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Lieutenant Colonel Leonard Arthur Bethell (6 December 1879 - 15 December 1950) was a distinguished soldier in India in Edwardian times, and a successful author in the 1930s. He is chiefly significant as an author, providing a direct, unheroic and unvarnished narrative of British efforts to administer the Northern jungles of Assam during the early 20th century, often providing an alternative view to the official accounts.
Personal life
Through his father, Leonard was connected to Cardinal Manning, and to Richard Bethell, first Baron Westbury, former Lord Chancellor of England. On his mother's side, he was connected to the ancient Highland Clan of Maclean. Leonard was born inBoulogne
Boulogne-sur-Mer (; pcd, Boulonne-su-Mér; nl, Bonen; la, Gesoriacum or ''Bononia''), often called just Boulogne (, ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the ...
in 1879, but the family address was 16 Royal Crescent
The Royal Crescent is a row of 30 terraced houses laid out in a sweeping Crescent (architecture), crescent in the city of Bath, Somerset, Bath, England. Designed by the architect John Wood, the Younger and built between 1767 and 1774, it is a ...
, Walcot, Bath, Somerset
Bath () is a city in the Bath and North East Somerset unitary area in the county of Somerset, England, known for and named after its Roman-built baths. At the 2021 Census, the population was 101,557. Bath is in the valley of the River Avon, ...
. The family were in transit when the birth happened.
The Bethell household 1881 census indicates a large and prosperous family. Bethell's father, Henry Slingsby Bethell, is described as a civil engineer. The family had eight live-in servants and 6 children - one daughter and five sons at the time of the census, Leonard being the youngest, at one year old.
When Henry lost a lung due to TB in 1889, the family took Villa Bader in Garmisch, a ski resort in a mountainous area of Bavaria, mountain air being believed beneficial for TB. They took in paying guests there - Edward Elgar
Sir Edward William Elgar, 1st Baronet, (; 2 June 1857 – 23 February 1934) was an English composer, many of whose works have entered the British and international classical concert repertoire. Among his best-known compositions are orchestr ...
's family was among them, and he dedicated his work ' From the Bavarian Highlands' to them. Elgar played football with the youngsters of the house, and he and Henry remained friends throughout life.
Leonard was educated in Garmisch, then in England. His father, though Eton-educated, sent Leonard to the Catholic boys school - Ampleforth College in North Yorkshire. Henry had converted to Catholicism in 1861 - he died in Rome in 1908 when Leonard was 28. After Ampleforth, Leonard went to Royal Military College, Sandhurst and then joined the army.
Leonard married Winifred Clytie Hall in Shillong, Assam, in 1908. They made a trip back to England immediately afterwards - Clytie's father had died a day before the wedding. The marriage was not always a happy one, but they remained married until Clytie's death in 1940. The couple had two children — Eileen Nancy Bethell (1909 - 1988) and Leonard Norman Bethell (1914 - 1940) — Eileen went on to marry John Birney in 1937 and have children, Norman died at Dunkirk
Dunkirk (french: Dunkerque ; vls, label=French Flemish, Duunkerke; nl, Duinkerke(n) ; , ;) is a commune in the department of Nord in northern France.
Bethell joined the Fairclough Lodge of Freemasons in
The Second Boer War, 1899 - 1902, was fought to prevent parts of South Africa – Orange Free State and Transvaal - seceding from British control. The war was generally unsuccessful for the British, who engaged half a million troops versus the Boers 50,000 to win it. The demand for new recruits was high.
Bethell joined the York and Lancaster Regiment as a young second Lieutenant on his 20th birthday, and went immediately to South Africa. He saw action at the relief of
Humfrey Jordan
''Outpost duties as learnt in South Africa'', William Clowes & Sons, London 1903. (43 pp)
Bethell's first published work, published under his own name. The short book, or pamphlet, written as an army manual, is based on his experiences in South Africa during the Boer War. The Boer soldiers, better adapted to the landscape and country, presented a real challenge to sentries. The book's general attitude might be summarised as 'shoot first, ask questions later; bayonet if possible to avoid noise!'.
Blackwood's ''Tales from the Outposts''; general editor, under his own name. 12 volume, Edinburgh and London, 1932-1933 (with reprints from articles in Blackwoods Magazine).
Bethell's stories within this series - all written under the pseudonym 'Pousse Cailloux' - are -
Volume 1 : ''Frontiers of Empire'':
"A Footnote" - Bethell's personal account of the Younghusband expedition. Bethell's regiment was responsible for keeping open the passes, and supply lines from India. When these were eventually over-stretched, the expedition risked an unsupported journey to Lhasa, raiding monasteries for food.
'A Footnote' is repeatedly cited in Charles Allen's 'Duel in the Snows'. 'A Footnote' gained gratitude from Younghusband's wife, Lady Helen Augusta Younghusband, who wrote "I shall never forget my delight in this blessed Blackwood, sent to me anonymously in 1935. We never saw the author, but I wrote to him through the publishers to tell him what this charming appreciation has meant to me. H. A. Y." "A Border Affair" describes an expedition across the Assam jungles to investigate reports of Chinese activity on the Northern border. They find an isolated garrison, and a notice in Chinese - this is the limit of the Celestial Empire. The garrison is starving and demoralised - they are taken back to British headquarters, and given a passage by ship back to China. "The Silver Hand of Alexander" - a remarkable, though speculative, account of factors in the Conolly and
"Retaliation" - a story of revenge in the Pathan community, as narrated to Bethell. Volume 8 : ''Jungle Tales'':
"Lost Sepoys" - told against the background of the Lakhimpur Military Police restoring order in the jungle after the Abor Expedition withdrew. Two soldiers go hunting and fail to return at nightfall. As the search parties go to sleep on the last night of their search, they hear the extraordinary, almost human wailing of a chorus of jackals. A sound they have never heard before in that part of the jungle. The remains of the two Gurkhas are found some months later, only yards from where the searchers were looking for them.
"Highbrows and Lowbrows" - a fictionalised version of the Abor expedition which Bethell was part of. Names and details are altered, but it seems probable that Dr Gregorson ("Grant" in the story) – is from life. Bethell blames his ethnographical inquiries for the incomprehension and hostility arising between explorers and tribesmen, and the consequent volatile situation. The most singular incident - of the colours on the envelopes being the cause of the massacre, and hence the resulting punitive expedition - accords with the historical accounts of the time. The conclusion of the story - which is not historical - gives Bethell's imagined view of how the Abor expedition should have been run.
Bethell says in his opening paragraph that his story brings cause and effect into closer relationship than occurred in real life, and that he does not use real names - "so it is useless, after all these years, to try to identify the people who walk through these pages"
"Movable Columns" - Strategy in jungle warfare, in particular the work by the Assam Military Police – of which Bethell was Assistant Commandant – to normalise relations with the tribes following the withdrawal of the Abor expedition. Bethell himself was on the Abor expedition, whose methods he criticises – thus his preference for writing under a pseudonym. Volume 11 : ''From Strange Places'':
"Eldorado Unlimited" - An economic history of India from the first opening of the sea route to Bombay onwards. A mixture of official facts and figures blended with Bethell’s own experiences and anecdotes of India. Volume 12 : ''In Lighter Vein'':
"Weights and Scales" - A fishing holiday in happy mood, somewhere in the Punjab, on a river where the foothills of the Himalayas are visible in the distance. Bethell catches a huge mahseer with much-needed help from two Indian boys – the sons of his shikari.
"A Rapid Survey" - An adventure down an unexplored jungle river in a Berthon boat. The boat holds up well given its construction, but is broken as they cross their third rapids. Bethell mentions this story in his letters, and makes it clear that real events have been extended and amplified for the purpose of the story. He says that F. M. Bailey was one of the people with him – named 'Baird' in the story. "Fiat Experimentum" - After a rabies cure at the Pasteur Institute, Bethell uses the rest of his leave to stay on and look over the various experiments and researches in progress at the Institute.
"Experiments in the Primitive" - Among Blackwoods articles not published in 'Tales from the Outposts', this attracted critical interest. Zarif, in his book, 'Two Months Leave', says 'This was an excellent article, covering entirely new ground, in which the author showed, for the first time, probably, in the history of shikar, that there is a definite peculiar influence which man exerts over animals. There is some form of mental "telepathy" which, if a man sits waiting patiently, murder in his heart, to shoot an animal, seems to warn that animal, who probably never appears". F. W. Champion in 'The Jungle in Sunlight and Shadow' summarises - 'He (Bethell) had been watching some of these magnificent wild sheep at rather long range for hours on end waiting for a chance to shoot. At long last he decided to risk the shot, and, simultaneously with his decision, the three Ammon, which had paid no attention to him all day, jumped to their feet, fully alert, even though he had not made the slightest sound or movement'. 'Anyhow, whatever theories people may have about this, we do all of us owe a debt of gratitude to "Forepoint Severn" for his courage in being the first to bring to light what must, after all, have seemed at first sight to be a crazy theory.' ''His Majesty's Shirt Sleeves'', (as Pousse Cailloux). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1930. A collection of short stories, many of them later republished in 'Tales from the Outposts'. ''The Garden of the Hesperides'', (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1936. A collection of short stories, including ''Adedoids'', which refers to Frederick Marshman Bailey's under cover activities in what was to become Soviet Central Asia. Bailey was a master of disguise. He joined the Soviet Secret Police and was assigned to a mission to find an undercover British secret agent - who was himself! Luckily, the mission was not a success. In this story, Bailey is referred to under the pseudonym 'Barclay' as Bethell makes clear in his letter to Bailey, 8 November 1934 ''Adedoids'' also includes an eyewitness account of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, as related to Bethell by an Indian friend of his who lived in a house overlooking the square. Bethell was at that time with the 4th Gurkhas in what is now Pakistan. Bethell concludes from their discussion that the primary incitement to a potential riot was by a renegade British officer - a deserter already known to Bethell from his time in Assam. ''The Bat Artist'', describes a hunting and trekking holiday in the previously Austrian South Tyrol, recently taken over by Italy in boundary changes following the First World War. The holiday is organised by Bethell, who has bought a small mountain estate there. The political situation in the area is tense, with the rise of Fascism in neighbouring Italy. One of the party turns up very late, having been detained by bureaucratic and political obstructions entering the area. Among other events, he has had a meeting with Adolf Hitler. As often happens in Bethell's stories, the identity of this member of the party, who is sympathetic to Hitler's views, is covered by a pseudonym - "Brodie" - the 'Bat artist'. (An older term for insanity - cf 'bats in the belfry'. or 'batty') ''The Blind Road'', (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1938. Describes a year-long expedition through unexplored and uncharted jungles of northern Assam to assess invasion routes from China, and possibly to discover what had happened to a lone British explorer travelling incognito, and gathering intelligence, in China and Sikkim. Bethell knows him from the Tibet Mission. He names him 'Drummond' - in fact a pseudonym for Frederick Marshman Bailey. As he states in his letter to Bailey "there are bound to be a number of people who will be able to identify 'Drummond' with F. M. Bailey". ("Drummond" is taken from Bailey's home street in Edinburgh.)
The party, led by Bethell, struggle against multiple obstacles – eaten alive by leeches, throwing rope bridges across river gorges, scrambling along sheer rocks by the side of a river as their only means of progress, and cutting a weary way through dense belts of bamboo forest. Reaching the northern limit of their journey, they assess that any invasion through that route would be as doomed as they have been but they rescue 'Drummond' whom they find destitute and half-starved in a cave.
The story is based on Bethell's diary of the year, and includes many evocative and atmospheric diversions into the life of the jungle, the tribes, the little understood tribal rituals of birth and death.
Travelling back, when crucial parts of the food ration are stolen by the jungle tribes, one of the guards on the food store is suspected of complicity. Summary execution is considered, but commuted until they get back to HQ - 'Hodiya' in the story, Sadiya in fact. Half-starved and in rags they do get back home - the death sentence is reprieved.
'The Blind Road' received favourable critical reviews - the Observer of 1939, for example, writing "Until this book of Forepoint Severn's the North East Frontier has lacked its Herodotus and Xenophon, its
Bethell and Bailey were on the Younghusband Expedition together, shared a tent and shared the privations of that expedition. "In that first winter - indeed, throughout the expedition except during the two months of summer - personal cleanliness went by default. Had there been fuel enough to spare for hot water, the bath would have suffered the same fate as the teacup." (frozen instantly). "There was no shaving, and a most atrocious beard disguised everybody. A change of underwear became a risky adventure, rarely to be indulged in; and since going to bed involved only the addition of more clothing to that of the day, the matter was steadily overlooked"
Bailey was a secret agent in China and Central Asia during the same era as Bethell was working in Assam - effectively playing his part in ' The Great Game', countering Russian influence on India's northern border. A friendship developed between the two, and later included their families as well, sharing holidays and visits together. They remained friends for years, and a long correspondence from 1915 to 1938 is held in the National Archive. (The letters from Bethell were archived by Bailey, but not his own replies to them.)
Bethell used the adventures and travels of Bailey in several of his stories, most notably 'The Blind Road'. The correspondence between the two came to an end after publication of 'The Blind Road'. The last two letters from Bethell both ask for comments on 'The Blind Road', but he evidently did not receive any. There was a conflict of interest, as Bailey was planning his own memoirs at the time.
In a letter 27 December 1935 Bethell announced that, with regret, he was selling their house in Dorking, New Clan House, and moving to a serviced flat in London, in Hillfield Court,
"Drummond" = Frederick Marshman Bailey
"Barclay" = Frederick Marshman Bailey
"Dr Grant" = Dr Gregorson (of the Abor expedition)
"Pardon-Howe" = Mr. W. C. M. Dundas, Political Officer at Sadiya
"Hodiya" = Sadiya .
"Push" = Leonard Bethell
Lt-Col Leonard Arthur Bethell (1879–1950), Indian Army 1899
* The Gurkha Museum, Winchester {{DEFAULTSORT:Bethell, Leonard Arthur 1879 births 1950 deaths 1930s in literature 20th-century British short story writers Assam Boer Wars British Army personnel of the Second Boer War British Home Guard officers British Indian Army officers British male short story writers British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet British people in colonial India Gurkhas Indian Army personnel of World War I Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Ampleforth College Younghusband family
Mandalay
Mandalay ( or ; ) is the second-largest city in Myanmar, after Yangon. Located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, 631km (392 miles) (Road Distance) north of Yangon, the city has a population of 1,225,553 (2014 census).
Mandalay was fo ...
, Burma in 1917.
Military career
Ladysmith Ladysmith may refer to:
* Ladysmith, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
* Ladysmith, British Columbia, Canada
* Ladysmith, Wisconsin, United States
* Ladysmith, New South Wales, Australia
* Ladysmith, Virginia, United States
* Ladysmith Island, Queensl ...
, and took part in the battles of Spion Kop, Vaal Krantz
The Battle of Vaal Krantz (5 February to 7 February 1900) was the third failed attempt by General Redvers Buller's British army to fight its way past Louis Botha's army of Boer irregulars and lift the Siege of Ladysmith. The battle occurred durin ...
, Tugela Heights
The Tugela River ( zu, Thukela; af, Tugelarivier) is the largest river in KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa. With a total length of , it is one of the most important rivers of the country.
The river originates in Mont-aux-Sources of the D ...
, Pieter's Hill and the second Battle of Laing’s Nek on 12 June 1900. He was in operations in the Transvaal, July 1900 to April 1901, and on the Zululand frontier of Natal from April to July 1900. While in South Africa he served for a time with the Mounted Infantry.
India
Bethell was seconded for service with the Indian Staff Corps from 23 October 1901 and arrived in India in November 1901. He was appointed to the Indian Army in October 1902, serving with the 16th Rajput Infantry. In November 1902 he was attached temporarily to the 13th Rajput Infantry. In 1904 he was posted to the 8th Gurkha Rifles and in 1908 to the new 10th Gurkha Rifles on its formation. In 1912 he was appointed Assistant Commandant of the Lakhimpur Battalion, Assam Military Police.Tibet
The Younghusband Expedition to Tibet, 1903 - 1904, was a late imperial adventure, ordered by the Viceroy, Lord Curzon, to create a foothold on India's Northern border against the feared Russian and Chinese influences. Bethell was part of the Younghusband Expedition when he was seconded to the 4th Gurkha Rifles. During this time, he met Frederick Marshman Bailey, who became a close friend. He was in action at Niani and Gyantse Jong, and in the march to Lhasa. (Indian Army Lists.) Though militarily successful the treaties it led to were later revoked, and it fell into disfavour with government and the British public, who saw it as a massacre of unarmed peasants. Bethell gives a different view, based on his own experience, in 'A Footnote' (see below).Assam
Bethell took part in the Abor expedition into the jungles of Assam, 1911–12, to avenge the murder by the Abors of the explorers Dr. Gregorson and Assistant Political Officer Mr. N. Williamson, and most of their fifty servants and porters. Bethell based his story 'High Brows and Low Brows' (see below) on this expedition, and was joint contributor to an article on its geographical results. F. M. Bailey was also a member of this expedition.First World War
Bethell was posted to France in 1914. He joined the 2nd Gurkha Rifles on 12 November 1914, and was in action soon afterwards. On 11 December he went forward of the trenches and brought in two wounded men and, with help, two dead. On 20 December he was engaged in the action at La Quinque Rue. He was severely wounded, and left France on 28 February 1915. He was mentioned in despatches in theLondon Gazette
London is the capital and List of urban areas in the United Kingdom, largest city of England and the United Kingdom, with a population of just under 9 million. It stands on the River Thames in south-east England at the head of a estuary dow ...
22 June 1915.
Burma and Pakistan
Recovering from his wound he returned to Burma, rejoined the Gurkhas, and took command of the 1st/10th Gurkha Rifles Depot at Mandalay until January 1916, after which he was appointed Company Officer at the Cadet College in Quetta, Baluchistan. He returned to the 1st/10th Depot soon afterwards, and commanded it at Mandalay Fort and Maymyo. The History of the 10th Gurkha Rifles says of him: “Bethell was a strange and in some ways eccentric character and many stories were told about him and his unorthodox disciplinary methods, but there was never any criticism of his work as Depot Commander throughout the war, and the 1st Battalion owe him a deep debt of gratitude for the five drafts sent them... he also showed unusual breadth of vision in the great care he took to safe-guard the health and happiness of the families of the men on service.”.Afghanistan, 1919
Bethell took part in the Third Afghan War with the 7th Gurkha Rifles. He was appointed OBE, and was mentioned in despatches in the London Gazette 3 August 1920.The Khyber Pass
He was given command of the 2nd Battalion 4th Gurkha Rifles and during his tour of command his battalion served at Landi Kotal and Landi Khana in theKhyber Pass
The Khyber Pass (خیبر درہ) is a mountain pass in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, on the border with the Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan. It connects the town of Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar at Jamrud by traversing pa ...
area. During this period, he met Frederick Marshman Bailey again, who was returning through the Khyber Pass from his undercover activities in Central Asia.
Retirement from the Army
His tour of command was shortened due to a heart condition: he was invalided to England in August 1924. He came on his own and his postal address then was given as 'c/o Lloyds Bank, Pall Mall'. On 14 September 1926 he was placed on the Unemployed List on completion of his command. His army pension left him short of funds, but his mother-in-law cleared his debts, and bought New Clan inDorking
Dorking () is a market town in Surrey in South East England, about south of London. It is in Mole Valley District and the council headquarters are to the east of the centre. The High Street runs roughly east–west, parallel to the Pipp Br ...
for the family. By 1926 both he and his wife are on the electoral register for New Clan.
A detailed list of his service record is held by the Gurkha Museum, Winchester, in the biography by Denis Wood, February 2023.
Medals
Bethell received the following military awards and decorations. * Queen's South Africa Medal with clasps - Cape Colony, Tugela Heights, Orange Free State, Relief of Ladysmith, Transvaal, Laing's Nek, South Africa 1901. *Tibet Medal
The Tibet Medal was authorised in February 1905 for all members of the Tibet Mission and accompanying troops who served at or beyond Siliguri from 13 December 1903 to 23 September 1904.
The obverse of the medal, designed by G. W. de Saulles, ...
with clasp Gyantse.
* India General Service Medal 1909 with clasps Abor 1911-12 and Afghanistan N.W.F. 1919 and oak leaves.
* 1914 Star
The 1914 Star, colloquially known as the Mons Star, is a British World War I campaign medal for service in France or Belgium between 5 August and 22 November 1914.
Institution
The 1914 Star was authorised under Special Army Order no. 350 in Nov ...
.
* British War Medal 1914–20.
* Victory Medal with oak leaves.
Literary career
Bethell left the army in 1927 owing to ill health, and began a successful writing career – under his own name, but also under pseudonyms 'Pousse Cailloux' and 'Forepoint Severn' – generally covering his own experiences with the Gurkhas. ('Pousse Cailloux - a French expression for 'foot soldier', 'Forepoint Severn' - probably a reference to the4.7 inch gun A 4.7 inch Gun is any of a number of British-built 120 mm naval artillery guns. Several of these guns were designed and manufactured by the Elswick Ordnance Company, part of Armstrong Whitworth. They were a major export item and hence were actually ...
used in World War I - known for its reliability)
When contributing to magazines other than Blackwoods he uses even more pseudonyms - "Mauser", "Punjabi", and "Peter Paul" - in the Sphere, and the Graphic.
He wrote primarily for Blackwood's Magazine, and, becoming a mainstay of their commercial success at the time, was offered a post as Director. In that role, he created the 12 volume series 'Tales from the Outposts' which became another commercial success. As part of the deal, he was offered 25% of the proceeds - he stuck out for, and got, 50%. (Letter from Bethell to Bailey)
The stories in the collection are from remote corners of the world, especially the British Empire, and told by people living in or with experience of those places. Most were originally published in Blackwood's, which found a large part of its circulation in those colonial locations.
The project took three years, from 1930 to 1933, and included contributions from notable authors and personalities - Sir Hugh Clifford
Sir Hugh Charles Clifford, (5 March 1866 – 18 December 1941) was a British colonial administrator.
Early life
Clifford was born in Roehampton, London, the sixth of the eight children of Major-General Sir Henry Hugh Clifford and his wife Jos ...
, Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski, ; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Poles in the United Kingdom#19th century, Polish-British novelist and short story writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest writers in t ...
, John Buchan
John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir (; 26 August 1875 – 11 February 1940) was a Scottish novelist, historian, and Unionist politician who served as Governor General of Canada, the 15th since Canadian Confederation.
After a brief legal career ...
, Fredrick Marshman Bailey, Alfred Noyes, George Younghusband, Lord Baden-Powell
Lieutenant-General Robert Stephenson Smyth Baden-Powell, 1st Baron Baden-Powell, ( ; (Commonly pronounced by others as ) 22 February 1857 – 8 January 1941) was a British Army officer, writer, founder and first Chief Scout of the wor ...
, Weston Martyr
Joseph Weston Martyr (1885 – 27 March 1966), was a pioneer British ocean yachtsman, writer and broadcaster, who was influential in the creation of the Fastnet race after participating in similar races in Bermuda in 1924
Martyr's varied adult ...
Humfrey Jordan
Frank Coutts Hendry
Frank Coutts Hendry OBE, MC (1875–1955) served in the Indian Army Reserve, Merchant Navy, Rangoon Pilot Service, was an Indian Army officer, and author. His Military Cross is in the Royal Museums Greenwich collections. Several of his books ...
, Ernest Swinton, Edmund Candler, Alfred Ollivant, R. E. Vernede, Geo. Forbes F.R.S., John Still, Perceval Gibbon
Perceval Gibbon (4 November 1879 – 30 May 1926) was an author and journalist, serving for the Rand Daily Mail in South Africa, as well as for other publications. Gibbon had travelled to South Africa in 1898, moved to the war front and became th ...
, Hilton Brown, John Graham Bower and many others. Index to 'Tales from the Outposts'.
The books fell out of favour during the mid-twentieth century as interest in the empire declined. However some of the volumes have now been re-issued in paperback, and are available on Kindle. Amazon's 'Goodreads' website rates the series at three stars.
Published works
Bethell also published works of his own, including some of the stories in 'Tales from the Outposts'.
''Outpost duties as learnt in South Africa'', William Clowes & Sons, London 1903. (43 pp)
Bethell's first published work, published under his own name. The short book, or pamphlet, written as an army manual, is based on his experiences in South Africa during the Boer War. The Boer soldiers, better adapted to the landscape and country, presented a real challenge to sentries. The book's general attitude might be summarised as 'shoot first, ask questions later; bayonet if possible to avoid noise!'.
Blackwood's ''Tales from the Outposts''; general editor, under his own name. 12 volume, Edinburgh and London, 1932-1933 (with reprints from articles in Blackwoods Magazine).
Bethell's stories within this series - all written under the pseudonym 'Pousse Cailloux' - are -
Volume 1 : ''Frontiers of Empire'': "A Footnote" - Bethell's personal account of the Younghusband expedition. Bethell's regiment was responsible for keeping open the passes, and supply lines from India. When these were eventually over-stretched, the expedition risked an unsupported journey to Lhasa, raiding monasteries for food.
'A Footnote' is repeatedly cited in Charles Allen's 'Duel in the Snows'. 'A Footnote' gained gratitude from Younghusband's wife, Lady Helen Augusta Younghusband, who wrote "I shall never forget my delight in this blessed Blackwood, sent to me anonymously in 1935. We never saw the author, but I wrote to him through the publishers to tell him what this charming appreciation has meant to me. H. A. Y." "A Border Affair" describes an expedition across the Assam jungles to investigate reports of Chinese activity on the Northern border. They find an isolated garrison, and a notice in Chinese - this is the limit of the Celestial Empire. The garrison is starving and demoralised - they are taken back to British headquarters, and given a passage by ship back to China. "The Silver Hand of Alexander" - a remarkable, though speculative, account of factors in the Conolly and
Stoddart Stoddart is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Alexander "Sandy" Stoddart (born 1959), Scottish sculptor
*Andrew Stoddart (1863–1915), English cricketer and rugby union player
* Cassie Jo Stoddart (1989-2006), American murder v ...
affair, based on archives of The Great Game that Bethell had been given access to. The title refers to a silver replica of the hand of Alexander - almost the only successful conqueror of Afghanistan and other Islamist Khanates of the area, where his name still carries respect.
Volume 3 : ''Tales of the Border'': "Retaliation" - a story of revenge in the Pathan community, as narrated to Bethell. Volume 8 : ''Jungle Tales'':
"Lost Sepoys" - told against the background of the Lakhimpur Military Police restoring order in the jungle after the Abor Expedition withdrew. Two soldiers go hunting and fail to return at nightfall. As the search parties go to sleep on the last night of their search, they hear the extraordinary, almost human wailing of a chorus of jackals. A sound they have never heard before in that part of the jungle. The remains of the two Gurkhas are found some months later, only yards from where the searchers were looking for them.
"Highbrows and Lowbrows" - a fictionalised version of the Abor expedition which Bethell was part of. Names and details are altered, but it seems probable that Dr Gregorson ("Grant" in the story) – is from life. Bethell blames his ethnographical inquiries for the incomprehension and hostility arising between explorers and tribesmen, and the consequent volatile situation. The most singular incident - of the colours on the envelopes being the cause of the massacre, and hence the resulting punitive expedition - accords with the historical accounts of the time. The conclusion of the story - which is not historical - gives Bethell's imagined view of how the Abor expedition should have been run.
Bethell says in his opening paragraph that his story brings cause and effect into closer relationship than occurred in real life, and that he does not use real names - "so it is useless, after all these years, to try to identify the people who walk through these pages"
"Movable Columns" - Strategy in jungle warfare, in particular the work by the Assam Military Police – of which Bethell was Assistant Commandant – to normalise relations with the tribes following the withdrawal of the Abor expedition. Bethell himself was on the Abor expedition, whose methods he criticises – thus his preference for writing under a pseudonym. Volume 11 : ''From Strange Places'':
"Eldorado Unlimited" - An economic history of India from the first opening of the sea route to Bombay onwards. A mixture of official facts and figures blended with Bethell’s own experiences and anecdotes of India. Volume 12 : ''In Lighter Vein'':
"Weights and Scales" - A fishing holiday in happy mood, somewhere in the Punjab, on a river where the foothills of the Himalayas are visible in the distance. Bethell catches a huge mahseer with much-needed help from two Indian boys – the sons of his shikari.
"A Rapid Survey" - An adventure down an unexplored jungle river in a Berthon boat. The boat holds up well given its construction, but is broken as they cross their third rapids. Bethell mentions this story in his letters, and makes it clear that real events have been extended and amplified for the purpose of the story. He says that F. M. Bailey was one of the people with him – named 'Baird' in the story. "Fiat Experimentum" - After a rabies cure at the Pasteur Institute, Bethell uses the rest of his leave to stay on and look over the various experiments and researches in progress at the Institute.
"Experiments in the Primitive" - Among Blackwoods articles not published in 'Tales from the Outposts', this attracted critical interest. Zarif, in his book, 'Two Months Leave', says 'This was an excellent article, covering entirely new ground, in which the author showed, for the first time, probably, in the history of shikar, that there is a definite peculiar influence which man exerts over animals. There is some form of mental "telepathy" which, if a man sits waiting patiently, murder in his heart, to shoot an animal, seems to warn that animal, who probably never appears". F. W. Champion in 'The Jungle in Sunlight and Shadow' summarises - 'He (Bethell) had been watching some of these magnificent wild sheep at rather long range for hours on end waiting for a chance to shoot. At long last he decided to risk the shot, and, simultaneously with his decision, the three Ammon, which had paid no attention to him all day, jumped to their feet, fully alert, even though he had not made the slightest sound or movement'. 'Anyhow, whatever theories people may have about this, we do all of us owe a debt of gratitude to "Forepoint Severn" for his courage in being the first to bring to light what must, after all, have seemed at first sight to be a crazy theory.' ''His Majesty's Shirt Sleeves'', (as Pousse Cailloux). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1930. A collection of short stories, many of them later republished in 'Tales from the Outposts'. ''The Garden of the Hesperides'', (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1936. A collection of short stories, including ''Adedoids'', which refers to Frederick Marshman Bailey's under cover activities in what was to become Soviet Central Asia. Bailey was a master of disguise. He joined the Soviet Secret Police and was assigned to a mission to find an undercover British secret agent - who was himself! Luckily, the mission was not a success. In this story, Bailey is referred to under the pseudonym 'Barclay' as Bethell makes clear in his letter to Bailey, 8 November 1934 ''Adedoids'' also includes an eyewitness account of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, as related to Bethell by an Indian friend of his who lived in a house overlooking the square. Bethell was at that time with the 4th Gurkhas in what is now Pakistan. Bethell concludes from their discussion that the primary incitement to a potential riot was by a renegade British officer - a deserter already known to Bethell from his time in Assam. ''The Bat Artist'', describes a hunting and trekking holiday in the previously Austrian South Tyrol, recently taken over by Italy in boundary changes following the First World War. The holiday is organised by Bethell, who has bought a small mountain estate there. The political situation in the area is tense, with the rise of Fascism in neighbouring Italy. One of the party turns up very late, having been detained by bureaucratic and political obstructions entering the area. Among other events, he has had a meeting with Adolf Hitler. As often happens in Bethell's stories, the identity of this member of the party, who is sympathetic to Hitler's views, is covered by a pseudonym - "Brodie" - the 'Bat artist'. (An older term for insanity - cf 'bats in the belfry'. or 'batty') ''The Blind Road'', (as Forepoint Severn). Blackwood, Edinburgh and London, 1938. Describes a year-long expedition through unexplored and uncharted jungles of northern Assam to assess invasion routes from China, and possibly to discover what had happened to a lone British explorer travelling incognito, and gathering intelligence, in China and Sikkim. Bethell knows him from the Tibet Mission. He names him 'Drummond' - in fact a pseudonym for Frederick Marshman Bailey. As he states in his letter to Bailey "there are bound to be a number of people who will be able to identify 'Drummond' with F. M. Bailey". ("Drummond" is taken from Bailey's home street in Edinburgh.)
The party, led by Bethell, struggle against multiple obstacles – eaten alive by leeches, throwing rope bridges across river gorges, scrambling along sheer rocks by the side of a river as their only means of progress, and cutting a weary way through dense belts of bamboo forest. Reaching the northern limit of their journey, they assess that any invasion through that route would be as doomed as they have been but they rescue 'Drummond' whom they find destitute and half-starved in a cave.
The story is based on Bethell's diary of the year, and includes many evocative and atmospheric diversions into the life of the jungle, the tribes, the little understood tribal rituals of birth and death.
Travelling back, when crucial parts of the food ration are stolen by the jungle tribes, one of the guards on the food store is suspected of complicity. Summary execution is considered, but commuted until they get back to HQ - 'Hodiya' in the story, Sadiya in fact. Half-starved and in rags they do get back home - the death sentence is reprieved.
'The Blind Road' received favourable critical reviews - the Observer of 1939, for example, writing "Until this book of Forepoint Severn's the North East Frontier has lacked its Herodotus and Xenophon, its Stevenson
Stevenson is an English language patronymic surname meaning "son of Steven". Its first historical record is from pre-10th-century England. Another origin of the name is as a toponymic surname related to the place Stevenstone in Devon, England. The ...
and Verne. Now we have a man's tale which for vivid incident and descriptive power is likely to be long without a rival. On to his personal knowledge of the grim borderland north of Assam the author has grafted a thrilling and fascinating tale."
Friendship with Frederick Marshman Bailey
Bethell and Bailey were on the Younghusband Expedition together, shared a tent and shared the privations of that expedition. "In that first winter - indeed, throughout the expedition except during the two months of summer - personal cleanliness went by default. Had there been fuel enough to spare for hot water, the bath would have suffered the same fate as the teacup." (frozen instantly). "There was no shaving, and a most atrocious beard disguised everybody. A change of underwear became a risky adventure, rarely to be indulged in; and since going to bed involved only the addition of more clothing to that of the day, the matter was steadily overlooked"
Bailey was a secret agent in China and Central Asia during the same era as Bethell was working in Assam - effectively playing his part in ' The Great Game', countering Russian influence on India's northern border. A friendship developed between the two, and later included their families as well, sharing holidays and visits together. They remained friends for years, and a long correspondence from 1915 to 1938 is held in the National Archive. (The letters from Bethell were archived by Bailey, but not his own replies to them.)
Bethell used the adventures and travels of Bailey in several of his stories, most notably 'The Blind Road'. The correspondence between the two came to an end after publication of 'The Blind Road'. The last two letters from Bethell both ask for comments on 'The Blind Road', but he evidently did not receive any. There was a conflict of interest, as Bailey was planning his own memoirs at the time.
Retirement and death
In a letter 27 December 1935 Bethell announced that, with regret, he was selling their house in Dorking, New Clan House, and moving to a serviced flat in London, in Hillfield Court, Belsize Avenue Belsize could refer to:
* Belsize Park – also known as 'Belsize' – a neighbourhood in London, the United Kingdom
* Belsize (ward), a ward named after Belsize Park, London
* Belsize, Hertfordshire, a hamlet in Hertfordshire
* Belsize architects, ...
. This, he said, was part of his retirement plan - relieving him of the many responsibilities of looking after a large house. It also simplified his travel to Blackwoods, where he was working full time - in fact, he used Paternoster Row as his correspondence address in some of the letters to Bailey.
He wrote of 'The Blind Road' at Hillfield - "Looking back on it now from the thickly carpeted dullness of an ultra-modern London flat, the policeman round the corner, and the din of motors and mechanised music everywhere, one discovers that there was a definite elation in that interminable period of starvation and uncertainty,"
At the outbreak of the Second World War, he would have been 60. He volunteered, and served as a translator, and a Home Guard officer in Liverpool.
On the night of Sunday December 29, 1940, Blackwoods head office in Paternoster Row was completely destroyed in World War II bombing raids. His wife died on the same day, and his son had died at Dunkirk earlier in the same year.
Bethell did not publish anything after 'The Blind Road' in 1938: if he was working on anything further it may have been lost in the bombing.
After the war he bought a cottage - The Warren, Clun Road, Clunton
Clunton is a village in south Shropshire, England, to the east of the small town of Clun.
Location
It lies on the B4368 road between Clun and Craven Arms. It is part of the civil parish of Clunbury. The nearest railway station is Hoptonheat ...
, Craven Arms in Shropshire, near to the Welsh Hills - where he lived for the rest of his life. He died in December 1950 and is buried at St Swithun's Church, Clunbury.
Aliases of people and place names
Bethell often covers true stories with aliases and altered names some of which are listed below:"Drummond" = Frederick Marshman Bailey
"Barclay" = Frederick Marshman Bailey
"Dr Grant" = Dr Gregorson (of the Abor expedition)
"Pardon-Howe" = Mr. W. C. M. Dundas, Political Officer at Sadiya
"Hodiya" = Sadiya .
"Push" = Leonard Bethell
References
External links
Lt-Col Leonard Arthur Bethell (1879–1950), Indian Army 1899
* The Gurkha Museum, Winchester {{DEFAULTSORT:Bethell, Leonard Arthur 1879 births 1950 deaths 1930s in literature 20th-century British short story writers Assam Boer Wars British Army personnel of the Second Boer War British Home Guard officers British Indian Army officers British male short story writers British military personnel of the Third Anglo-Afghan War British military personnel of the British expedition to Tibet British people in colonial India Gurkhas Indian Army personnel of World War I Officers of the Order of the British Empire People educated at Ampleforth College Younghusband family