Lactobacillus Pontis

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' is a rod-shaped, Gram-positive facultatively anaerobic bacterium. Along with other '' Lactobacillus'' species, it is capable of converting sugars, such as lactose, into lactic acid. ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' is classified under the phylum Bacillota, class Bacilli, and is a member of the family Lactobacillaceae and is found to be responsible for the fermentation of sourdough, along with many other '' Lactobacillus'' species. This microorganism produces lactic acid during the process of fermentation, which gives sourdough bread its characteristic sour taste.

History and discovery

In 1994, ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' was discovered during an experiment focusing on the microflora found in sourdough preparations for making sourdough bread. Scientists isolated ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' as well as many common species such as ''Limosilactobacillus reuteri'', '' Levilactobacillus brevis'', and ''Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis'' by investigating protein patterns in cells, physiological features, and running 16S rRNA sequences to look at each '' Lactobacillus'' species separately. An isolate from rye sourdough was discovered to be a new species by reason of protein configurations, physiological features, and by GC-content.

Phylogeny

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' was classified as a new species based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Strain LTH 2587^T, also known as DSM 8475/ LMG 14187, was the first strain discovered and named.

Other strain names include the following: ATCC 51518, CCM 4540, CCUG 33456, CIP 104232, JCM 11051, KCTC 5074, NCIMB 13406, and VTT E-052865.

Use in food production

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' is used in the starter for making sourdough bread. The starter consists of water, flour, yeast, and the starter culture of bacteria. The bacteria begin fermentation by breaking down the sugars, forming lactic acid in the process.Luc DV and Patricia N. (2005) The sourdough microflora: biodiversity and metabolic interactions. Trends in food science and technology. 16:43-5
Food Science
/ref> This process lowers the pH of the solution, producing a "sour" taste in the final product. ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' breaks down sugars that cannot be metabolized by the yeast in the culture, just as many '' Lactobacillus'' species do. When wheat flour and water are in solution together, the amylase enzymes present breakdown the starch into maltose, and maltase performs a further breakdown into glucose. The lactic acid producing bacteria are responsible for breaking down sugars and the yeast uses by-products from this process to form carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide causes leavening in the dough.

Species of sourdough lactobacilli exhibit unique technological properties related to the flavor, texture, and shelf-life of sourdough bread. ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' expresses genes coding for Cystathionine lyase (Cxl), which contributes to the development of flavor in the process of cheese ripening and it is shown to improve the taste and flavor of bread.Asa L and Torkel W. (2009) ''Lactobacillus'' molecular biology: From genomics to probiotics.

Exopolysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria are used as alternative biothickeners for viscosification, stabilization, emulsification, and gelling in a variety of food products. EPS are generally classified in two groups: homopolysaccharides (HoPS), commonly known as glucose or fructose polymers, and heteropolysaccharides. Currently only HoPS have been shown to be useful in making bread. Various sourdough-associated lactic acid bacteria synthesize glucans and fructans by extracellular glucansucrases or fructansucrases, respectively. ''L. pontis'', ''L. panis'', ''L. reuteri'', ''Limosilactobacillus frumenti'' and ''F. sanfranciscensis'' have been shown to produce fructans (levan or inulin) and glucans (dextran, reuteran or mutan).Marco G and Michael G. (2013) Handbook on sourdough biotechnology.

Genomics

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' LTH 2585 and LTH 2586 possess a GC content of 53%. Strain LTH 2587 was determined to have a 53.3% GC content.

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' strain LTH 2587 16S rRNA gene sequenced at 1570 base pairs.

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' strain DSM 8475 16S rRNA-23S rRNA small intergenic spacer was also sequenced at 207 base pairs along with the large intergenic spacer, tRNA-Ile, and tRNA-Ala genes at 403 base pairs for the complete sequence.

Other genes that have been sequenced include the following:

Partial ''pheS gene'' for phenylalanyl-tRNA synthase alpha subunit for strain LMG 14188 and strain LMG 14187T.

Partial ''tuf'' gene for elongation factor tu, type strain DSM 8474T.

Partial '' recA'' gene for recombinase A, strain LMG 14187T.

Complete ''rpoA'' gene for RNA polymerase alpha subunit, type strain LMG 14187T.

Physiology

The sourdough lactobacilli including ''Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis'', ''L. pontis'', ''Limosilactobacillus panis'', ''Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum'', '' Companilactobacillus mindensis'' are considered typical to sourdough environments, especially with an extended fermentation period and/or higher temperatures. ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' seems to remain dominant for a long time during continuous propagation of sourdoughs suggesting their essential role for fermentation. Additionally, they are enriched during continuous dough propagation. Their persistence ascribes to their competitive metabolisms and adaptation to this environment.

The following are some factors contributing to their dominance/persistence in sourdough fermentation. Firstly, their carbohydrate metabolism is highly adapted to the main energy sources in dough, maltose and fructose. Use of maltose via maltose phosphorylase and the pentose phosphate shunt with fructose as co-substrate results in a higher energy yield than homofermentative maltose degradation. Secondly, the temperature and pH for their growth fit the conditions of sourdough fermentation. The persistent coexistence of these microorganisms in the same context may result from their similar growth rates, in turn determined by temperature and pH. Thirdly, they own some stress response mechanisms to overcome high/low temperatures, high dehydration/ osmolarity, acid, oxidation, and starvation. Finally, they produce antimicrobial compounds, such as organic acids (lactate, acetate, and others), bacteriocins, and reutericyclin to enhance their competitiveness against a wide range of bacteria. However, the temperature is an important factor strongly impacting the competitiveness of lactobacilli in sourdough fermentation. For example, at a high temperature of 40 °C, ''L. frumenti'' and ''L. panis'' are dominating over ''L. pontis'' and '' L. reuteri''.

The sourdough lactic acid bacteria's response to high salt concentration is species specific. In general, obligate heterofermentative lactobacilli are more sensitive to NaCl compared to other lactobacilli. For instance, ''L. pontis'' and '' F. sanfranciscensis'' are inhibited by 4% NaCl, while '' L. paraplantarum'' and ''Lactobacillus amylovorus'' can tolerate up to 6% NaCl.

Metabolism

The most primary metabolic activity of these microorganisms in sourdough is to produce acid and carbon dioxide; gas production is necessary for the dough leavening if yeast is not added.

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' is capable of using fructose as a carbon source and convert stoichiometrically convert fructose to lactic acid and ethanol. However, when maltose is present, they use it chiefly as an electron acceptor, and fructose is reduced to mannitol. It can also metabolize ribose, D-raffinose, and gluconate, but cannot use glucose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, galactose, aesculin, lactose or melibiose. Its main products from fermenting fructose or maltose are lactate, acetate, ethanol, glycerol, and carbon dioxide. Limosilactobacillus pontis cannot use citrate as an electron acceptor in the presence of maltose. There is also no presence of catalase activity.

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' has the ability to catabolize arginine. Three enzymes are involved in the process; including arginine deaminase (ADI), ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC), and carbamate kinase (CK). A fourth protein located at the cell membrane acts as transporter, allowing the antiporter exchange between arginine and ornithine.

Probiotics

A probiotic organism such as ''Limosilactobacillus pontis'', and other lactobacilli, help by balancing numbers of normal microflora in the human body. Probiotics also give some protection against pathogens, lower levels of cholesterol, cause stimulation of the immune response, and in some cases, protect against specific types of cancer.

There are potential health benefits by using these lactobacilli in commercial food products such as the lactic acid fermented beverage hardaliye, which is made from the natural fermentation of the red grape or grape juice.

''Limosilactobacillus pontis'' has the ability to induce NOD2 pathway where NOD2 plays a key role in the immune system by recognizing bacterial molecules and stimulating an immune reaction. NOD2 is a nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein, which is also known as caspase recruitment domain. It may commonly be referred to as an Inflammatory bowel disease protein.Haruki Kitazawa, Julio Villena, Susana Alvarez. 2013. Probiotics: Immunobiotics and immunogenetics. CRC Press.

References

External links

Vogel 1994

L. pontis Muliplex PCRType strain of ''Lactobacillus pontis'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase

Further reading

Lactobacillus pontis Encyclopedia of Life

L. pontis Strain Info

Taxonomy Browser

RNA polymerase alpha subunit

Lactobacillus Molecular Biology: From Genomics to Probiotics



National Agricultural Library

LPSN lpsn.dsmz.de

{{Taxonbar, from=Q3825324

Lactobacillaceae
Bacteria described in 1994