''Leiobunum'' is a

genus Genus ( plural genera ) is a taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of extant taxon, living and fossil organisms as well as Virus classification#ICTV classification, viruses. In the hierarchy of biological classification, genus com ...

of the

harvestman The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

family

Sclerosomatidae The Sclerosomatidae are a family of harvestmen with about 1,300 known species. Name The name is combined from Ancient Greek ''skleros'' "hard" and ''soma'' "body". (2007): Sclerosomatidae. Simon, 1879. In: Pinto-da-Rocha ''et al.'' 2007: 127ff ...

with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are

arachnid Arachnida () is a class of joint-legged invertebrate animals (arthropods), in the subphylum Chelicerata. Arachnida includes, among others, spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, pseudoscorpions, harvestmen, camel spiders, whip spiders and vinegaroon ...

s, in the order

Opiliones The Opiliones (formerly Phalangida) are an order of arachnids colloquially known as harvestmen, harvesters, harvest spiders, or daddy longlegs. , over 6,650 species of harvestmen have been discovered worldwide, although the total number of ext ...

, harvestmen. Species in ''Leiobunum'' tend to have relatively long legs compared with other harvestmen, and some species are gregarious.

Body form

The teguments are soft or subcoriaceous. The striae of the cephalothorax and of the three last abdominal segments are very distinct; those of the anterior segments are scarcely or not at all distinct. The anterior and lateral borders of the cephalothorax are smooth. The eye eminence is relatively small; smooth or, rarely, provided with small, slightly distinct, tubercles; widely separated from the cephalic border. Lateral pores small, oval, and marginal. Anal piece large, transverse-oval or semicircular, much wider than long, and much wider than the reflected borders of the eighth segment. Mandibles short, similar in the two sexes ; first joint furnished at the base below with an acute tooth. Palpi simple ; femur, patella, and tibia without any process and without projecting angles ; maxillary lobe provided at the base with two strong, conical teeth. Maxillary lobe of the second pair of feet very long, nearly straight from the base, not attenuated, directed mesad nearly horizontally, and united on the ventro-meson to the lobe from the opposite side without forming a sensible angle; the two together lightly arched on the cephalic border, and forming an even curve. Sternal piece large, slightly contracted between the fourth pair of coxae, gradually enlarging and obtusely truncate cephalad. The feet are very long and slender; tibia of the second pair with a few false articulations. Palpal claw denticulate.Weed, Clarence M., 1889: ''A descriptive catalogue of the Phalangiinae of Illinois.'' In: Bulletin of the Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History, Urbana, Ill., 3(5):81-82: Many ''Leiobunum'' species tend to form clusters of several, but some up to 1,000 and more individuals.

Invasive species in Europe

An as yet undescribed species of ''Leiobunum'' was first found in the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

in October 2004, although reports date back to at least 2002. Since then, it has been identified from Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. It is distinct from all known Central European species and was probably introduced. This species has a strong tendency to group together, most of the time protected from wind and direct sunlight, and stay in one place for weeks. They swarm out at night to hunt on their own. When disturbed, they move their bodies up and down in a fast, rhythmic motion, with individuals moving away from the disturbance. The first juvenile stages seem to live on the ground below rocks and debris. The largest observed aggregation counted 770 individuals.Wijnhoven ''et al.'' 2007

Species

* '' Leiobunum annulipes'' Banks, 1909 (Costa Rica) * '' Leiobunum aldrichi'' (Weed, 1893) (USA - eastern) * '' Leiobunum alvarezi'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Mexico) * ''

Leiobunum anatolicum ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Roewer, 1957 (Turkey) * '' Leiobunum annulatum'' Walker, 1930 (USA) * '' Leiobunum apenninicum'' (Martens, 1969) (Italy, France, Austria) * ''

Leiobunum aurugineum ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Crosby & Bishop, 1924 (USA - southeastern) * ''

Leiobunum bicolor ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' (Wood, 1870) (eastern USA) * ''

Leiobunum bifrons ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Roewer, 1957 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum bimaculatum'' Banks, 1893 (USA - California) * ''

Leiobunum biseriatum ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Roewer, 1910 (Morocco, Portugal, Spain) * ''

Leiobunum blackwalli ''Leiobunum blackwalli'' is a species of Opiliones, harvestman. It is found in Europe. ''Leiobunum blackwalli'' grows to 6 mm in females and 4 mm in males.Jones, Dick (1989) ''A Guide to Spiders of Britain and Northern Europe'' (revised ...

'' Meade, 1861 (Europe - widespread: Germany, Spain, etc) * ''

Leiobunum bogerti ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * ''

Leiobunum bolivari ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum bracchiolum'' C.R.McGhee, 1977 (USA - eastern) * ''

Leiobunum bruchi ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Mello-Leitão, 1933 (Mexico) * ''

Leiobunum brunnea ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Walker, 1930 (USA) * '' Leiobunum calcar'' (Wood, 1870) (USA - northeastern) * ''

Leiobunum caporiacci ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Roewer, 1957 (Greece) * ''

Leiobunum coccineum ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Simon, 1878 (Algeria) * ''

Leiobunum colimae ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum consimile'' Banks, 1900 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum crassipalpe'' Banks, 1909 (Washington) * '' Leiobunum cretatum'' Crosby & Bishop, 1924 (southeastern USA) * '' Leiobunum cupreum'' Simon, 1878 (Morocco, poss. Turkey, Cyprus, Lebanon) * '' Leiobunum curvipalpi'' Roewer, 1910 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum cypricum'' Roewer, 1957 (Cyprus) * '' Leiobunum davisi'' (Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942)(Mexico) * ''Leiobunum defectivum'' Rambla, 1959 (Spain) * '' Leiobunum denticulatum'' Banks, 1900 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum depressum'' Davis, 1934 (USA) * '' Leiobunum desertum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1944 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum dromedarium'' F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum ephippiatum'' Roewer, 1910 (Oregon) * '' Leiobunum escondidum'' Chamberlin, 1925 (California) * '' Leiobunum euserratipalpe'' Ingianni, McGhee & Shultz, 2011 * '' Leiobunum exillipes'' (Wood, 1878) (California, Nevada) * '' Leiobunum flavum'' Banks, 1894 (Louisiana, Mexico) * '' Leiobunum formosum'' (Wood, 1870) (northeastern USA) * '' Leiobunum fuscum'' Roewer, 1910 (Guatemala) * '' Leiobunum ghigii'' Caporiacco, 1929 (Italy) * '' Leiobunum globosum'' Suzuki, 1953 (Japan, Russia) * '' Leiobunum glabrum'' L.Koch, 1869 (Tirols) * '' Leiobunum gordoni'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Alabama) * '' Leiobunum gracile'' Thorell, 1876 * '' Leiobunum gruberi'' Karaman, 1996 (Macedonia) * '' Leiobunum guerreoensis'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum hedini'' Roewer, 1936 (China) * '' Leiobunum heinrichi'' Roewer, 1957 (Burma) * '' Leiobunum hiasai'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum hikocola'' Suzuki, 1966 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum hiraiwai'' (Sato & Suzuki, 1939) :* ''Leiobunum hiraiwai hiraiwai'' (Sato & Suzuki, 1939) (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum hiraiwai fuji'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum hiraiwai izuense'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum hiraiwai longum'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum hiraiwai shiranense'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum hoffmani'' Ingianni, McGhee and Shultz, 2011 (USA) * '' Leiobunum holtae'' McGhee, 1977 (USA) * '' Leiobunum hongkongium'' Roewer, 1957 (China) * '' Leiobunum hoogstraali'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum knighti'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * † '' Leiobunum inclusum'' Roewer, 1939 (fossil: Baltic amber) * '' Leiobunum insignitum'' Roewer, 1910 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum insulare'' Roewer, 1957 (Greece) * '' Leiobunum ischionotatum'' (Dugès, 1884) :* ''Leiobunum ischionotatum ischionotatum'' (Dugès, 1884) (Mexico) :* ''Leiobunum ischionotatum luteovittatum'' Roewer, 1912 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum japanense'' (Müller, 1914) :* ''Leiobunum japanense japanense'' (Müller, 1914) (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum japanense japonicum'' (Suzuki, 1940) (Japan, Korea, Taiwan) :* ''Leiobunum japanense uenoi'' Suzuki, 1964 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum japonicum'' (Müller, 1914) (Japan) * '' Leiobunum kohyai'' Suzuki, 1953 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum leiopenis'' Davis, 1934 (USA - Oklahoma, Kentucky) * '' Leiobunum limbatum'' L.Koch, 1861 (Europe - Alps) * '' Leiobunum lindbergi'' Roewer, 1959 * '' Leiobunum longipes'' Weed, 1890 :* ''Leiobunum longipes longipes'' Weed, 1890 (USA - northern) :* ''Leiobunum longipes aldrichi'' Weed, 1893 (USA - northern) * '' Leiobunum lusitanicum'' Roewer, 1923 (Portugal) * '' Leiobunum maculosus'' (Wood, 1868) * '' Leiobunum manubriatum'' (Karsch, 1881) (Japan) * '' Leiobunum marmoratum'' F.O.Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum maximum'' Roewer, 1910 :* ''Leiobunum maximum distinctum'' Suzuki, 1973 (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum maximum formosum'' Suzuki, 1976 (Taiwan) :* ''Leiobunum maximum maximum'' Roewer, 1910 (China, Japan, Taiwan) :* ''Leiobunum maximum yushan'' Suzuki, 1976 (Taiwan) * '' Leiobunum mesopunctatum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum metallicum'' Roewer, 1932 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum mexicanum'' Banks, 1898 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum montanum'' Suzuki, 1953 :* ''Leiobunum montanum montanum'' Suzuki, 1953 (Japan) :* ''Leiobunum montanum sobosanum'' Suzuki, 1976 (Japan) * '' Leiobunum nigrigenum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Mexico) * ''

Leiobunum nigripes ''Leiobunum'' is a genus of the harvestman family Sclerosomatidae with more than 100 described species. Contrary to popular belief, they are not spiders, although they share a resemblance. They are arachnids, in the order Opiliones, harvestmen. S ...

'' Weed, 1887 * '' Leiobunum nigripalpe'' (Simon, 1879) (France) * '' Leiobunum nigropalpi'' (Wood, 1870) (northeastern USA) * '' Leiobunum nycticorpum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum oharai'' N. Tsurusaki, 1991 (Taiwan) * '' Leiobunum oregonense'' C.J. Goodnight and M.L. Goodnight, 1943 * '' Leiobunum patzquarum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum peninsulare'' Davis, 1934 (USA) * '' Leiobunum politum'' Weed, 1890 (eastern USA) :* ''Leiobunum politum politum'' Weed, 1890 :* ''Leiobunum politum magnum'' Weed, 1893 (USA - Mississippi) * '' Leiobunum potanini'' (Schenkel, 1963) (China) * '' Leiobunum potosum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum relictum'' Davis, 1934 (USA - Oklahoma) * '' Leiobunum religiosum'' (Simon, 1879) (France) * '' Leiobunum roseum'' C.L.Koch, in Hahn & C.L.Koch 1848 (Tirols) * ''

Leiobunum rotundum ''Leiobunum rotundum'' is a species of Opiliones, harvestman that is found within the western portion of the Old World. Description ''Leiobunum rotundum'' is chestnut-brown, with a small, smooth, and very long round or oval body and thin black ...

'' (Latreille, 1798) (Europe, North Africa, Canary Islands) * '' Leiobunum royali'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1946 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum rubrum'' Suzuki, 1966 (Korea, Japan) * '' Leiobunum rumelicum'' Silhavý, 1965 (Bulgaria) * '' Leiobunum rupestre'' (Herbst, 1799) (central Europe) * '' Leiobunum sadoense'' N. Tsurusaki, 1982 (Japan) * † '' Leiobunum sarapum'' Menge, 1854 (fossil) * '' Leiobunum seriatum'' Simon, 1878 (Asia Minor) ee_also_''Leiobunum_albigenium''_Sorensen,_1911_(Syria).html" ;"title="Leiobunum_albigenium.html" ;"title="ee also ''Leiobunum albigenium">ee also ''Leiobunum albigenium'' Sorensen, 1911 (Syria)">Leiobunum_albigenium.html" ;"title="ee also ''Leiobunum albigenium">ee also ''Leiobunum albigenium'' Sorensen, 1911 (Syria)* ''Leiobunum seriepunctatum'' Doleschall, 1852 * ''Leiobunum serratipalpe'' Roewer, 1910 * ''Leiobunum silum'' Shultz, 2018 * ''Leiobunum simplum'' Suzuki, 1976 * '' Leiobunum socialissium'' C.L.Koch, 1873 (Morocco) * '' Leiobunum soproniense'' Szalay, 1951 * '' Leiobunum speciosum'' Banks, 1900 (Alabama) * '' Leiobunum subalpinum'' Komposch, 1998 * '' Leiobunum supracheliceralis'' Roewer, 1957 * '' Leiobunum tamanum'' Suzuki, 1958 * '' Leiobunum tascum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1945 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum tisciae'' Avram, 1968 * '' Leiobunum tohokuense'' Suzuki, 1976 * '' Leiobunum townsendi'' Weed, 1893 (USA - Texas, Arizona) * '' Leiobunum trimaculatum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1943 (USA - Florida) * '' Leiobunum tsushimense'' Suzuki, 1976 * '' Leiobunum uxorium'' (Crosby & Bishop, 1924) (USA - southeastern) * '' Leiobunum ventricosum'' (Wood, 1870) (USA - northeastern) :* ''Leiobunum ventricosum ventricosum'' (Wood, 1870) :* ''Leiobunum ventricosum hiemale'' (Weed, 1890) (USA - southeastern) :* ''Leiobunum ventricosum floridanum'' Davis, 1934 (Florida) * '' Leiobunum veracruzensis'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1947 * '' Leiobunum viridorsum'' Goodnight & Goodnight, 1942 (Mexico) * '' Leiobunum verrucosum'' (Wood, 1870) (New York) * '' Leiobunum vittatum'' (Say, 1821) (central USA) :* ''Leiobunum vittatum vittatum'' (Say, 1821) :* ''Leiobunum vittatum dorsatum'' Say, 1821 (USA -northern) :* ''Leiobunum vittatum minor'' Weed, 1892 (USA - South Dakota) * '' Leiobunum wegneri'' Silhavý, 1976 * '' Leiobunum zimmermani'' Roewer, 1952

References

* 's Biology Catalog
Sclerosomatidae
* (2007): An unidentified harvestman ''Leiobunum'' sp. alarmingly invading Europe (Arachnida: Opiliones). ''Arachnol. Mitt.'' 34: 27-38
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* {{Taxonbar, from=Q138879 Harvestmen Arachnids of North America Harvestman genera