry (RIM) between 2005 and 2012 relative to alleged patent infringement and a settlement to jointly develop software for a reduced keyboard in 2007 and take Eatoni equity stock in 2007. In the 2010s Eatoni have examined applying the cellphone keytap technology to threatened languages, in particular

N'ko N'Ko () is a script devised by Solomana Kante in 1949, as a modern writing system for the Mandé languages of West Africa. The term ''N'Ko'', which means ''I say'' in all Mandé languages, is also used for the Mandé literary standard written i ...

; Gutowitz said he had eventually given up trying to get it supported by cellphone manufactures and begun to trial native language applications instead.

Letterwise

Design

Unlike most if not all other predictive text entry systems, LetterWise does not depend on a work dictionary but is a prefix based predictive system. For each letter in the word the user taps the key associated with that letter on the keypad. If the letter chosen is the one required the user simply repeats the process for the next letter in the word, other ''Next'' is tapped until the required letter appears. It is claimed this is a very simple and efficient system to use, with no

style time-outs or dictionary limitations. In an instruction manual it can be described in the following single sentence: "''Hit the key with the letter you want, if it doesn't come up, hit Next until it does.''". Letterwise is not designed to be ''eyes-free'', that is the associated device display must be monitored to perform the next action. This contrasts to Multi-tap and some two key systems where some skilled and expert users are able to input using whilst not referring to the screen.

Example

*Entering the word sirs which is a word with biases LetterWise strongly. A Multi-tap timeout will typically be one to two seconds wait for the cursor to move to the next letter but this can be interrupted by tapping the ''timeout kill'' or ''advance'' button (often ''down''). A word such as ''mama'' would be more favourable to Multi-tap where 4 taps and no timeouts would be required; far less than the 14 taps and 1 timeout required for ''sirs''.

Software app versions

Despite not included as a system keyboard, LetterWise was available in Email / Twitter / SMS / LiveJournal clients for Symbian, iOS as well as Qualcomm's BREW platform (distributed by the Verizon Wireless Get It Now service).

Performance

Performance figures for predictive text examples typically depend on use of natural language. Use of

SMS language Short Message Service (SMS) language, textism, or textese is the abbreviated language and slang commonly used in the late 1990s and early 2000s with mobile phone text messaging, and occasionally through Internet-based communication such as ema ...

abbreviations and slang can reduce any advantage. For the tests done by Scott Mackenzie a selection of words from the

British National Corpus The British National Corpus (BNC) is a 100-million-word text corpus of samples of written and spoken English from a wide range of sources. The corpus covers British English of the late 20th century from a wide variety of genres, with the intention ...

were used as a representative sample of the English language. LetterWise uses the probability of letters occurring in a particular sequence to achieve performance. One measure of performance for text entry systems is "key strokes per character" (kspc). As a baseline the full English PC keyboard has a kspc of 1 as precisely one key stroke is required per typed character. Scott Mackenzie and other academics presented with Eatoni that they had evaluated LetterWise to have a kspc of 1.15 for English. This typically relates to one extra tap per 6 letters compared to standard keyboard. In contrast multi-tap, where a key is repeatedly pressed until the desired letter is found whereupon no further taps are made until the cursor moves to the next letter, has been evaluated to have a kspc of about 2.03. The

pangram A pangram or holoalphabetic sentence is a sentence using every letter of a given alphabet at least once. Pangrams have been used to display typefaces, test equipment, and develop skills in handwriting, calligraphy, and keyboarding. Origins The ...

The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog "The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog" is an English-language pangram — a sentence that contains all the letters of the alphabet. The phrase is commonly used for touch-typing practice, testing typewriters and computer keyboards, displ ...

'' is sometimes used for keyboard practice. The Eatoni website claims this 35 letter nine work phrase requires only 14 additional keystrokes with LetterWise compared to 42 additional keystrokes for MultiTap.

Memory / storage requirements

Eatoni engineers claim LetterWise has relatively low storage requirements compared to dictionary based solutions. The Eatoni website claims in the storage space typically required for a single dictionary database (30–100kb) it would be possible to fit LetterWise databases for 10–20 different languages. The website says device

random-access memory Random-access memory (RAM; ) is a form of computer memory that can be read and changed in any order, typically used to store working Data (computing), data and machine code. A Random access, random-access memory device allows data items to b ...

requirements are similarly low, typically under 2kb, and there has been an implementation for 200 bytes of available memory.

Experimental work

LetterWise was also used in TongueWise, a tongue-computer interface for tetraplegics using the LetterWise

engine An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy. Available energy sources include potential energy (e.g. energy of the Earth's gravitational field as exploited in hydroelectric power gen ...

. Clinical evaluations showed LetterWise could offer an almost 50% increase in throughput compared to Multi-tap for English language words.

Chinese LetterWise

The Chinese LetterWise is can be loosely described a two-level version of alphabetic LetterWise. A phonetic character (e.g.

Pinyin Hanyu Pinyin (), often shortened to just pinyin, is the official romanization system for Standard Mandarin Chinese in China, and to some extent, in Singapore and Malaysia. It is often used to teach Mandarin, normally written in Chinese for ...

Bopomofo Bopomofo (), or Mandarin Phonetic Symbols, also named Zhuyin (), is a Chinese transliteration system for Mandarin Chinese and other related languages and dialects. More commonly used in Taiwanese Mandarin, it may also be used to transcribe ...

) is entered on the first level which is converted automatically to

Hanzi Chinese characters () are logograms developed for the writing of Chinese. In addition, they have been adapted to write other East Asian languages, and remain a key component of the Japanese writing system where they are known as ''kanji' ...

ready for the second level (Next Hanzi) key. the Eatoni website showed three related cordless or answerphone physical devices from the same manufacture having adopted the technology.

WordWise

Eatoni Ergonomics also developed and patented the dictionary word based predictive text input system WordWise announcing it in September 2000 with claims it was even faster than LetterWise. Wigdor and Balakrishnan indicated WordWise performs similarly to earlier techniques but with subtle advantages, though as with all predictive techniques the efficiency relied essentially upon the use of natural language with techniques such as abbreviations tending to nullify any advantage. In addition to the standard version of WordWise Eatoni's website also notes they developed a more advanced version termed ''shift WordWise''. ''Shift-WordWise'' required use of a modified ''CHELNSTY keypad'' with those letters being selected by a

shift key The Shift key is a modifier key on a keyboard, used to type capital letters and other alternate "upper" characters. There are typically two shift keys, on the left and right sides of the row below the home row. The Shift key's name originated f ...

that could be allocated to the ''1'' button. From his lawsuit Kosover alleges he has some input into the development of the WordWise system during his time at Eatoni to August 1999. It was designed to complement LetterWise and targeted for keyboards on mobile devices. Eatoni's website indicates that it is possible for standard WordWise to add additional words to the dictionary on the device however this capability is no mentioned in Iridium satellite phone manuals so the capability might not be present on all versions of WordWise. If WordWise is unable to suggest the required word either through it not being in the dictionary or due to a keying error the required word will need to be entered in another mode such as LetterWise which can be switched to relatively easily. It has been suggested that WordWise is less sensitive to keystroke errors than competing T9 text prediction technology. A multilingual WordWise implementation is included in Iridium satellite phones. Eatoni's website also indicated it was included as their

SMS Short Message/Messaging Service, commonly abbreviated as SMS, is a text messaging service component of most telephone, Internet and mobile device systems. It uses standardized communication protocols that let mobile devices exchange short text ...

Twitter Twitter is an online social media and social networking service owned and operated by American company Twitter, Inc., on which users post and interact with 280-character-long messages known as "tweets". Registered users can post, like, and ...

and e-mail downloadable client applications for certain

Symbian Symbian is a discontinued mobile operating system A mobile operating system is an operating system for mobile phones, tablets, smartwatches, smartglasses, or other non-laptop personal mobile computing devices. While computers such as typic ...

and

Apple IOS iOS (formerly iPhone OS) is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the operating system that powers many of the company's mobile devices, including the iPhone; the term also includes ...

based products.

Adoption

Despite intensive marketing attempts in the early 2000s LetterWise and WordWise were not widely adopted by cell phone manufacturers with the Multi-tap and T9 system holding the market. LetterWise did find some adoption for

DECT Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (Digital European cordless telecommunications), usually known by the acronym DECT, is a standard primarily used for creating cordless telephone systems. It originated in Europe, where it is the common ...

cordless phones, which were typically constrained by more limited resources, with Eatoni claiming over 20 million devices capable of LetterWise being shipped. From 2009 certain Iridium satellite phone models were shipped with both LetterWise and WordWise though not necessarily enabled by default; as of May 2019 some of these models seem current.

Notes and references

Notes

References

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2011, df=dmy-all {{cite web, url=http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Chinese_Demo_Help, title=Chinese LetterWise text entry example., website=Eatoni, url-status=dead, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105181418/http://www.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Chinese_Demo_Help, archive-date=5 January 2009, df=dmy-all {{cite web, url=http://ns2.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Devices, access-date=25 May 2019, website=Eatoni, title=Devices, url-status=live, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525224020/http://ns2.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Devices, archive-date=25 May 2019, df=dmy-all {{cite web, url=http://ns2.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Products, title=Products., website=Eatoni, url-status=live, access-date=20 May 2019, archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520232519/http://ns2.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/Products, archive-date=20 May 2019 {{cite web, url=http://ns2.eatoni.com/wiki/index.php/LetterWise, title=LetterWise, access-date=26 May 2019, website=Eatoni, url-status=live, 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External links

LetterWise
Input methods for handheld devices