Leander-class Cruiser (1931)

The ''Leander'' class was a class of eight light cruisers built for the Royal Navy in the early 1930s that saw service in World War II. They were named after mythological figures, and all ships were commissioned between 1933 and 1936. The three ships of the second group were sold to the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) before World War II and renamed after Australian cities.

Design

The ''Leander'' class was influenced by the ''York''-class heavy cruiser and was an attempt to better provide for the role of commerce protection. The 7,000-7,200 ton ''Leander''s were armed with eight BL 6 inch Mk XXIII naval guns in twin turrets, two forward and two aft. Their secondary armament consisted of four high-angle QF 4 inch Mk V naval guns, which were later replaced by twin mountings for eight guns (the later high angle QF 4 inch Mk XVI naval gun). Their close-range anti-aircraft weaponry consisted of twelve Vickers machine guns in three quadruple mounts. They also shipped a bank of four torpedo tubes on each beam and provision was made in the design for the carriage of two catapult-launched Fairey Seafox aircraft.

Speed was , and 845 tons of armour was provided. During trials in December 1932 ''Leander'' made with at 7265 tons displacement and with at 9010 tons deep displacement. The first five vessels did not contain dispersed machinery; the boiler rooms were arranged together and exhausted into a single funnel, a unique feature amongst British cruisers. This meant that damage amidships was more liable to disable all the boiler rooms. In service their machinery proved to be highly reliable and exceeded trials output by a wide margin as evidenced by ''Achilles'' on 13 December 1939 during The Battle of the River Plate:

Wartime modifications

During the war, significant modifications were made to the vessels. Various additional anti-aircraft armament was added, and the two New Zealand vessels removed a turret to carry heavier 20 mm and 40 mm anti-aircraft guns in its place. Changes to the aircraft launching capability were reported, although use is unclear.

Ships in class

''Leander'' group

* ''Leander''
Loaned to New Zealand, commissioned as HMNZS ''Leander'' in September 1941. At the Battle of Kolombangara, ''Leander'' was heavily damaged by a Long Lance torpedo, causing many casualties, and sending the ship to repairs for two years.

* ''Achilles'', later HMIS/INS ''Delhi''.
''Achilles'' was the second vessel loaned to New Zealand, commissioned as HMNZS ''Achilles'' in September 1941. She had earlier participated in the Battle of the River Plate. ''Achilles'' was sold to India in 1948, and was known as HMIS ''Delhi'' for a few years, then served as INS ''Delhi'', until 1978.

*
''Ajax'' participated in the Battle of the River Plate. The town of Ajax, Ontario was named after the ship, with street names in the town named after members of the crew. ''Ajax'' also participated in the Battle of Cape Matapan and took part in shelling the mainland of Normandy during the beach landings. Chile wanted to buy HMS ''Ajax'' in 1948-9, but the opposition leader in the UK, Winston Churchill thought the ship should be retained for the RN and it became a political issue. The Leander class cruisers were very well built in the early 1930s and in the case of ''Achilles'' proved capable of more than 40 years service. After the rest of the class, including HMS ''Ajax,'' were scrapped, there was regret in the RN, because in many ways with their long 12,000-mile range and generous hull they were ideal for use as ocean radar pickets.

*
Manned by New Zealand crew, although not part of the Royal New Zealand Navy. ''Neptune'' was sunk by an Italian mine off the coast of Tripoli.

*
''Orion'' spent much of the early war in the Mediterranean providing escort to convoys and was also at the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941. She participated in the evacuation of Crete in 1941 and was heavily damaged. Orion's repairs were completed in March 1942, after which she was widely employed, in home waters and on convoy escort duties to Africa and the Indian Ocean. Orion returned to the Mediterranean in October 1942 and was involved in convoy escort duties and supported the army in the invasion of Sicily. She also took part in the Normandy Landings in June 1944, where she fired the first shell. Orion received 13 battle honours, a record only exceeded by and matched by two others.

Modified ''Leander'' group

The last three ships of the class, referred to as the "Modified ''Leander''", "''Amphion''", or "''Perth''" class, had their machinery and propulsion equipment organised in two self-contained units (separated fore and aft), allowing the ship to continue operating if one set was damaged. The two exhaust funnels, one for each machinery space, gave the modified ships a different profile from the early ''Leander''s, which had a single funnel.Frame, ''HMAS Sydney'', p. 15 To cover the separate machinery spaces, the side armour was extended from , negating the weight reduction created by the separation. During design, it was planned to modify the forward-most and aft-most 6-inch turrets to be fitted with three guns instead of two, but the plan was cancelled when it was determined that the required alterations would cause several negative side effects, including reducing the ship's top speed and causing problems with effective fire control.Frame, ''HMAS Sydney'', p. 16 All three ships were sold to the RAN, ''Sydney'' while under construction and ''Perth'' and ''Hobart'' after a few years of British service.

* ''Perth'' (ex-''Amphion'')
Completed 1936 as HMS ''Amphion'' and transferred to the RAN as HMAS ''Perth'' in 1939. She operated with British ships in the Battle of the Mediterranean, participating in the Battle of Cape Matapan in March 1941. Lost in the Battle of Sunda Strait in early 1942.

* ''Hobart'' (ex-''Apollo'')
Completed 1936 as HMS ''Apollo'' and transferred to the RAN in 1938 as HMAS ''Hobart'', she took part in the East African Campaign, the Battle of the Coral Sea and provided fire support at Guadalcanal. After being badly damaged by a torpedo strike in 1943, she returned to action in the Philippines landings (1944), followed by the Borneo and Aitape-Wewak campaigns. She was put into reserve after the war and was not decommissioned until 1962.

* ''Sydney'' (ex-''Phaeton'')
Laid down as HMS ''Phaeton'', the ship was acquired by the RAN, launched as HMAS ''Sydney'' and was commissioned in 1935. Also involved in the Mediterranean campaign. ''Sydney'' sank the Italian cruiser ''Bartolomeo Colleoni'' at the Battle of Cape Spada in 1940. Later that year, ''Sydney'' took part in the Battle of Cape Matapan and Battle of Calabria, sinking two Italian destroyers, the and . In 1941, off Western Australia, ''Sydney'' encountered the German auxiliary cruiser ''Kormoran''; the two ships destroyed each other and ''Sydney'' was lost with all hands; the wrecks of both ships were located in 2008.

In fiction

Warren Tute's novel ''The Cruiser'' features ''HMS Antigone'', a ''Leander''-class cruiser with a striking similarity to ''HMS Ajax''.

Douglas Reeman's novel ''A Ship Must Die'' is set aboard the titular fictional ''Leander''-class cruiser ''Andromeda'' pitted against a German surface raider operating in the Indian Ocean.

Footnotes

References

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External links

The Royal New Zealand Navy

{{WWII British ships

Cruiser classes

Ship classes of the Royal Navy