''Cedrus libani'', the cedar of Lebanon or Lebanese cedar (), is a
species
In biology, a species is the basic unit of classification and a taxonomic rank of an organism, as well as a unit of biodiversity. A species is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate s ...
of tree in the genus
cedrus
''Cedrus'', common English name cedar, is a genus of coniferous trees in the plant family Pinaceae (subfamily Abietoideae). They are native to the mountains of the western Himalayas and the Mediterranean region, occurring at altitudes of 1,500 ...
, a part of the
pine family
The Pinaceae, or pine family, are conifer trees or shrubs, including many of the well-known conifers of commercial importance such as Cedrus, cedars, firs, Tsuga, hemlocks, larches, pines and spruces. The family is included in the order Pinales, ...
,
native
Native may refer to:
People
* Jus soli, citizenship by right of birth
* Indigenous peoples, peoples with a set of specific rights based on their historical ties to a particular territory
** Native Americans (disambiguation)
In arts and entert ...
to the mountains of the
Eastern Mediterranean basin. It is a large
evergreen
In botany, an evergreen is a plant which has foliage that remains green and functional through more than one growing season. This also pertains to plants that retain their foliage only in warm climates, and contrasts with deciduous plants, whic ...
conifer that has great religious and historical significance in the cultures of the Middle East, and is referenced many times in the literature of ancient civilisations. It is the national emblem of
Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
and is widely used as an ornamental tree in parks and gardens.
Description
![Cedrus libani shoot](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Cedrus_libani_shoot.jpg)
''Cedrus libani'' can reach in height, with a massive
monopodial
Vascular plants with monopodial growth habits grow upward from a single point. They add leaves to the apex each year and the stem grows longer accordingly. The word ''Monopodial'' is derived from Greek "mono-", ''one'' and "podial", "foot", in refe ...
columnar
trunk up to in diameter.
[Farjon 2010, p. 258] The trunks of old trees ordinarily
fork
In cutlery or kitchenware, a fork (from la, furca 'pitchfork') is a utensil, now usually made of metal, whose long handle terminates in a head that branches into several narrow and often slightly curved tine (structural), tines with which one ...
into several large, erect branches.
[Masri 1995] The rough and scaly bark is dark grey to blackish brown, and is run through by deep, horizontal fissures that peel in small chips. The first-order branches are ascending in young trees; they grow to a massive size and take on a horizontal, wide-spreading disposition. Second-order branches are dense and grow in a horizontal plane. The crown is conical when young, becoming broadly tabular with age with fairly level branches; trees growing in dense forests maintain more pyramidal shapes.
Shoots and leaves
The
shoots
In botany, a plant shoot consists of any plant stem together with its appendages, leaves and lateral buds, flowering stems, and flower buds. The new growth from seed germination that grows upward is a shoot where leaves will develop. In the sp ...
are dimorphic, with both long and short shoots. New shoots are pale brown, older shoots turn grey, grooved and scaly. ''C. libani'' has slightly resinous ovoid
vegetative buds measuring long and wide enclosed by pale brown
deciduous
In the fields of horticulture and Botany, the term ''deciduous'' () means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to trees and shrubs that seasonally shed leaves, usually in the autumn; to the shedding of petals, ...
scales. The
leaves are
needle-like, arranged in spirals and concentrated at the proximal end of the long shoots, and in clusters of 15–35 on the short shoots; they are long and wide,
rhombic in cross-section, and vary from light green to glaucous green with
stomatal bands on all four sides.
[Hemery & Simblet 2014, p. 53]
Cones
''Cedrus libani'' produces cones beginning at around the age of 40. Its cones are borne in autumn, the male cones appear in early September and the female ones in late September.
[CABI 2013, p. 116] Male cones occur at the ends of the short shoots; they are solitary and erect about long and mature from a pale green to a pale brown color. The female seed cones also grow at the terminal ends of short shoots. The young seed cones are resinous,
sessile
Sessility, or sessile, may refer to:
* Sessility (motility), organisms which are not able to move about
* Sessility (botany), flowers or leaves that grow directly from the stem or peduncle of a plant
* Sessility (medicine), tumors and polyps that ...
, and pale green; they require 17 to 18 months after pollination to mature. The mature, woody cones are long and wide; they are scaly, resinous, ovoid or barrel-shaped, and gray-brown in color. Mature cones open from top to bottom, they disintegrate and lose their seed scales, releasing the seeds until only the cone
rachis
In biology, a rachis (from the grc, ῥάχις [], "backbone, spine") is a main axis or "shaft".
In zoology and microbiology
In vertebrates, ''rachis'' can refer to the series of articulated vertebrae, which encase the spinal cord. In this c ...
remains attached to the branches.
[Farjon 2010, p. 259]
The seed scales are thin, broad, and
coriaceous
This glossary of botanical terms is a list of definitions of terms and concepts relevant to botany and plants in general. Terms of plant morphology are included here as well as at the more specific Glossary of plant morphology and Glossary o ...
, measuring long and wide. The seeds are ovoid, long and wide, attached to a light brown wedge-shaped wing that is long and wide.
''C. libani'' grows rapidly until the age of 45 to 50 years; growth becomes extremely slow after the age of 70.
Taxonomy
![Cedar of Lebanon cone](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Cedar_of_Lebanon_cone.JPG)
''Cedrus'' is the Latin name for true cedars. The
specific epithet refers the
Lebanon
Lebanon ( , ar, لُبْنَان, translit=lubnān, ), officially the Republic of Lebanon () or the Lebanese Republic, is a country in Western Asia. It is located between Syria to Lebanon–Syria border, the north and east and Israel to Blue ...
mountain range where the species was first described by
French botanist
Achille Richard; the tree is commonly known as the Lebanon cedar or cedar of Lebanon.
[Bory 1823, p. 299] Two distinct types are recognized as varieties: ''C. libani'' var. ''libani'' and ''C. libani'' var. ''brevifolia.''
''C. libani'' var. ''libani'': Lebanon cedar, cedar of Lebanon – grows in Lebanon, western
Syria, and south-central
Turkey
Turkey ( tr, Türkiye ), officially the Republic of Türkiye ( tr, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, links=no ), is a transcontinental country located mainly on the Anatolian Peninsula in Western Asia, with a small portion on the Balkan Peninsula in ...
. ''C. libani'' var. ''stenocoma'' (the Taurus cedar), considered a subspecies in earlier literature, is now recognized as an
ecotype
In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,Greek: ''οίκος'' = home and ''τύπος'' = type, coined by Göte Turesson in 1922 sometimes called ecospecies, describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population, or race within a specie ...
of ''C. libani'' var. ''libani.'' It usually has a spreading crown that does not flatten. This distinct morphology is a habit that is assumed to cope with the competitive environment, since the tree occurs in dense stands mixed with the tall-growing ''
Abies cilicica
''Abies cilicica'', also known as Cilician fir or Taurus fir, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. ''Abies cilicica'' and ''Cedrus libani'', together with ''Acer hyrcanum'' subsp. ''tauricolu ...
,'' or in pure stands of young cedar trees.
''C. libani'' var. ''brevifolia'': The Cyprus cedar occurs on the island's
Troodos Mountains
Troodos (sometimes spelled Troödos; el, Τρόοδος ; tr, Trodos Dağları) is the largest mountain range in Cyprus, located in roughly the center of the island. Its highest peak is Mount Olympus ( el, Όλυμπος), also known as Chion ...
.
This taxon was considered a separate species from ''C. libani'' because of morphological and ecophysiological trait differences.
[Debazac 1964][Ladjal 2001] It is characterized by slow growth, shorter needles, and higher tolerance to drought and aphids.
[Fabre et al. 2001, pp. 88–89] Genetic relationship studies, however, did not recognize ''C. brevifolia'' as a separate species, the markers being undistinguishable from those of ''C. libani.''
[Fady et al. 2000][Kharrat 2006, p. 282]
Distribution and habitat
![Male cone of Cedar of Lebanon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Male_cone_of_Cedar_of_Lebanon.JPG)
''C. libani'' var. ''libani'' is endemic to elevated mountains around the
Eastern Mediterranean in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. The tree grows in well-drained calcareous
lithosols
Orthents are soils defined in USDA soil taxonomy as entisols that lack due to either steep slopes or parent materials that contain no permanent weatherable minerals (such as ironstone).
Typically, Orthents are exceedingly shallow soils. They ar ...
on rocky, north- and west-facing slopes and ridges and thrives in rich loam or a sandy clay in full sun.
Its natural habitat is characterized by warm, dry summers and cool, moist winters with an annual precipitation of ; the trees are blanketed by a heavy snow cover at the higher altitudes.
In Lebanon and Turkey, it occurs most abundantly at altitudes of , where it forms pure
forest
A forest is an area of land dominated by trees. Hundreds of definitions of forest are used throughout the world, incorporating factors such as tree density, tree height, land use, legal standing, and ecological function. The United Nations' ...
s or mixed forests with Cilician fir (''
Abies cilicica
''Abies cilicica'', also known as Cilician fir or Taurus fir, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. It is found in Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey. ''Abies cilicica'' and ''Cedrus libani'', together with ''Acer hyrcanum'' subsp. ''tauricolu ...
''), European black pine (''
Pinus nigra''), Turkish pine (''
Pinus brutia
''Pinus brutia'', commonly known as the Turkish pine, is a species of pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region. The bulk of its range is in Turkey.
Turkish pine is also known by several other common names: Calabrian pine (from a naturali ...
''), and several
juniper species. In Turkey, it can occur as low as .
''C.'' ''brevifolia'', a closely related species or perhaps a subspecies of ''C. libani'', grows in similar conditions on medium to high mountains in
Cyprus
Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ge ...
from altitudes ranging from .
History and symbolism
In the
Epic of Gilgamesh
The ''Epic of Gilgamesh'' () is an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia, and is regarded as the earliest surviving notable literature and the second oldest religious text, after the Pyramid Texts. The literary history of Gilgamesh begins with ...
, one of the earliest great works of literature, the Sumerian hero
Gilgamesh
sux, , label=none
, image = Hero lion Dur-Sharrukin Louvre AO19862.jpg
, alt =
, caption = Possible representation of Gilgamesh as Master of Animals, grasping a lion in his left arm and snake in his right hand, in an Assy ...
and his friend
Enkidu
Enkidu ( sux, ''EN.KI.DU10'') was a legendary figure in ancient Mesopotamian mythology, wartime comrade and friend of Gilgamesh, king of Uruk. Their exploits were composed in Sumerian poems and in the Akkadian ''Epic of Gilgamesh'', writte ...
travel to the legendary
Cedar Forest
The Cedar Forest ( Sumerian: 𒄑𒂞𒄑 𒌁giš eren giš tir) is the glorious realm of the gods of Mesopotamian mythology. It is guarded by the demigod Humbaba and was once entered by the hero Gilgamesh who dared cut down trees from its ...
to kill its guardian and cut down its trees. While early versions of the story place the forest in Iran, later Babylonian accounts of the story place the Cedar Forest in the Lebanon.
The Lebanon cedar is mentioned several times in the
Bible
The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...
. Hebrew priests were ordered by
Moses to use the bark of the Lebanon cedar in the treatment of leprosy.
Solomon also procured cedar timber to build the
Temple in Jerusalem
The Temple in Jerusalem, or alternatively the Holy Temple (; , ), refers to the two now-destroyed religious structures that served as the central places of worship for Israelites and Jews on the modern-day Temple Mount in the Old City of Jeru ...
.
The Hebrew prophet
Isaiah
Isaiah ( or ; he, , ''Yəšaʿyāhū'', "God is Salvation"), also known as Isaias, was the 8th-century BC Israelite prophet after whom the Book of Isaiah is named.
Within the text of the Book of Isaiah, Isaiah himself is referred to as "the ...
used the Lebanon cedar (together with "oaks of Bashan", "all the high mountains" and "every high tower") as examples of loftiness as a metaphor for the pride of the world and in
Psalm
The Book of Psalms ( or ; he, תְּהִלִּים, , lit. "praises"), also known as the Psalms, or the Psalter, is the first book of the ("Writings"), the third section of the Tanakh, and a book of the Old Testament. The title is derived f ...
92:12 it says "The righteous shall flourish like the palm tree: he shall grow like a cedar in Lebanon".
National and regional significance
![Flag of Lebanon](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Flag_of_Lebanon.svg)
The Lebanon cedar is the
national emblem
A national emblem is an emblem or seal that is reserved for use by a nation state or multi-national state as a symbol of that nation. Many nations have a seal or emblem in addition to a national flag
A national flag is a flag that represents ...
of Lebanon, and is displayed on the
flag of Lebanon
The national flag of Lebanon ( ar, علم لبنان) is formed of two horizontal red stripes enveloping a horizontal white stripe. The white stripe is twice the height (width) of the red ones (ratio 1:2:1)—a Spanish fess. The green cedar (L ...
and
coat of arms of Lebanon
The coat of arms of Lebanon ( ar, شعار لبنان) consists of a red shield with a white bend sinister on which is placed a cedar tree. It is very similar to the flag of Lebanon, with the exception of the Spanish fess on the flag being chan ...
. It is also the logo of
Middle East Airlines
Middle East Airlines – Air Liban S.A.L. ( ar, طيران الشرق الأوسط ـ الخطوط الجوية اللبنانية ''Ṭayyarān al-Sharq al-Awsaṭ – al-Khuṭūṭ al-jawiyyah al-lubnāniyyah''), more commonly known as Middle ...
, which is Lebanon's national carrier. Beyond that, it is also the main symbol of Lebanon's "
Cedar Revolution
The Cedar Revolution ( ar, ثورة الأرز, ''thawrat al-arz'') or Independence Uprising ( ar, انتفاضة الاستقلال, ''intifāḍat al-istiqlāl'') was a chain of demonstrations in Lebanon (especially in the capital Beirut) tri ...
" of 2005, the
2019–20 Lebanese protests
The 17 October Protests, commonly referred to as the 17 October Revolution () is a series of civil protests taking place in Lebanon. These national protests were triggered by planned taxes on gasoline, tobacco, and VoIP calls on applications ...
, also known as Thawra (meaning revolution in Arabic) along with many Lebanese political parties and movements, such as the
Lebanese Forces. Finally, Lebanon is sometimes
metonymically
Metonymy () is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept.
Etymology
The words ''metonymy'' and ''metonym'' come from grc, μετωνυμία, 'a change of name ...
referred to as the Land of the Cedars.
Arkansas, among other states, has a Champion Tree program that records exceptional tree specimens. The Lebanon cedar recognized by the state is located inside
Hot Springs National Park
Hot Springs National Park is an American national park in central Garland County, Arkansas, adjacent to the city of Hot Springs, the county seat. Hot Springs Reservation was initially created by an act of the United States Congress on April 20, 1 ...
and is estimated to be over 100 years old.
Cultivation
The Lebanon cedar is widely planted as an
ornamental tree in parks and gardens.
[Hemery & Simblet 2014, p. 55]
When the first cedar of Lebanon was planted in Britain is unknown, but it dates at least to 1664, when it is mentioned in ''
''. In Britain, cedars of Lebanon are known for their use in London's
Highgate Cemetery
Highgate Cemetery is a place of burial in north London, England. There are approximately 170,000 people buried in around 53,000 graves across the West and East Cemeteries. Highgate Cemetery is notable both for some of the people buried there as ...
.
''C. libani'' has gained the
Royal Horticultural Society
The Royal Horticultural Society (RHS), founded in 1804 as the Horticultural Society of London, is the UK's leading gardening charity.
The RHS promotes horticulture through its five gardens at Wisley (Surrey), Hyde Hall (Essex), Harlow Carr (Nor ...
's
Award of Garden Merit (confirmed 2017).
Propagation
![Baby Cedrus Libani](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Baby_Cedrus_Libani.jpg)
In order to germinate Cedrus Libani seeds, potting soil is preferred, since it is less likely to contain fungal species which may kill the seedling in its early stages. Before sowing it is important to soak the seed at room temperature for a period of 24 hours followed by cold stratification (~ 3–5 °C) for two to four weeks. Once the seeds have been sown, it is recommended that they be kept at room temperature (~ 20 °C) and in the vicinity of sunlight. The soil should be kept slightly damp with low frequency watering. Over-watering may cause damping off which will quickly kill the seedlings. Initial growth will be around 3–5 cm the first year and will accelerate subsequent years.
Uses
Cedar wood is prized for its fine grain, attractive yellow color, and fragrance. It is exceptionally durable and immune to insect ravages. Wood from ''C. libani'' has a density of 560 kg/m
3; it is used for furniture, construction, and handicrafts. In Turkey,
shelterwood cutting
Shelterwood cutting is the progression of forest cuttings leading to the establishment of a new generation of seedlings of a particular species or group of species without planting. This silvicultural system is normally implemented in forests t ...
and
clearcutting techniques are used to harvest timber and promote uniform forest regeneration. Cedar resin (cedria) and cedar
essential oil (cedrum) are prized extracts from the timber and cones of the cedar tree.
[CABI 2013, p. 117]
Ecology and conservation
Over the centuries, extensive
deforestation
Deforestation or forest clearance is the removal of a forest or stand of trees from land that is then converted to non-forest use. Deforestation can involve conversion of forest land to farms, ranches, or urban use. The most concentrated ...
has occurred, with only small remnants of the original forests surviving. Deforestation has been particularly severe in Lebanon and on Cyprus; on Cyprus, only small trees up to tall survive, though
Pliny the Elder
Gaius Plinius Secundus (AD 23/2479), called Pliny the Elder (), was a Roman author, naturalist and natural philosopher, and naval and army commander of the early Roman Empire, and a friend of the emperor Vespasian. He wrote the encyclopedic ' ...
recorded cedars tall there.
[Willan, R. G. N. (1990). The Cyprus Cedar. ''Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbk''. 1990: 115–118.] Attempts have been made at various times throughout history to conserve the Lebanon cedars. The first was made by the
Roman emperor Hadrian; he created an imperial forest and ordered it marked by inscribed
boundary stones
A boundary marker, border marker, boundary stone, or border stone is a robust physical marker that identifies the start of a land boundary or the change in a boundary, especially a change in direction of a boundary. There are several other ty ...
, two of which are in the museum of the
American University of Beirut.
Extensive
reforestation
Reforestation (occasionally, reafforestation) is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands (forestation) that have been depleted, usually through deforestation, but also after clearcutting.
Management
A debat ...
of cedar is carried out in the Mediterranean region. In Turkey, over 50 million young cedars are planted annually, covering an area around .
[Khuri, S. & Talhouk, S. N. (1999). ''Cedar of Lebanon''. pp. 108–111. in: Farjon, A. & Page, C. N. ''Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan: Conifers''. IUCN/SSC Conifer Specialist Group. .] Lebanese cedar populations are also expanding through an active program combining replanting and protection of natural regeneration from browsing
goat
The goat or domestic goat (''Capra hircus'') is a domesticated species of goat-antelope typically kept as livestock. It was domesticated from the wild goat (''C. aegagrus'') of Southwest Asia and Eastern Europe. The goat is a member of the a ...
s, hunting, forest fires, and woodworms.
The Lebanese approach emphasizes natural regeneration by creating proper growing conditions. The Lebanese state has created several reserves, including the Chouf Cedar Reserve, the Jaj Cedar Reserve, the Tannourine Reserve, the Ammouaa and Karm Shbat Reserves in the Akkar district, and the Forest of the
Cedars of God
The Cedars of God ( ar, أرز الربّ ''Arz al-Rabb'' "Cedars of God"), located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, are one of the last vestiges of the extensive forests of the Lebanon cedar that thrived across Mount Lebanon in antiqu ...
near
Bsharri
Bsharri ( ar, بشرّي ''Bšarrī''; syr, ܒܫܪܝ; also Romanized ''Becharre'', ''Bcharre'', ''Bsharre'', (''Bcharre El Arez بشرّي الارز'') is a town at an altitude of about to . It is located in the Bsharri District of the Nort ...
.
Because during the seedling stage, differentiating ''C. libani'' from ''C. atlantica'' or ''C. deodara'' is difficult, the
American University of Beirut has developed a DNA-based method of identification to ensure that reforestation efforts in Lebanon are of the cedars of Lebanon and not other types.
[Farjon, Aljos. ''Conifers: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan'', International Union of Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 1999, p. 110]
Diseases and pests
''C. libani'' is susceptible to a number of soil-borne, foliar, and stem pathogens. The seedlings are prone to fungal attacks. ''
Botrytis cinerea
''Botrytis cinerea'' is a necrotrophic fungus that affects many plant species, although its most notable hosts may be wine grapes. In viticulture, it is commonly known as "botrytis bunch rot"; in horticulture, it is usually called "grey mould" o ...
'', a
necrotrophic
A fungus ( : fungi or funguses) is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, separately from t ...
fungus known to cause considerable damage to food crops, attacks the cedar needles, causing them to turn yellow and drop. ''
Armillaria mellea
''Armillaria mellea'', commonly known as honey fungus, is a basidiomycete fungus in the genus ''Armillaria''. It is a plant pathogen and part of a cryptic species complex of closely related and morphologically similar species. It causes Armill ...
'' (commonly known as honey fungus) is a
basidiomycete
Basidiomycota () is one of two large divisions that, together with the Ascomycota, constitute the subkingdom Dikarya (often referred to as the "higher fungi") within the kingdom Fungi. Members are known as basidiomycetes. More specifically, Ba ...
that fruits in dense clusters at the base of trunks or stumps and attacks the roots of cedars growing in wet soils. The Lebanese cedar shoot moth (
''Parasyndemis cedricola'') is a species of
moth
Moths are a paraphyletic group of insects that includes all members of the order Lepidoptera that are not butterflies, with moths making up the vast majority of the order. There are thought to be approximately 160,000 species of moth, many of w ...
of the family
Tortricidae
The Tortricidae are a family of moths, commonly known as tortrix moths or leafroller moths, in the order Lepidoptera. This large family has over 11,000 species described, and is the sole member of the superfamily Tortricoidea, although the genus ...
found in the forests of Lebanon and Turkey; its larvae feed on young cedar leaves and buds.
Gallery
File:Christian chapel on the slopes of Mount Lebanon, Cedars of God, Lebanon.jpg
File:A Cedar of Lebanon .PNG
File:Cedars of Lebanon Hospital.jpg
File:Cedar of Lebanon tree by the Great Lake (geograph 5951387).jpg
File:Grove of Cedars, Lebanon.png
File:North Lebanon The old road to Bcharre - Cedars.png
File:Cedars01(js).jpg
See also
*
Cedar Forest
The Cedar Forest ( Sumerian: 𒄑𒂞𒄑 𒌁giš eren giš tir) is the glorious realm of the gods of Mesopotamian mythology. It is guarded by the demigod Humbaba and was once entered by the hero Gilgamesh who dared cut down trees from its ...
– Lebanon cedar forest that was home to the gods in
Ancient Mesopotamian religion
Mesopotamian religion refers to the religious beliefs and practices of the civilizations of ancient Mesopotamia, particularly Sumer, Akkad, Assyria and Babylonia between circa 6000 BC and 400 AD, after which they largely gave way to Syria ...
*
Cedars of God
The Cedars of God ( ar, أرز الربّ ''Arz al-Rabb'' "Cedars of God"), located in the Kadisha Valley of Bsharre, Lebanon, are one of the last vestiges of the extensive forests of the Lebanon cedar that thrived across Mount Lebanon in antiqu ...
– an old-growth ''C. libani'' forest and
World Heritage Site
A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area with legal protection by an international convention administered by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). World Heritage Sites are designated by UNESCO for h ...
*
List of plants known as cedar
Cedar is part of the English common name of many trees and other plants, particularly those of the genus ''Cedrus''.
Some botanical authorities consider the Old-World ''Cedrus'' the only "true cedars". Many other species worldwide with similarl ...
References
Bibliography
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External links
''Cedrus libani''– information, genetic conservation units and related resources.
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme
European Forest Genetic Resources Programme (EUFORGEN) is an international network that supports the conservation and sustainable use of forest genetic resources in Europe. The programme’s tasks include to coordinate and promote '' in situ'' an ...
(EUFORGEN)
{{Taxonbar, from=Q61105
libani
Flora of North Africa
Flora of Western Asia
Flora of Lebanon
Flora of Morocco
Forest history
Locations in Mesopotamian mythology
Epic of Gilgamesh
National symbols of Lebanon
Vulnerable flora of Africa
Vulnerable flora of Asia
Garden plants of Asia
Drought-tolerant trees
Plants used in bonsai
Ornamental trees
Natural history of Anatolia