The family Fulgoridae is a large group of

hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

n insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics, containing over 125 genera worldwide. They are mostly of moderate to large size, many with a superficial resemblance to

Lepidoptera Lepidoptera ( ) is an order (biology), order of insects that includes butterfly, butterflies and moths (both are called lepidopterans). About 180,000 species of the Lepidoptera are described, in 126 Family (biology), families and 46 Taxonomic r ...

due to their brilliant and varied coloration. Various genera and species (especially the genera ''

Fulgora :''This article refers to the insect genus; for the Roman mythological figure, see Fulgora (mythology)'' The fulgorid genus ''Fulgora'' contains several large Central and South American planthoppers known by a large variety of common names inclu ...

'' and ''

Pyrops ''Pyrops'' is a genus of planthoppers that occur primarily in southeast Asia, containing about 70 species. They are fairly large insects, with much of the length due to an elongated, upcurving, snout-like projection of the head. The wings are ge ...

'') are sometimes referred to as lanternflies or lanthorn flies, though they do not emit light. The head of some species is produced into a hollow process (structure), resembling a snout, which is sometimes inflated and nearly as large as the body of the insect, sometimes elongated, narrow and apically upturned. It was believed, mainly on the authority of

Maria Sibylla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian (2 April 164713 January 1717) was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator. She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss Mer ...

, that this process, the so-called lantern, was luminous at night in the living insect.

Carl Linnaeus Carl Linnaeus (; 23 May 1707 – 10 January 1778), also known after his ennoblement in 1761 as Carl von Linné Blunt (2004), p. 171. (), was a Swedish botanist, zoologist, taxonomist, and physician who formalised binomial nomenclature, the ...

adopted the statement without question and coined a number of specific names, such as ''laternaria'', ''phosphorea'' and ''candelaria'' to illustrate the supposed fact, and thus propagated the myth.

Taxonomy

Metcalf in 1938, as amended in 1947, recognized five subfamilies ( Amyclinae,

Aphaeninae The subfamily Aphaeninae is a group of hemipteran insects, especially abundant and diverse in the tropics. They belong to the Fulgoridae (fulgorids), though they are not among the better-known members of that family that are called "lantern bugs" ...

Fulgorinae The Fulgorinae are a sub-family of insects in the Auchenorrhyncha: which include the spectacular "lantern-bugs" and allied insects. Tribes and genera Nine genera are currently listed by the NCBI, but molecular studies question the placement of ...

, Phenacinae, and

Poiocerinae The subfamily Poiocerinae include Hemipteran insects in the family Fulgoridae, found especially in the tropics. Tribes and genera The ''Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web'' (FLOW) includes four tribes: Diloburini Auth. Metcalf, 1938 (central & ...

) and twelve tribes in the Fulgoridae. By 1963 Lallemand had divided the Fulgoridae into eight subfamilies ( Amyclinae,

, Enchophorinae,

, Phenacinae,

, Xosopharinae and

Zanninae ''Zanna'' is a genus of tropical planthoppers (family Fulgoridae) found in Asia and Africa, now belonging to the monotypic subfamily Zanninae. Taxonomy The Tribe (biology), tribe Zannini previously contained other genera, but its placement was ...

) and eleven tribes. This classification was generally accepted. However, in 2008 Julie Urban's molecular analysis in her dissertation showed that a significant revamping of the Fulgoridae subfamilies and tribes would be necessary, as the morphological analysis by itself did not take into account the complexity of the Fulgoridae evolution. Her work was recapitulated in 2009 with Jason Cryan. The Zanninae may not even be in the Fulgoridae.

Subfamilies and Selected Genera

Planthopper (Auchalea pandora) (8350745330)

The

NCBI The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is part of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM), a branch of the National Institutes of Health (NIH). It is approved and funded by the government of the United States. The ...

and the

Hemiptera Hemiptera (; ) is an order (biology), order of insects, commonly called true bugs, comprising over 80,000 species within groups such as the cicadas, aphids, planthoppers, leafhoppers, Reduviidae, assassin bugs, Cimex, bed bugs, and shield bugs. ...

Database currently include to the following sub-families and genera (lists complete if subfamily not linked): Notes: * ''Laternaria'' is a ''

nomen nudum In taxonomy, a ''nomen nudum'' ('naked name'; plural ''nomina nuda'') is a designation which looks exactly like a scientific name of an organism, and may have originally been intended to be one, but it has not been published with an adequate descr ...

'' of ''

'' * ''

Pyrilla ''Pyrilla''Stål C (1859) ''Novae quaedam Fulgorinorum formae speciesque insigniores. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift. Berlin'' 3: 313-327 26 is a genus of Hemiptera, bugs in the subfamily Lophopinae and tribe Lophopini. Species are dist ...

'' Stål, 1859 is now placed in the

Lophopidae Lophopidae is a family of fulgoroidea, fulgoroid plant-hoppers with most species found in tropical South America and Asia (two genera occur in Africa). Characteristics Most members of the family are characterized by the face being longer than wi ...

* The type species of genus ''Apossoda'', ''A. togoensis'' Schmidt, 1911 is now placed as '' Pyrgoteles togoensis'' (Schmidt, 1911)Catalogue of Life: 2011 Annual Checklist (retrieved 26 June 2018)
/ref>

Gallery

Rentinus dilatatus (26573785033).jpg, Amyclinae: '' Rentinus dilatatus'' Adult Lycorma delicatula.jpg,

: ''

Lycorma delicatula The spotted lanternfly (''Lycorma delicatula'') is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Its preferred host is tree of heaven (''Ailanthus altissima''), but it infe ...

'' (

Spotted lanternfly The spotted lanternfly (''Lycorma delicatula'') is a planthopper indigenous to parts of China. It has spread invasively to Japan, South Korea, and the United States. Its preferred host is tree of heaven (''Ailanthus altissima''), but it infest ...

) Scamandra fasciata Type (5033372789).jpg,

: '' Scamandra fasciata'' (

Holotype A holotype is a single physical example (or illustration) of an organism, known to have been used when the species (or lower-ranked taxon) was formally described. It is either the single such physical example (or illustration) or one of several ...

) Odontoptera carrenoi MHNTvol.jpg,

: ''

Odontoptera carrenoi ''Odontoptera'' is a genus of planthoppers in the family Fulgoridae: from Central and South America. Species The following species are listed: * '' Odontoptera carrenoi'' (Signoret, 1849) * '' Odontoptera spectabilis'' (Carreno, 1841), (type s ...

'' Lystra lanata MHNT.jpg,

: '' Lystra lanata'' Pterodictya reticularis MHNT.jpg, Phenacinae: '' Pterodictya reticularis'' Fulgorid Planthopper - Cyrpoptus belfragei?, Colchester Park, Mason Neck, Virginia - 28118728713.jpg,

: '' Cyrpoptus'' sp. (North America) Calyptoproctus stigma TPopp.jpg, '' Calyptoproctus stigma'' Pibrocha egregia TPopp.jpg, '' Pibrocha egregia''

References

Sources

* T. Porion, 1994
Fulgoridae 1. Illustrated Catalogue of the American Fauna
,

Sciences Nat Sciences Nat was the academic publisher specialising in entomology of the Societé Sciences Nat. The society was established in 1971 and based in the rue de la Mare in Paris. Three years later it moved to the rue des Alouettes and later to Venet ...

Venette Venette () is a commune in the Oise department in northern France. The town is located along the river Oise, near Compiègne. Population Its inhabitants are called Venettiens. There are about 2800 inhabitants (2012). See also * Communes of the ...

, 72 pages, 14 plates in colours * T. Porion & P. Bleuzen, 2004
Fulgoridae 1. Supplement 1. New Neotropical Fulgoridae
,

Hillside Books, Canterbury Hillside Books, Canterbury was a publisher specialising in books on entomology and small equipment associated with this science. Origin It was established in 1989, directed by Lydie Leforestier. Initially it was in Canterbury, England but then m ...

, 22 pages, 4 plates in colours * T. Porion & S. Nagai, 1996
Fulgoridae 2. Illustrated Catalogue of the Asian and Australian Fauna
,

, 80 p., 20 plates in colours
Suppl. 1

)

External links

* * *
How to Make Homemade Lantern Fly Spray?
* {{Taxonbar, from=Q1955506 Auchenorrhyncha families