Les Princes et la Princesse de Marinca (English: ''The Princes and the Princess of Marinca'') is a
French-Canadian
French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fr ...
fairy tale
A fairy tale (alternative names include fairytale, fairy story, magic tale, or wonder tale) is a short story that belongs to the folklore genre. Such stories typically feature magic (paranormal), magic, incantation, enchantments, and mythical ...
from
Gaspésie published by Canadian folklorist
Carmen Roy
Carmen Roy was an ethnologist and folklorist who conducted a oral survey in the Gaspé Peninsula and served in many roles as curator and section director at Canada's National Museum in Ottawa in the late 1940s through to the 1980s.''Fonds Carm ...
. It is related to the motif of the
calumniated wife
The Calumniated Wife is a motif in traditional narratives, numbered K2110.1 in Stith Thompson's ''Motif-Index of Folk-Literature''. It entails a wife being falsely accused of, and often punished for, some crime or sin. This motif is at the centre ...
and classified in the international
Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Children".
Summary
A prince gets lost in his own realm and reaches a house, where three orphan sisters are talking: the elder wants to marry the royal gardener, the middle one the royal baker and the youngest the king. The youngest marries the king and, while, he is away at war, gives birth to a little girl, "the most beautiful under the sun", with a golden sun on her left shoulder. Her jealous sisters take the girl and cast her in the sea. The next year, the queen gives birth to twin boys, "the most beautiful under the sun", one with a golden moon on his left arm, the other with a silver star on his right arm. Years later, they are sent for a bird that speaks, a tree that sings and plays music and a jug of golden water. By pouring down the jug into a basin, a fish will come out with glass scales, glistening like mirrors.
Analysis
Tale type
The tale corresponds to tale type ATU 707, "
The Three Golden Children", of the international
Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index, which is known in Franco-Canadian sources as ''Les Trois Fils dorés'' ("The Three Golden Sons"). According to folklore scholar
Stith Thompson
Stith Thompson (March 7, 1885 – January 10, 1976) was an American folklorist: he has been described as "America's most important folklorist".
He is the "Thompson" of the Aarne–Thompson–Uther Index, which indexes folktales by type, and the ...
, the French-Canadian variants represent one of three traditions of tale type 707 that occur in America, the others being the Portuguese and Spanish.
Scholarship points that the French oral repertoire of fairy tales was "well implanted" in North America and Canada, with many regions producing several variants of the tale type.
At least 25 variants are reported to have been collected from
francophone
French became an international language in the Middle Ages, when the power of the Kingdom of France made it the second international language, alongside Latin. This status continued to grow into the 18th century, by which time French was the l ...
North America. More specifically, Canadian and Franco-Canadian folklorists report 30 tales recorded in the archives of the
Laval University
Laval means ''The Valley'' in old French and is the name of:
People
* House of Laval, a French noble family originating from the town of Laval, Mayenne
* Laval (surname)
Places Belgium
* Laval, a village in the municipality of Sainte-Ode, Luxemb ...
. This led Canadian folklorist
Edith Fowke
Edith Fowke, ''(née'' Margaret Fulton; 30 April 1913 Lumsden, Saskatchewan – 28 Mar 1996 Toronto) was a Canadian folklorist.Nygaard King, Betty and Ruth Pincoe. Fowke was educated at the University of Saskatchewan. She hosted the CBC Radio ...
to state that the type was "quite popular among
French Canadians
French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fren ...
".
Variants
Professor
Marius Barbeau
Charles Marius Barbeau, (March 5, 1883 – February 27, 1969), also known as C. Marius Barbeau, or more commonly simply Marius Barbeau, was a Canadian ethnographer and folklorist who is today considered a founder of Canadian anthropology. A ...
collected a variant from
French Canada
French Canadians (referred to as Canadiens mainly before the twentieth century; french: Canadiens français, ; feminine form: , ), or Franco-Canadians (french: Franco-Canadiens), refers to either an ethnic group who trace their ancestry to Fre ...
(
Québec
Quebec ( ; )According to the Government of Canada, Canadian government, ''Québec'' (with the acute accent) is the official name in Canadian French and ''Quebec'' (without the accent) is the province's official name in Canadian English is ...
), from teller "Mme. Prudent Sioui", from Lorette, and published it in the ''
Journal of American Folklore
The ''Journal of American Folklore'' is a peer-reviewed academic journal published by the American Folklore Society. Since 2003, this has been done on its behalf by the University of Illinois Press. The journal has been published since the society' ...
''. In this tale, titled ''Les Soeurs Jalouses'' ("The envious sisters"), three sisters, daughters of an old couple, complain that their parents are old and frail and wonder about their future, planning to find good husband for themselves. The next day, the prince overhears their talk: the elder one wants to marry a baker, the middle one a butcher and the youngest the prince. The prince summons them to their presence and marries them to their respective husbands of choice. The youngest sister, now a princess, gives birth to a boy, "more beautiful than anyone else in the world", who the aunts replace for a monkey. The boy is cast into the sea in a box, but he is saved by an old man who collects flotsam for a living, and adopted by the old man and his wife.
Professor collected and published two other French-Canadian variants: ''La Barriere verte'' ("The Green Barrier") and ''Les trois enfants perdus'' ("The Three Lost Children"). In the first tale, three brothers marry three sisters, and the third couple is already expecting a child, to the envy of the other two. The children are cast into the other and, when adults, must seek "L'eau qui bouille, l'arbre qui chante et l'oiseau qui dit tout" ("the water that boils, the tree that sings and the bird that teils everything"). In the second tale, the youngest sister promises to give birth to triplets: a boy with the moon on the forehead, another with a star, and a girl from whose hair falls money. They are cast into the water, are rescued by a peasant couple and seek "the rose tree with all kinds of roses", from "the Garden of the End of the World", "water that boils in all colors and a blackbird that tells all truth".
In a variant by teller Isaïe Jolin, ''L'Oiseau de Vérité'' ("The Bird of Truth"), a king's son is asked by his father to find a wife. The prince then rides a chariot to look for potential brides and stops by a humble house, where a poor man dwells with his two daughters. The prince is invited to dine with them. He returns twice and asks the prettiest daughter in marriage. She consents and promises him she will bear the most beautiful children, their names written in gold on their backs, along with their parents' names. She gives birth to three children (a boy and two girls), who are cast in the water by her sister, who also forges a letter with a command to arrest the princess. The three children are saved by a king from another realm. The sisters send their brother, Tit-Jean, for a golden apple that makes one richer than the king. Tit-Jean obtains the apple, which begins to play "the best music there is" and produces money. Next, he seeks the olive tree branch that sings and the bird of truth that only tells truths.
Author collected two tales from teller Joseph Patry, from
Lac Saint-Jean
Lac Saint-Jean (Canadian French: ) is a large, relatively shallow lake in south-central Quebec, Canada, in the Laurentian Highlands. It is situated north of the Saint Lawrence River, into which it drains via the Saguenay River. It covers an are ...
. In the first one, titled ''L'oiseau vert'' ("The Green Bird"), a pair of siblings named Julie and Jean (Ti-Jean) leave home with four galettes and go into the forest. They survive by eating roots and berries, until they find an old woman who begs for a bit of food to eat. The siblings give the woman some of their galettes and she rewards them with a magic cane. The siblings use the cane to summon a ''génie'' and command the creature to build them a palace overnight. The next day, the queen, who lives in a nearby palace, admires the beauty of the palace that suddenly appeared and tells Julie that their abode is magnificent, albeit lacking the ''rosier sentant'' ('rosebush that feels') and the green bird. Although he classified it as type 707, the collector noted that it was a truncated version of the tale.
In the second tale from Joseph Patry, titled ''Le deux bessons'' ("The Twins"): a princess named Rosa prays to God to give her twins, a boy with a sun on his belly and a girl with the moon. This tale lacks the usual abandonment of the children and the quest of the other variants, but was still classiified as type 707.
Carmen Roy collected another variant from
Gaspésie with the title ''Le vieux fermier''.
In a variant from
Newfoundland
Newfoundland and Labrador (; french: Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador; frequently abbreviated as NL) is the easternmost province of Canada, in the country's Atlantic region. The province comprises the island of Newfoundland and the continental region ...
, collected from informant Mrs. Angela Kerfont and titled ''The Bluebird'', the twins, a boy and a girl, are raised by a white bear and sent on a quest for "a blue bird in a golden cage". The tale was republished as ''The White Bear'' by author Edith Fowke.
In a variant titled ''The Talking Nightingale'', collected from informant Jacques Cohen, of Canadian
Sephardim descent, a sultan has ten wives, but sighs over the lack of a son. One day, he consults with a sorcerer. The sorcerer advises him to go alone to a fountain near the tomb of a marabout and ask for the hand of the first maiden who fetches water in a jug. It happens thus and the sultan marries her as his eleventh wife. To his delight, she becomes pregnant. When she gives birth to a boy, the ten co-wives take the boy and replace him with a little puppy to deceive the king, while the child is given to a servant to be killed. The servant decides to spare the child and abandons the baby in the cave in the wilderness. The baby is found by a goatherd and his she-goats, and raises him. Years later, the boy, named Mess'ud ("of good omen"), is set to be married to the daughter of a local ''
sherif
Sherif, also spelled Sharif (and, in countries where Francophone Romanisation is the norm, Cherif or Charif), is a proper name derived from the Arabic word (, 'noble', 'highborn', 'honorable'), originally a title designating a person descended fr ...
''. The sultan's co-wives learn of the boy's survival and tell him to fulfill three conditions to his future marriage: first, to build a large house; then, to build a garden with all species of trees and flowers; lastly, to search for the talking nightingale.
Germain Lemieux's collection
Québécois folklorist collected from teller Maurice Prud'homme a tale titled ''Les Trois Vieilles Filles'' ("The Three Old Maidens"). In this tale, the third sister wishes to marry the king himself. She does and gives birth to three children in three consecutive pregnancies: two boys and a girl, all with "great beauty". They are rescued by the gardener and his wife. Years later, they are told of the treasures by a passing old man with long beard: the singing olive branch, the talking bird, the shining glass ball and the curtain made of golden mist. The old man explains that the golden mist appears from a stream of golden water that flows from the base of the olive branch.
In another tale published by Lemieux with the title ''Belle-Étoile'', collected from teller Alfred Simard, three sisters live a humble life with their ailing mother, who worries for their future. The three sisters find work in a hotel. The prince, his
vizier
A vizier (; ar, وزير, wazīr; fa, وزیر, vazīr), or wazir, is a high-ranking political advisor or minister in the near east. The Abbasid caliphs gave the title ''wazir'' to a minister formerly called ''katib'' (secretary), who was a ...
and his
aide-de-camp stay at the hotel for a night and listen to the sisters' conversation: the youngest, named Marie, wishes to marry the king and promises to bear him a beautiful daughter named Belle-Étoile, with a star on the front and golden hair; the middle one wants to marry the vizier and bear him a boy named Beau-Jour, and the oldest the aide-de-camp and to bear him a boy named Chéri. Their wishes are fulfilled and marriages are arranged. The old queen mother, however, hires a sorceress to take the children and cast them in the sea. The three cousins grow up together and become proficient at playing instruments. For this, the sorceress convinces Belle-Étoile to find a singing apple that plays every kind of music and a speaking bird.
In another tale published by Lemieux with the title ''L'oiseau de vérité'', collected from teller Celine Sirois, the three sisters are invited by their neighbours to a celebration. They lose their way, but end up near the prince's mansion. They admire his beauty and social rank and tell each other what they will do if they marry the prince, the youngest promises to give him twins, a boy with the image of the moon, and a girl with the image of the sun. Years later, both twins are sent for four willow trees that produce music, water that rejuvenates and the bird of truth.
In another tale, collected from teller Jos Hudon with the title ''Le Prince de Marinka'', a young prince finds a girl lost in the woods, takes her in and marries her. With time, she gives birth to a boy "of marvellous beauty" with an effigy of a golden sun on his left arm, and the next year a girl "with unparalleled beauty" with a golden sun on her left breast. The queen mother, their grandmother, tries to get rid of them. They survive and are sent for a wonderful lake with a magical golden fish, and a golden bird that sings.
In a tale collected from teller Joseph Tremblay with the title ''L'arbre chanteur... L'oiseau parleur...'' ("The Singing Tree... The Talking Bird..."), the tale begins like tale type ATU 709, "
Snow White
"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs" is a 19th-century German fairy tale that is today known widely across the Western world. The Brothers Grimm published it in 1812 in the first edition of their collection ''Grimms' Fairy Tales'' and numbered as Ta ...
": a woman tries to kill her own daughter with the help of her fairy godmother, but she fails and her daughter survives. In the second part of the tale, the Snow White-character marries a king and her sisters-in-law are the antagonists. The queen gives birth to two sons and a daughter in three consecutive births, who are taken from her by the sisters-in-law and cast in the water. They are saved by a miller and years later they are sent for a golden fountain, a tree that sings and a bird that talks.
[Lemieux, Germain. ]
Les Vieux m'ont conté
'. Vol. 30. Montréal: Éditions Bellarmin, 1990. pp. 11-35 (French transcription), 37-63 (original text). Collections de BAnQ.
References
{{DEFAULTSORT:Princes et la Princesse de Marinca
Female characters in fairy tales
Fictional twins
Twins in fiction
Birds in culture
Fictional birds
Canadian folklore
Gaspésie–Îles-de-la-Madeleine
ATU 700-749