The Langlois Bridge at Arles is the subject of four oil paintings, one watercolor and four drawings by
Vincent van Gogh
Vincent Willem van Gogh (; 30 March 185329 July 1890) was a Dutch Post-Impressionist painter who posthumously became one of the most famous and influential figures in Western art history. In a decade, he created about 2,100 artworks, inc ...
. The works, made in 1888 when Van Gogh lived in
Arles
Arles (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Arle ; Classical la, Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of ...
, in
southern France, represent a melding of formal and creative aspects. Van Gogh used a
perspective frame that he built and used in
The Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
to create precise lines and angles when portraying perspective.
Van Gogh was influenced by
Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
woodcut print
Woodcut is a relief printing technique in printmaking. An artist carves an image into the surface of a block of wood—typically with gouges—leaving the printing parts level with the surface while removing the non-printing parts. Areas that ...
s, as evidenced by his simplified use of color to create a harmonious and unified image. Contrasting colors, such as blue and yellow, were used to bring a vibrancy to the works. He painted with an
impasto
''Impasto'' is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provide ...
, or thickly applied paint, using color to depict the reflection of light. The subject matter, a drawbridge on a canal, reminded him of his homeland in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. He asked his brother
Theo
Theo is a given name and a hypocorism.
Greek origin
Many names beginning with the root "Theo-" derive from the Ancient Greek word ''theos'' (''θεός''), which means god, for example:
*Feminine names: Thea, Theodora, Theodosia, Theophania, ...
to frame and send one of the paintings to an art dealer in the Netherlands. The reconstructed
Langlois Bridge
Langlois Bridge (French: ''Pont de Langlois'') was a double-beam drawbridge in Arles, France, which was the subject of several paintings by Vincent van Gogh in 1888. Being one of eleven drawbridges built by a Dutch engineer along the channel fro ...
is now named ''
Pont Van-Gogh''.
Background
Arles
Van Gogh was 35 when he made the Langlois Bridge paintings and drawings. Living in
Arles
Arles (, , ; oc, label= Provençal, Arle ; Classical la, Arelate) is a coastal city and commune in the South of France, a subprefecture in the Bouches-du-Rhône department of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region, in the former province of ...
, in
southern France, he was at the height of his career, producing some of his best work:
[Morton, 177-178.] sunflowers
''Helianthus'' () is a genus comprising about 70 species of annual and perennial flowering plants in the daisy family Asteraceae commonly known as sunflowers. Except for three South American species, the species of ''Helianthus'' are native to N ...
,
fields
Fields may refer to:
Music
* Fields (band), an indie rock band formed in 2006
* Fields (progressive rock band), a progressive rock band formed in 1971
* ''Fields'' (album), an LP by Swedish-based indie rock band Junip (2010)
* "Fields", a song b ...
, farmhouses and people of the Arles,
Nîmes and
Avignon areas.
[Arfin, 37.] It was a prolific time for Van Gogh: in less than 15 months he made about 100 drawings, produced more than 200 paintings and wrote more than 200 letters.
The
canal
Canals or artificial waterways are waterways or engineered channels built for drainage management (e.g. flood control and irrigation) or for conveyancing water transport vehicles (e.g. water taxi). They carry free, calm surface flo ...
s,
drawbridges,
windmill
A windmill is a structure that converts wind power into rotational energy using vanes called sails or blades, specifically to mill grain (gristmills), but the term is also extended to windpumps, wind turbines, and other applications, in some ...
s,
thatched cottages and expansive fields of the Arles countryside reminded Van Gogh of his life in the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
. Arles brought him the solace and bright sun that he sought for himself and conditions to explore painting with more vivid colors, intense color contrasts and varied brushstrokes. He also returned to the roots of his artistic training from the
Netherlands
)
, anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau")
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, subdivision_type = Sovereign state
, subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands
, established_title = Before independence
, established_date = Spanish Netherl ...
, most notably with the use of a
reed pen
A reed pen ( grc-gre, κάλαμοι '; singular ') is a writing implement made by cutting and shaping a single reed straw or length of bamboo.
History and manufacture
Reed pens with regular features such as a split nib have been found in Anci ...
for his drawings.
Langlois Bridge
![Van gogh bruecke 1902](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Van_gogh_bruecke_1902.jpg)
The Langlois Bridge was one of the crossings over the Arles to
Bouc canal. The double-beam drawbridge was built in the first half of the 19th century to expand the network of canals to the
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...
.
Locks
Lock(s) may refer to:
Common meanings
*Lock and key, a mechanical device used to secure items of importance
*Lock (water navigation), a device for boats to transit between different levels of water, as in a canal
Arts and entertainment
* ''Lock ...
and bridges were built, too, to manage water and road traffic. Just outside Arles, the first bridge was the officially titled "Pont de Réginel" but better known by the keeper's name as "Pont de Langlois".
In 1930, the original drawbridge was replaced by a reinforced concrete structure which, in 1944, was blown up by the retreating Germans who destroyed all the other bridges along the canal except for the one at
Fos-sur-Mer
Fos-sur-Mer (, literally ''Fos on Sea''; Provençal: ''Fòs'') is a commune in the Bouches-du-Rhône department in southern France.
Geography
Fos-sur-Mer is situated about north west of Marseille, on the Mediterranean coast, and to the west ...
, a port on the
Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa, and on the ...
. The Fos Bridge was dismantled in 1959 with a view to relocating it on the site of the Langlois Bridge but as a result of structural difficulties, it was finally reassembled at Montcalde Lock several kilometers away from the original site.
According to letters to his brother
Theo
Theo is a given name and a hypocorism.
Greek origin
Many names beginning with the root "Theo-" derive from the Ancient Greek word ''theos'' (''θεός''), which means god, for example:
*Feminine names: Thea, Theodora, Theodosia, Theophania, ...
, Van Gogh began a study of women washing clothes near the Langlois Bridge about mid-March 1888
[ and was working on another painting of the bridge about 2 April.] This was the first of several versions he painted of the Langlois Bridge that crossed the Arles canal.[
Reflecting on Van Gogh's works of the Langlois Bridge Debora Silverman, author of the book ''Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Search for Sacred Art'' comments, "Van Gogh's depictions of the bridge have been considered a quaint exercise in nostalgia mingled with Japonist allusions." Van Gogh approached the making of the paintings and drawings about the bridge in a "serious and sustained manner" with attention to "the structure, function, and component parts of this craft mechanism in the landscape."][Silverman, 69-74.]
Perspective frame
In Arles Van Gogh began using again a perspective frame he had built in The Hague
The Hague ( ; nl, Den Haag or ) is a city and municipality of the Netherlands, situated on the west coast facing the North Sea. The Hague is the country's administrative centre and its seat of government, and while the official capital o ...
. The device was used for outdoor sightings to compare the proportion of items that were near to those that were in the distance. Some of the works of the Langlois Bridge were made with the aid of the frame. Its use "deepened his exploration of the drawbridge as a mechanism."
Japanese influence
The Langlois Bridge reminded Van Gogh of Hiroshige
Utagawa Hiroshige (, also ; ja, 歌川 広重 ), born Andō Tokutarō (; 1797 – 12 October 1858), was a Japanese ''ukiyo-e'' artist, considered the last great master of that tradition.
Hiroshige is best known for his horizontal-format l ...
's print '' Sudden Shower on the Great Bridge''.[Mancoff, 61.] Inspired by the Japanese
Japanese may refer to:
* Something from or related to Japan, an island country in East Asia
* Japanese language, spoken mainly in Japan
* Japanese people, the ethnic group that identifies with Japan through ancestry or culture
** Japanese diaspor ...
wood block prints, Van Gogh sought to integrate techniques from Japanese artwork into his own. In a letter to Émile Bernard
Émile Henri Bernard (28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his nota ...
about the Langlois Bridge, he wrote: "If the Japanese are not making any progress in their own country, still it cannot be doubted that their art is being continued in France." With a Japanese aesthetic, Van Gogh's Langlois Bridge paintings reflect a simplified use of color to create a harmonious and unified image. Outlines were used to suggest movement. He used fewer shades of colors, preferring multiple subtle color variations. The Langlois Bridge reminded Van Gogh of Hiroshige
Utagawa Hiroshige (, also ; ja, 歌川 広重 ), born Andō Tokutarō (; 1797 – 12 October 1858), was a Japanese ''ukiyo-e'' artist, considered the last great master of that tradition.
Hiroshige is best known for his horizontal-format l ...
's ''Sudden Shower on the Great Bridge'' inspiring him to use blocks of colors, like patterns of yellow against a blue sky, colors chosen to create a sense of vitality[ of the Japanese prints and the vibrant quality of light in southern France. These approaches created a more powerful impact and depicted the simpler, primitive quality of the country lifestyle.][Maurer, 63.]
Three paintings with similar compositions
''The Langlois Bridge at Arles with Women Washing'' is one of van Gogh's most iconic and best loved paintings, acknowledged as the first masterpiece of his Arles period. It depicts common canal-side activities. A little yellow cart crosses the bridge while a group of women in smocks and multicoloured caps wash linen on the shore.[ Van Gogh skillfully uses his knowledge of color theory and the "law of simultaneous contrasts" in this work. The grass is depicted with alternating brush strokes of red-orange and green. Yellow and blue ]complementary color
Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined or mixed, cancel each other out (lose hue) by producing a grayscale color like white or black. When placed next to each other, they create the strongest contrast for those two co ...
s are used in the bridge, sky and river. Use of complementary colors intensifies the impact of each color creating a "vibrant and coloristically unified whole."[
Naomi Mauer, author of ''The Pursuit of Spiritual Wisdom: The Thought and Art of Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin'' describes Van Gogh's technical and artistic execution of this painting.
]"Compositionally, the vertical and horizontal geometry of the bridge and its reflection in the water create a great central cross which imparts a classical symmetry and equilibrium to the canvas. This central geometric framework, which is echoed and enclosed by the bands of sky above and the bank below, is relieved and enlivened by the great undulating sweep of the hill and shore, the round knot of washerwomen amid the circular ripples of the water, and the flexible, slightly curved grasses at the right. Both formally and chromatically, the ''Bridge of Langlois'' demonstrates Vincent's abstraction of nature to its essential coloristic and formal elements, and his creation from these components of a harmoniously interwoven unity in which humanity and its works are perfectly integrated."[Maurer, 64.]
For ''The Langlois Bridge at Arles (watercolor)'' Van Gogh manages to create precise details of the bridge, such as the hardware, iron supports, braces and chain pulleys with watercolor.
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh - Pont de Langlois - Kröller-Müller.jpg, ''The Langlois Bridge at Arles with Women Washing'', 1888, Kröller-Müller Museum
The Kröller-Müller Museum () is a national art museum and sculpture garden, located in the Hoge Veluwe National Park in Otterlo in the Netherlands. The museum, founded by art collector Helene Kröller-Müller within the extensive grounds of ...
, Otterlo
Otterlo is a village in the municipality of Ede of province of Gelderland in the Netherlands, in or near the Nationaal Park De Hoge Veluwe.
The Kröller-Müller Museum, named after Helene Kröller-Müller, is situated nearby and has the world's ...
, Netherlands (F397)
File:Van Gogh - Die Brücke von Langlois in Arles2.jpeg, ''The Langlois Bridge at Arles'', 1888, Private collection (F571)
File:Van Gogh - Die Brücke von Langlois in Arles1.jpeg, ''Langlois Bridge at Arles'', watercolor, 1888, Private collection (F1480)
Two other paintings
''The Langlois Bridge at Arles with Road alongside the Canal''
Van Gogh used varying techniques when he created the painting, depending upon the subject and what he wanted to convey. The grass and the path in the foreground were painted rapidly. The bridge, though, was painted in greater detail,[ with clearly defined stone piers and wooden beams. The detail in the ropes used to lift the roadway show that they are attached to the wooden lifting gear. Van Gogh also pays close attention to the reflection of the bridge in the water. In the distance is another drawbridge.][
Van Gogh claimed the painting as "something funny... I will not create every day."][ There was something about the setting for this painting that reminded him of his homeland.][ He asked his brother ]Theo
Theo is a given name and a hypocorism.
Greek origin
Many names beginning with the root "Theo-" derive from the Ancient Greek word ''theos'' (''θεός''), which means god, for example:
*Feminine names: Thea, Theodora, Theodosia, Theophania, ...
to frame an earlier version of the painting in blue and gold (blue in the front, gold on the side) and offer it to an art-dealer in the Netherlands, named Tersteeg. Tersteeg knew Van Gogh and his brother Theo when they lived in The Hague. He nurtured Van Gogh's early artistic interests but their relationship suffered after Van Gogh lived with a prostitute named Sien.
The Van Gogh Museum
The Van Gogh Museum () is a Dutch art museum dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries in the Museum Square in Amsterdam South, close to the Stedelijk Museum, the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw. The museum opene ...
claims that the painting is the last in a series of three,[ yet Silverman has identified four oil paintings and a fifth watercolor, as outlined in this article.]
''The Langlois Bridge at Arles''
Wallraf-Richartz Museum's ''Langlois Bridge at Arles'' depicts a woman holding an umbrella as she crosses the Langlois Bridge
Langlois Bridge (French: ''Pont de Langlois'') was a double-beam drawbridge in Arles, France, which was the subject of several paintings by Vincent van Gogh in 1888. Being one of eleven drawbridges built by a Dutch engineer along the channel fro ...
, following a horse and buggy that just crossed the bridge. The water in the canal subtly reflects the bridge and the few clouds in the sky. Van Gogh uses impasto
''Impasto'' is a technique used in painting, where paint is laid on an area of the surface thickly, usually thick enough that the brush or painting-knife strokes are visible. Paint can also be mixed right on the canvas. When dry, impasto provide ...
paint and color to reflect light, much as we would see it in with our eye. Two tall cypress trees and a white house flank the drawbridge which has a moveable center section between stone abutments. The painting is currently at the Wallraf-Richartz Museum in Cologne
Cologne ( ; german: Köln ; ksh, Kölle ) is the largest city of the German western state of North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW) and the fourth-most populous city of Germany with 1.1 million inhabitants in the city proper and 3.6 millio ...
, Germany
Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...
.
File:Vincent van Gogh - De brug van Langlois - Google Art Project.jpg, ''The Langlois Bridge at Arles with Road alongside the Canal'', 1888, Van Gogh Museum
The Van Gogh Museum () is a Dutch art museum dedicated to the works of Vincent van Gogh and his contemporaries in the Museum Square in Amsterdam South, close to the Stedelijk Museum, the Rijksmuseum, and the Concertgebouw. The museum opene ...
, Amsterdam (F400)
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0014.jpg, ''The Langlois Bridge at Arles'', 1888, Wallraf-Richartz-Museum, Cologne (F570)
Drawings
Soon after arriving in Arles, Van Gogh asked his brother to send him a copy of Armand Cassagne's ''Guide to the Alphabet of Drawing''. His request was generated by an interest to return to foundational drawing practices, such as his use of a perspective frame for the drawings and paintings that he made of Langlois Bridge. A letter dated March 18, 1888, to his friend Émile Bernard contains a sketch of the bridge (JH 1370 below) and the color scheme he is considering adopting, clearly showing his use of sketching and drawing as a preliminary to his painting. He spoke of how the town (Arles) "projects the strange silhouette of its drawbridge against a huge yellow sun."
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh letter sketch.jpg, ''Langlois Bridge near Arles'' (Sketch from letter to Émile Bernard
Émile Henri Bernard (28 April 1868 – 16 April 1941) was a French Post-Impressionist painter and writer, who had artistic friendships with Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin and Eugène Boch, and at a later time, Paul Cézanne. Most of his nota ...
), March 1888, J. P. Morgan Library, New York City
New York, often called New York City or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States. With a 2020 population of 8,804,190 distributed over , New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the Un ...
(JH 1370)
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh F1471.jpg, ''Drawbridge with Lady with Parasol'', pen and ink, 23.5 × 31 cm., 1888, Los Angeles County Museum (F1471)
File:Willem van Gogh F1470.jpg, ''Langlois Bridge, Arles'', pen and ink, 35.5 × 47 cm. May 1888, Staatsgalerie Stuttgart
The Staatsgalerie Stuttgart (, "State Gallery") is an art museum in Stuttgart, Germany, it opened in 1843. In 1984, the opening of the Neue Staatsgalerie (''New State Gallery'') designed by James Stirling transformed the once provincial gallery ...
(F1470)
File:Vincent Willem van Gogh F1416v.jpg, ''Drawbridge in Arles'', crayon, 1888, Rhode Island School of Design Museum, Providence (F1416)
Appearances in Other Media
Arthur C. Clarke made reference to Van Gogh's ''Bridge at Arles'' in his novel '' 2001: A Space Odyssey''. In it, the character David Bowman notices the painting (along with Andrew Wyeth
Andrew Newell Wyeth ( ; July 12, 1917 – January 16, 2009) was an American visual artist, primarily a realist painter, working predominantly in a regionalist style. He was one of the best-known U.S. artists of the middle 20th century.
In his ...
's ''Christina's World
''Christina's World'' is a 1948 painting by American painter Andrew Wyeth and one of the best-known American paintings of the mid-20th century. It is a tempera work done in a realist style, depicting a woman semi-reclining on the ground in a tree ...
'') when observing the living room of "an elegant, anonymous hotel suite" after travelling through the Stargate. The painting did not appear in the movie.
Argentine musician Luis Alberto Spinetta
Luis Alberto Spinetta (23 January 1950 – 8 February 2012), nicknamed "El Flaco" (Spanish for "skinny"), was an Argentine singer, guitarist, composer and poet. One of the most influential rock musicians of Argentina, he is regarded as one of ...
referenced the painting in "Cantata de puentes amarillos" (Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
for " Cantata of yellow bridges"), one of his most celebrated songs. Spinetta came to Van Gogh's letters to Theo through his reading of the essay ''Van Gogh, The Man Suicided'' by Antonin Artaud. The track is the centerpiece of his 1973 record '' Artaud'', named after the poet, which is generally considered the greatest album in Argentine rock
Argentine rock (known locally as ''rock nacional'' , "national rock" in the sense of "local", "not international") is rock music composed or performed by Argentine bands or artists mostly in Spanish.
Argentine rock began by recycling hits of Engl ...
history.
The painting is also featured on the 30th season of ''The Amazing Race'', where as part of the detour challenge, teams will find this painting, which in reality is an elaborate sliding puzzle, requiring them to slide elements of the painting in a specific sequence in order to unlock the easel
An easel is an upright support used for displaying and/or fixing something resting upon it, at an angle of about 20° to the vertical. In particular, easels are traditionally used by painters to support a painting while they work on it, normally ...
and retrieve their clue inside.
''The Langlois Bridge at Arles with Women Washing'' is one of numerous Van Gogh paintings visited by the unnamed dreamer in Akira Kurosawa
was a Japanese filmmaker and painter who directed thirty films in a career spanning over five decades. He is widely regarded as one of the most important and influential filmmakers in the history of cinema. Kurosawa displayed a bold, dyna ...
’s film ‘’Dreams’’. Martin Scorsese
Martin Charles Scorsese ( , ; born November 17, 1942) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter and actor. Scorsese emerged as one of the major figures of the New Hollywood era. He is the recipient of many major accolades, inclu ...
appears as Van Gogh himself, having recently crossed over the bridge to paint a field of wheat.
See also
* List of works by Vincent van Gogh
References
Bibliography
* Arfin, F (2005). ''Adventure Guide to Provence & the Cote D'azur''. Edison, NJ: Hunter Publishing. .
*Cowley, Robert L. S. (2014). "Van Gogh's Fascination with the Bridge at Arles," ''Blue Flag'' (Journal of the DBA - The Barge Association), 108 (October 2014), pp 18-22.
* Fell, D (2005) 004 004, 0O4, O04, OO4 may refer to:
* 004, fictional British 00 Agent
* 0O4, Corning Municipal Airport (California)
* O04, the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation
* Abdul Haq Wasiq, Guantanamo detainee 004
* Junkers Jumo 004 turbojet engine
* Lauda Ai ...
''Van Gogh's Women: Vincent's Love Affairs and Journey Into Madness''. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. .
* Hulsker, Jan (1986), ''The complete Van Gogh'', Outlet, p. 308, .
* Mancoff, D (2008). ''Van Gogh's Flowers''. London: Frances Lincoln Limited. .
* Maurer, N (1999) 998
Year 998 ( CMXCVIII) was a common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.
Events
By place
Europe
* Spring – Otto III retakes Rome and restores power in the papal city. Crescenti ...
''The Pursuit of Spiritual Wisdom: The Thought and Art of Vincent van Gogh and Paul Gauguin''. Cranbury: Associated University Presses. .
* Morton, M; Schmunk, P (2000). ''The Arts Entwined: Music and Painting in the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Garland Publishing. .
* Naifeh, Steven; Smith, Gregory White (2011). ''Van Gogh: The Life''. Profile Books:
* Perkowitz, S (1996). ''Empire of Light: A History of Discovery in Science and Art''. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Henry Press. .
* Shoham, S (2002). ''Art, crime, and madness: Gesualdo, Caravaggio, Genet, Van Gogh, Artaud''. Brighton, England: Sussex Academic Press. .
* Silverman, D (2000). ''Van Gogh and Gauguin: The Search for Sacred Art''. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. .
External links
Langlois Bridge''
on Google Art Project
Google Arts & Culture (formerly Google Art Project) is an online platform of high-resolution images and videos of artworks and cultural artifacts from partner cultural organizations throughout the world.
It utilizes high-resolution image technol ...
Pont Van Gogh, Arles Office de Tourisme (English)
{{Vincent van Gogh, state=collapsed
1888 paintings
Collections of the Wallraf–Richartz Museum
Paintings of Arles by Vincent van Gogh
Series of paintings by Vincent van Gogh
Water in art
Bridges in art