Lazare Hippolyte Carnot (6 October 1801,
Saint-Omer
Saint-Omer (; vls, Sint-Omaars) is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in France.
It is west-northwest of Lille on the railway to Calais, and is located in the Artois province. The town is named after Saint Audomar, ...
– 16 March 1888) was a French politician.
He was the younger brother of the founder of
thermodynamics
Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat, work, and temperature, and their relation to energy, entropy, and the physical properties of matter and radiation. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of the ...
Sadi Carnot and the
second son of the revolutionary politician and general
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot
Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, Count Carnot (; 13 May 1753 – 2 August 1823) was a French mathematician, physicist and politician. He was known as the "Organizer of Victory" in the French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars.
Education and early ...
, who also served in the government
of Napoleon, as well as the father of French president
Marie François Sadi Carnot
Marie François Sadi Carnot (; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.
Early life
Marie François Sadi Carnot was the son of the statesman Hippol ...
.
Early life
Hippolyte Carnot was born at
Saint-Omer
Saint-Omer (; vls, Sint-Omaars) is a commune and sub-prefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in France.
It is west-northwest of Lille on the railway to Calais, and is located in the Artois province. The town is named after Saint Audomar, ...
, Pas-de-Calais. After the final defeat of Napoleon in 1815, his father went into exile. Hippolyte Carnot lived at first in exile with his father, returning to France only in 1823. Unable to enter active political life, he turned to literature and
philosophy
Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Some ...
, publishing in 1828 a collection of ''Chants helléniens'' translated from the German of
Wilhelm Müller
Johann Ludwig Wilhelm Müller (7 October 1794 – 30 September 1827) was a German lyric poet, best known as the author of ''Die schöne Müllerin'' (1823) and ''Winterreise'' (1828), which Franz Schubert later set to music as song cycles.
Life
...
, and in 1830 an ''Exposé de la doctrine Saint-Simonienne'', and collaborating in the Saint-Simonian journal ''Le Producteur''. He paid several visits to Britain and travelled in other countries of Europe.
Overview
In March 1839 after the dissolution of the chamber by
Louis Philippe
Louis Philippe (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850) was King of the French from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate monarch of France.
As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the Revolutionary War ...
, he was elected deputy for Paris (re-elected in 1842 and in 1846), and sat in the group of the Radical
Left
Left may refer to:
Music
* ''Left'' (Hope of the States album), 2006
* ''Left'' (Monkey House album), 2016
* "Left", a song by Nickelback from the album ''Curb'', 1996
Direction
* Left (direction), the relative direction opposite of right
* L ...
, being one of the leaders of the party hostile to Louis Philippe. On 24 February 1848 he pronounced in favour of the republic.
Alphonse de Lamartine
Alphonse Marie Louis de Prat de Lamartine (; 21 October 179028 February 1869), was a French author, poet, and statesman who was instrumental in the foundation of the Second Republic and the continuation of the Tricolore as the flag of France. ...
chose him as minister of education in the provisional government, and Carnot set to work to organize the primary school systems, proposing a law for obligatory and free primary instruction, and another for the
secondary education of girls
Secondary may refer to: Science and nature
* Secondary emission, of particles
** Secondary electrons, electrons generated as ionization products
* The secondary winding, or the electrical or electronic circuit connected to the secondary winding ...
. He opposed purely secular schools, holding that "the minister and the schoolmaster are the two columns on which rests the edifice of the republic." By this attitude he alienated both the Right and the Republicans of the Extreme Left, and was forced to resign on 5 July 1848. He was one of those who protested against the ''coup d'état'' of 2 December 1851 but was not proscribed by
Louis Napoleon
Napoleon III (Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte; 20 April 18089 January 1873) was the first President of France (as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte) from 1848 to 1852 and the last monarch of France as Emperor of the French from 1852 to 1870. A nephew ...
. He refused to sit in the Corps Législatif until 1864, in order not to have to take the oath to the emperor.
From 1864 to 1869 he was in the republican opposition, taking a very active part. He was defeated at the election of 1869. On 8 February 1871 he was elected deputy for the
Seine-et-Oise
Seine-et-Oise () was the former department of France encompassing the western, northern and southern parts of the metropolitan area of Paris.département
In the administrative divisions of France, the department (french: département, ) is one of the three levels of government under the national level ("territorial collectivity, territorial collectivities"), between the regions of France, admin ...
''. He joined the ''Gauche républicaine'' parliamentary group and participated in the drawing up of the Constitutional Laws of 1875.
On 16 December 1875 he was named by the National Assembly
senator for life
A senator for life is a member of the senate or equivalent upper chamber of a legislature who has life tenure. , six Italian senators out of 206, two out of the 41 Burundian senators, one Congolese senator out of 109, and all members of the Bri ...
.
He died three months after the election of his elder son,
Marie François Sadi Carnot
Marie François Sadi Carnot (; 11 August 1837 – 25 June 1894) was a French statesman, who served as the President of France from 1887 until his assassination in 1894.
Early life
Marie François Sadi Carnot was the son of the statesman Hippol ...
, to the presidency of the republic.
He had published ''Le Ministère de l'Instruction Publique et des Cultes, depuis le 24 février jusqu'au 5 juillet 1848'', ''Mémoires sur Carnot par son fils'' (2 vols., 1861–1864), ''Mémoires de Barère de Vieuzac'' (with
David Angers, 4 vols 1842–1843).
His second son,
Marie Adolphe Carnot
Marie Adolphe Carnot (27 January 1839 – 20 June 1920) was a French chemist, mining engineer and politician. He came from a distinguished family: his father, Hippolyte Carnot, and brother, Marie François Sadi Carnot, were politicians, the la ...
(b. 1830), became a distinguished mining engineer and director of the
École des Mines
École may refer to:
* an elementary school in the French educational stages normally followed by secondary education
Secondary education or post-primary education covers two phases on the International Standard Classification of Education scal ...
(1899), his studies in analytical chemistry placing him in the front rank of French scientists. He was made a member of the Academy of Sciences in 1895.
References
;Attribution
*
Sources
*
Vermorel, ''Les Hommes de 1848'' (3rd ed., 1869);
*
Spuller, ''Histoire parlementaire de la Seconde Republique'' (1891);
*
Pierre de La Gorce
Pierre de La Gorce (19 June 1846, Vannes – 2 January 1934) was a French magistrate, lawyer and historian, as well as a member of the Académie française. He wrote books about the Second French Republic, the Second French Empire and the Fren ...
, ''Histoire du Second Empire'' (1894 et seq.).
{{DEFAULTSORT:Carnot, Hippolyte
1801 births
1888 deaths
People from Saint-Omer
Politicians from Hauts-de-France
Moderate Republicans (France)
Opportunist Republicans
French Ministers of Public Education and Religious Affairs
Members of the 5th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the July Monarchy
Members of the 1848 Constituent Assembly
Members of the National Legislative Assembly of the French Second Republic
Members of the 1st Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 2nd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the 3rd Corps législatif of the Second French Empire
Members of the National Assembly (1871)
French life senators
Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery
Parents of presidents of France
Carnot family