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''Leptopoma'' is a
genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...
of
land snail A land snail is any of the numerous species of snail that live on land, as opposed to the sea snails and freshwater snails. ''Land snail'' is the common name for terrestrial gastropod mollusks that have shells (those without shells are known as ...
s with a
gill A gill () is a respiratory organ that many aquatic organisms use to extract dissolved oxygen from water and to excrete carbon dioxide. The gills of some species, such as hermit crabs, have adapted to allow respiration on land provided they are ...
and an operculum, terrestrial
gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusk Mollusca is the second-largest phylum of invertebrate animals after the Arthropoda, the members of which are known as molluscs or mollusks (). Around 85,000  extant species of molluscs are recognized. The number of fossil species is e ...
s in the family Cyclophoridae.


Species

Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma achatinum'' Crosse, 1865 * '' Leptopoma acuminatum'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma altum'' Möllendorff, 1897 * '' Leptopoma amaliae'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma annamiticum'' Möllendorff, 1900 * ''
Leptopoma antonii ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma apicale'' Tapparone Canefri, 1883 * ''
Leptopoma apicatum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Benson, 1856 * ''
Leptopoma approximans ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma aspirans'' Benson, 1856 * '' Leptopoma atricapillum'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * ''
Leptopoma aureum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1896 * ''
Leptopoma bicolor ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma acha ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1854) * ''
Leptopoma bipartitum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * ''
Leptopoma bodjoense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1888 * ''
Leptopoma boettgeri ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (Möllendorff, 1887) * ''
Leptopoma boholense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * ''
Leptopoma bourguignati ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Issel, 1874 * ''
Leptopoma caroli ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Dohrn, 1862 * ''
Leptopoma celebesianum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Möllendorff, 1896 * ''
Leptopoma concinnum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1841) * ''
Leptopoma condorianum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
''Crosse & Fischer, 1863 * '' Leptopoma crenilabre'' Strubell, 1892 * † '' Leptopoma cretaceum'' Hrubesch, 1965 * ''
Leptopoma cuticulare ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ach ...
'' Möllendorff, 1888 * '' Leptopoma decipiens'' L. Pfeiffer, 1861 * ''
Leptopoma diplochilus ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Sykes, 1903 * ''
Leptopoma dohrni ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' A. Adams & Angas, 1864 * '' Leptopoma dubium'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma duplicatum'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1857) * '' Leptopoma elatum'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1852) * '' Leptopoma euconus'' Möllendorff, 1894 * '' Leptopoma fibula'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma fibulinum'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1897 * '' Leptopoma freeri'' Bartsch, 1909 * '' Leptopoma fulgurans'' Dautzenberg, 1902 * '' Leptopoma fultoni'' Aldrich, 1898 * '' Leptopoma gebiense'' Fulton, 1904 * '' Leptopoma geotrochiforme'' E. A. Smith, 1895 * ''
Leptopoma gianelli ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Tapparone Canefri, 1886 * '' Leptopoma globulosum'' L. Pfeiffer, 1861 * '' Leptopoma goniostoma'' (Reeve, 1842) * '' Leptopoma halmahericum'' Strubell, 1892 * '' Leptopoma hanleyanum'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1856) * ''
Leptopoma hargravesi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Cox, 1873 * '' Leptopoma helicoides'' (Grateloup, 1840) * '' Leptopoma holosericum'' P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1899 * '' Leptopoma huberi'' (Thach, 2018) * '' Leptopoma ignescens'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1851) * '' Leptopoma injectum'' Iredale, 1941 * '' Leptopoma insigne'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma intermedium'' E. von Martens, 1867 * '' Leptopoma intuszonatum'' Hidalgo, 1888 * '' Leptopoma kuekenthali'' Kobelt, 1897 * ''
Leptopoma lamellatum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Sykes, 1903 * ''
Leptopoma latelimbatum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1851) * ''
Leptopoma latilabre ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' E. von Martens, 1867 * '' Leptopoma leucorhaphe'' E. von Martens, 1863 * '' Leptopoma luteostoma'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma maculatum'' (I. Lea, 1838) * '' Leptopoma marginellus'' (Gmelin, 1791) * ''
Leptopoma massena ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ach ...
'' (Lesson, 1831) * '' Leptopoma mathildae'' Dohrn, 1862 * ''
Leptopoma maubanense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma mcgregori'' Bartsch, 1930 * '' Leptopoma megalostoma'' Möllendorff, 1902 * '' Leptopoma mekongiensis'' Rochebrune, 1882 * '' Leptopoma melanostoma'' (Petit, 1841) ** ''Leptopoma melanostoma janetabbasae'' Thach, 2018 * ''
Leptopoma menadense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' L. Pfeiffer, 1861 * '' Leptopoma minus'' Martens, 1867 * † ''
Leptopoma minutum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma acha ...
'' Hrubesch, 1965 * ''
Leptopoma mitchellae ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ach ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1900 * † '' Leptopoma morleti'' Cossmann, 1892 * '' Leptopoma mouhoti'' L. Pfeiffer, 1861 * '' Leptopoma moussoni'' E. von Martens, 1865 * ''
Leptopoma moutonense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Leschke, 1914 * ''
Leptopoma natunense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1894 * '' Leptopoma niasense'' Fulton, 1907 * ''
Leptopoma nigrilabrum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Tapparone Canefri, 1886 * '' Leptopoma panayense'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma papuanum'' Dohrn, 1862 * '' Leptopoma pellucidum'' (Hombron & Jacquinot, 1848) * '' Leptopoma perlucidum'' (Grateloup, 1840) * '' Leptopoma perplexum'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * ''
Leptopoma pfeifferi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Dohrn, 1862 * '' Leptopoma pileolus'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 * ''
Leptopoma pileus ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' (G. B. Sowerby I, 1843) * '' Leptopoma poecilum'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1895 * ''
Leptopoma polillanum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Möllendorff, 1894 * '' Leptopoma polyzonatum'' Möllendorff, 1882 * ''
Leptopoma pulchellum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1894 * '' Leptopoma pulicarium'' L. Pfeiffer, 1861 * ''
Leptopoma pumilum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Tapparone Canefri, 1886 * '' Leptopoma puniceum'' Tapparone Canefri, 1886 * '' Leptopoma pusillum'' Möllendorff, 1890 * ''
Leptopoma pyramis ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' Kobelt, 1886 * '' Leptopoma quadrasi'' Möllendorff, 1893 * '' Leptopoma regulare'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1851) * ''
Leptopoma roepstorffianum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma acha ...
'' G. Nevill, 1878 * ''
Leptopoma roseum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Möllendorff, 1888 * '' Leptopoma sarasinorum'' Kobelt, 1897 * ''
Leptopoma scabrum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Möllendorff, 1902 * ''
Leptopoma scalare ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' H. Adams, 1865 * '' Leptopoma sechellarum'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) * ''
Leptopoma semiclausum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1855) * '' Leptopoma sericatum'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1853) * ''
Leptopoma signatum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1857) * ''
Leptopoma skertchlyi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma acha ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1895 * '' Leptopoma sriabbasae'' Thach, 2020 * ''
Leptopoma stainforthi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, terrestrial animal, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * ''Leptopoma ...
'' (G.B. Sowerby II, 1842) * '' Leptopoma subalatum'' Quadras & Möllendorff, 1893 * '' Leptopoma superbum'' Dohrn, 1889 * ''
Leptopoma tagolandense ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Pilsbry, 1908 * '' Leptopoma tayninense'' Heude, 1890 * '' Leptopoma thachi'' F. Huber, 2020 * '' Leptopoma tigris'' Lee & Wu, 2001 * '' Leptopoma tissotianum'' (Crosse, 1878) * ''
Leptopoma trochus ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' Dohrn, 1862 * ''
Leptopoma undatum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ach ...
'' (Metcalfe, 1851) * ''
Leptopoma varians ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ach ...
'' Möllendorff, 1895 * '' Leptopoma venustulum'' Tapparone Canefri, 1886 * ''
Leptopoma vexillum ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' P. Sarasin & F. Sarasin, 1899 * ''
Leptopoma wallacei ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' (L. Pfeiffer, 1857) * ''
Leptopoma whiteheadi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' E. A. Smith, 1887 * ''
Leptopoma woodfordi ''Leptopoma'' is a genus of land snails with a gill and an operculum, terrestrial gastropod mollusks in the family Cyclophoridae. Species Species within the genus ''Leptopoma'' include: * '' Leptopoma abbasi'' Thach, 2017 * '' Leptopoma ac ...
'' G. B. Sowerby III, 1890 ;Species brought into synonymy: * ''Leptopoma nitidum'' (Sowerby, G.B. II, 1843) : synonym of ''
Leptopoma perlucida ''Leptopoma perlucidum'' is a species of land snail with a gill and an operculum, a terrestrial gastropod mollusk in the family Cyclophoridae. Distribution This species occurs in Indonesia,Nomenclator Zoologicus info
* Nguyen Ngoc Thach, ''Leptopoma melanostoma janetabbasae, a new subspecies (Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae) from Indonesia, and Correction of Errata in “New Shells of South Asia”'', The Festivus vol. 50 (4), November 2018


External links


Pfeiffer, L. (1847). Ueber die Eintheilung der Cyclostomaceen. Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie. 4: 45–48

Crosse H. (1878). Diagnoses generis novi Pneumonopomorum et Volutae novae. Journal de Conchyliologie. 26(2): 163–166.

Adams, H. & Adams, A. (1853-1858). The genera of Recent Mollusca; arranged according to their organization. London, van Voorst. Vol. 1: xl + 484 pp.; vol. 2: 661 pp.; vol. 3: 138 pls.

Herrmannsen, A. N. (1846–1852). Indicis Generum Malacozoorum primordia. Fischer, Cassel.
{{Taxonbar, from=Q6528283 Cyclophoridae Gastropod genera Taxa named by Ludwig Karl Georg Pfeiffer