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Lamandau River ( id, Sungai Lamandau) is a river of
Kalimantan Kalimantan () is the Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo. It constitutes 73% of the island's area. The non-Indonesian parts of Borneo are Brunei and East Malaysia. In Indonesia, "Kalimantan" refers to the whole island of Borneo. In 2019, ...
, southern-central
Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...
, Indonesia. Downstream after passing the village of Nanga Bulik it becomes the Kotawaringin River. The ancient town of Kotawaringin is located in the valley formed by the river and its tributary along with gold and gemstone mining areas. In the upper reaches of the tributary valley of
Arut River Arut River is a river in the province of Kalimantan Tengah, island of Borneo, Indonesia, about 700 km northeast of the capital Jakarta.
the
Pangkalan Bun Pangkalan Bun is the capital of West Kotawaringin Regency in Borneo, Indonesia. It has a population of around 200,000 It is also the administrative headquarters of South Arut (''Arut Selatan'') district (''kecamatan''). Pangkalan Bun is served ...
town flourishes on its banks.


Hydrology

Lamandau River flows through southern
Central Kalimantan Central Kalimantan ( id, Kalimantan Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2 ...
and
Pangkalan Bun Pangkalan Bun is the capital of West Kotawaringin Regency in Borneo, Indonesia. It has a population of around 200,000 It is also the administrative headquarters of South Arut (''Arut Selatan'') district (''kecamatan''). Pangkalan Bun is served ...
, discharging into the
Java Sea The Java Sea ( id, Laut Jawa, jv, Segara Jawa) is an extensive shallow sea on the Sunda Shelf, between the Indonesian islands of Borneo to the north, Java to the south, Sumatra to the west, and Sulawesi to the east. Karimata Strait to its nort ...
near
Kumai Kumai is a port in Central Kalimantan province in Indonesia, on the island of Borneo. It lies on the Kumai River. It was from here that the ''M/V Senopati Nusantara'' set out on its ill-fated voyage in December 2006. Administratively, Kumai is ...
at . It is a major tributary of Kotawaringin River, known by this name after its confluence below Naga Bulik village. Tributaries include the
Arut River Arut River is a river in the province of Kalimantan Tengah, island of Borneo, Indonesia, about 700 km northeast of the capital Jakarta.
, where in its upper reaches the
Pangkalan Bun Pangkalan Bun is the capital of West Kotawaringin Regency in Borneo, Indonesia. It has a population of around 200,000 It is also the administrative headquarters of South Arut (''Arut Selatan'') district (''kecamatan''). Pangkalan Bun is served ...
town is located. While the lower reaches of the river are densely populated, the upper reaches have contiguous forest areas where Orangutans can be seen. Kotawaringin town to the west of the Lamandau River was an ancient capital of a Sultanate. The catchment of the Lamandau River comprises the western district of
Central Kalimantan Central Kalimantan ( id, Kalimantan Tengah) is a province of Indonesia. It is one of five provinces in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. Its provincial capital is Palangka Raya and in 2010 its population was over 2.2 million, while the 2 ...
and West-Kotawaringin. West Kotawaringin district has a population of 200,000 people constituted by Tuman Dayaks (about 33%) who are Christians. The capital of this district is
Pangkalan Bun Pangkalan Bun is the capital of West Kotawaringin Regency in Borneo, Indonesia. It has a population of around 200,000 It is also the administrative headquarters of South Arut (''Arut Selatan'') district (''kecamatan''). Pangkalan Bun is served ...
, which has a sub district, a traditional area of the Dolang, close to the Kundangan city where 7000 Dayaks reside in about 100
longhouse A longhouse or long house is a type of long, proportionately narrow, single-room building for communal dwelling. It has been built in various parts of the world including Asia, Europe, and North America. Many were built from timber and often rep ...
s spread over 19 villages.
Pangkalan Bun Pangkalan Bun is the capital of West Kotawaringin Regency in Borneo, Indonesia. It has a population of around 200,000 It is also the administrative headquarters of South Arut (''Arut Selatan'') district (''kecamatan''). Pangkalan Bun is served ...
town is a waterfront town, which has a plywood manufacturing plant. Its fame is due to the mines nearby where gold and
amethyst Amethyst is a violet variety of quartz. The name comes from the Koine Greek αμέθυστος ''amethystos'' from α- ''a-'', "not" and μεθύσκω (Ancient Greek) / μεθώ (Modern Greek), "intoxicate", a reference to the belief that t ...
stones are extracted. In support of these mining activities, several shops selling diesel sets for use in mining have been set up. Another spin-off from the mines is the establishment of a number of gem stores in the town. The particularly popular item of sale is the five set lucky stones of dark coloured amethysts, duly polished and made to shimmer for sale.


Geography

The river flows in the midsouthern area of
Borneo Borneo (; id, Kalimantan) is the third-largest island in the world and the largest in Asia. At the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia, in relation to major Indonesian islands, it is located north of Java, west of Sulawesi, and eas ...
island with predominantly
tropical rainforest climate A tropical rainforest climate, humid tropical climate or equatorial climate is a tropical climate sub-type usually found within 10 to 15 degrees latitude of the equator. There are some other areas at higher latitudes, such as the coast of southea ...
(designated as ''Af'' in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification). The annual average temperature in the area is 23 °C. The warmest month is October, when the average temperature is around 24 °C, and the coldest is January, at 22 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2778 mm. The wettest month is November, with an average of 386 mm rainfall, and the driest is September, with 66 mm rainfall.


People in the valley

The river valley is inhabited by the
Dayak people The Dayak (; older spelling: Dajak) or Dyak or Dayuh are one of the native groups of Borneo. It is a loose term for over 200 riverine and hill-dwelling ethnic groups, located principally in the central and southern interior of Borneo, each ...
s, particularly the
Tumon Tumon ( ch, Tomhom) is a district located on Tumon Bay along the northwest coast of the United States unincorporated territory of Guam. Located in the municipality of Tamuning, it is the center of Guam's tourist industry. History Tumon Bay or A ...
in the upper course of the river. The river is popular with tourists who take trips along the rivers by speedboats and traditional
klotok A klotok is a traditional river boat used to navigate the waters of Indonesia. Fitted with inboard or outboard motors, klotoks are primarily used for cabotage up rivers, transporting people and goods. Klotoks are found in floating marketplaces, nat ...
boats to visit and experience the lives of the Dayaks. Buddhist influence has also been traced in the Lamandau River valley in the Kotawaringin town. Buddhist statues with god's name of Dewata or Mahatara have been found here.


Agriculture

Much of the land between the Jelai-Bila River and the Lamandau River is developed by agriculture.


Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve

The river flows through the 76,000-hectare Lamandau River Wildlife Reserve, in the unique primary forest in Borneo, which has many endangered species, including
Bornean orangutan The Bornean orangutan (''Pongo pygmaeus'') is a species of orangutan endemic to the island of Borneo. Together with the Sumatran orangutan (''Pongo abelii'') and Tapanuli orangutan (''Pongo tapanuliensis''), it belongs to the only genus of great ...
s. Human exploitation in the area has led to the pollution of the Lamandau River from gold and
zircon Zircon () is a mineral belonging to the group of nesosilicates and is a source of the metal zirconium. Its chemical name is zirconium(IV) silicate, and its corresponding chemical formula is Zr SiO4. An empirical formula showing some of the r ...
mining,
illegal logging Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission, or from a pro ...
and large-scale deforestation to create palm oil plantations. However, an awareness campaign has been initiated by NGOs to preserve the Orangutans in the park and also introduce agricultural practices compatible with forest preservation actions. Within the park, there are two camps namely, the Camp Siswoyo and Camp I, which are maintained by the Orangutan Foundation International (OFI). They are close to Pangkalan Bun and Pasir Pajang, on its eastern border. The infrastructure facilities in these camps have been improved here since September 2003, with funding provided by the Orangutan Foundation, United Kingdom. A guard post has also been established to prevent incursions into the forest or into the river by illegal loggers who had in the past created large-scale destruction of the forests in the region.


See also

*
List of rivers of Indonesia This is a list of rivers in Indonesia.''Map of Indonesia''. Peta Indonesia. Wawasan Nusantara. CV. Indo Prima Sarana. Accessed 29 Juli 2017. By island This list is arranged by island in alphabetical order, with respective tributaries indented un ...
*
List of rivers of Kalimantan List of rivers flowing in Kalimantan,''Map of Indonesia''. Peta Indonesia. Wawasan Nusantara. CV. Indo Prima Sarana. Accessed 29 Juli 2017. which is Indonesian portion of the island of Borneo, comprising 73% of the island's area. In alphabetical ...


References

{{Rivers of Kalimantan Rivers of Central Kalimantan Rivers of Indonesia