Leptoptilos Javanicu

''Leptoptilos'' is a genus of very large tropical storks, also known as the adjutant bird. The name means thin (''lepto'') feather (''ptilos''). Two species are resident breeders in southern Asia, and the marabou stork is found in Sub-Saharan Africa.

These are huge birds, typically 110–150 cm tall with a 210–250 cm wingspan. The three species each have a black upper body and wings, and white belly and undertail. The head and neck are bare like those of a vulture. The huge bill is long and thick. Juveniles are a duller, browner version of the adult.

''Leptoptilos'' storks are gregarious colonial breeders in wetlands, building large stick nests in trees. They feed on frogs, insects, young birds, lizards and rodents. They are frequent scavengers, and the naked head and neck are adaptations to this, as are those of the vultures with which they often feed. A feathered head would become rapidly clotted with blood and other substances when a scavenging bird's head was inside a large corpse, and the bare head is easier to keep clean.

Most storks fly with neck outstretched, but the three ''Leptoptilos'' storks retract their necks in flight like a heron.

Taxonomy and species

The genus ''Leptoptilos'' was introduced in 1831 by the French naturalist René Lesson. The genus name combines the Ancient Greek ''leptos'' meaning "delicate" or "slender" with ''ptilon'' meaning "feather". The type species was subsequently designated as the greater adjutant by George Robert Gray.

The genus contains three extant species.

Fossils

There is an ample fossil record of this genus. Many fossils members of the genus were much larger than living species, standing as tall as a man, with the earliest being '' Leptoptilos falconeri'' from the Pliocene on the Southeast Asian islands of Java (''L''. ''titan'') and Flores ( ''L''. ''robustus'').

*†'' Leptoptilos falconeri'' (Early to Late Pliocene of south Asia and east Africa)
*†'' Leptoptilos indicus'' (Late Pliocene of Siwalik, India) – formerly ''Cryptociconia indica'', may be the same as ''L. falconeri'' (Louchart ''et al.'' 2005)
*†'' Leptoptilos lüi'' ( Middle Pleistocene of Jinniushan, Liaoning, China)
*†'' Leptoptilos patagonicus'' (Puerto Madryn Late Miocene of Valdés Peninsula, Argentina)
*†'' Leptoptilos pliocenicus'' (Early Pliocene of Odessa, Ukraine and Urugus, Ethiopia to Late Pliocene of Koro Toro, Chad and Olduvai, Tanzania) – includes ''L.'' cf. ''falconeri'', may be the same as ''L. falconeri''
*†''Leptoptilos richae'' (Beglia Late Miocene of Bled ed Douarah, Tunisia, and Wadi Moghara, Egypt?)
*†''Leptoptilos robustus'' (Pleistocene, Flores, Indonesia)
*†''Leptoptilos titan'' (Notopuro Middle/Late Pleistocene of Watualang, Java, Indonesia)
*†''Leptoptilos'' sp. (Ngorora Formation Late Miocene of Baringo District, Kenya: Louchart ''et al.'' 2005)

†'' Leptoptilos siwalicensis'' from the Siwalik deposits (Late Miocene? to Late Pliocene) may belong to this genus or to a closely related one (Louchart ''et al.'' 2005).

In culture

The adjutant bird features in the arms of Baron Sinha. In the satirical French puppet show ''Le Bébête Show'', Valéry Giscard d'Estaing was, for a time, depicted as a ''Leptoptilos''.

References

{{Taxonbar, from=Q577346

Bird genera
Taxa described in 1831
Taxa named by René Lesson