''Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' is a

Gram-positive In bacteriology, gram-positive bacteria are bacteria that give a positive result in the Gram stain test, which is traditionally used to quickly classify bacteria into two broad categories according to their type of cell wall. Gram-positive bact ...

species in the heterofermentative genus ''Limosilactobacillus.'' It is associated with active

dental caries Tooth decay, also known as cavities or caries, is the breakdown of teeth due to acids produced by bacteria. The cavities may be a number of different colors from yellow to black. Symptoms may include pain and difficulty with eating. Complicat ...

lesions. It is also commonly found in fermenting animal and plant materialOnline Medical Dictionary - ''Lactobacillus Fermentum''
/ref> including sourdough and cocoa fermentation. A few strains are considered

probiotic Probiotics are live microorganisms promoted with claims that they provide health benefits when consumed, generally by improving or restoring the gut microbiota. Probiotics are considered generally safe to consume, but may cause bacteria- host ...

or "friendly" bacteria in animals and at least one strain has been applied to treat urogenital infections in women. Some strains of lactobacilli formerly mistakenly classified as ''L. fermentum'' (such as RC-14) have since been reclassified as '' Limosilactobacillus reuteri''. Commercialized strains of ''L. fermentum'' used as probiotics include PCC, ME-3 and CECT5716

Characteristics

''Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' belongs to the genus ''Limosilactobacillus.'' Species in this genus are heterofermentative and adapted to the intestinal tract of vertebrates but also used for a wide variety of applications including food and feed fermentation. ''L. fermentum'' differs from most or all other species in the genus as it has a nomadic lifestyle and is not a stable member of human or animal intestinal microbiota. It has been found that some strains for ''L. fermentum'' have natural resistances to certain antibiotics and chemotherapeutics. They are considered potential vectors of antibiotic resistance genes from the environment to humans or animals to humans. Some strains of ''L. fermentum'' have been associated with

cholesterol Cholesterol is any of a class of certain organic molecules called lipids. It is a sterol (or modified steroid), a type of lipid. Cholesterol is biosynthesized by all animal cells and is an essential structural component of animal cell mem ...

metabolism.

Probiotic

microorganism A microorganism, or microbe,, ''mikros'', "small") and ''organism'' from the el, ὀργανισμός, ''organismós'', "organism"). It is usually written as a single word but is sometimes hyphenated (''micro-organism''), especially in olde ...

is considered a

by meeting certain characteristics, such as being of human origin, non-pathogenic, having high resistance to passing through the intestine, and being beneficial to the immune system. In general, they are seen as beneficial to the host's body and the human health. ''L. fermentum'' has been identified as potential

. The use of gut microbes as probiotics in food is aimed towards preventing and treating various health problems. Among these health problems allergies, neoplastic growth, and inflammatory bowel disease are included. Recent areas of study have focused on the influence of probiotics on metabolic functions of their host. One area has been the metabolism of

by LABs acting as probiotics. Research has shown that lactobacilli have been proven to remove cholesterol

in vitro ''In vitro'' (meaning in glass, or ''in the glass'') studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. Colloquially called " test-tube experiments", these studies in biology ...

through various ways such as assimilation, binding to the surface cells, and incorporation into cellular membranes.

pH and bile tolerance

Testing of ''L. fermentum '' against different pH concentration solutions revealed that it has a strong pH tolerance by its ability to grow and survive a few hours after being incubated in a 3-pH level solution. Strains of ''L. fermentum'' have also been tested in different bile concentrations and demonstrated to have good bile tolerance when incubated with 3 g L-1 of bile salt. ''L. fermentum'' has been found to survive in these conditions further supporting the idea that it can act as a probiotic.

Cholesterol reduction

One of the ways in which ''L. fermentum'' has been seen as a

is by its ability to reduce cholesterol levels. Tests conducted using several lactobacilli and cholesterol broths demonstrated that ''L. fermentum'' had the largest removal of cholesterol. One of the mechanisms by which '' L. fermentum'' may remove cholesterol through in vivo is by the absorption of cholesterol, which as a result accelerates cholesterol metabolism. Another method is by the incorporation of cholesterol in the host body into its cell membrane or walls. This would also increase resistance of the bacterial cell membranes to environmental challenge. A third mechanism is by causing the body to consume more cholesterol. ''L. fermentum '' would interfere with the recycling of bile salt and facilitate its elimination, which as a result would increase the demand for bile salt made from cholesterol.

''Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' ME-3

The strain ''L. fermentum'' ME-3 has recently been discovered and identified as an

antimicrobial An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals ar ...

and antioxidative probiotic. This strain of ''L. fermentum'' was discovered from the analysis of human fecal samples in 1994. One of the important characteristics of a probiotic microbe is the tolerance to conditions in the digestive tract. Tests conducted on the ME-3 strain in different bile concentrations found that it was able to survive without large loss in numbers. It has also been found that '' L. fermentum'' ME-3 has a tolerance to survive drops of pH levels. It can withstand a drop in values from 4.0 to 2.5 without decreasing in numbers. These characteristics of tolerance to bile concentrations and pH levels serve to classify ME-3 as a

. ''Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' ME-3 has also been found to have the capability to suppress mainly

gram-negative bacteria Gram-negative bacteria are bacteria that do not retain the crystal violet stain used in the Gram staining method of bacterial differentiation. They are characterized by their cell envelopes, which are composed of a thin peptidoglycan cell wall ...

. To a lesser extent, ME-3 has also been observed to be able to suppress enterococci and ''Staphylococcus aureus''. This would serve a beneficial purpose to the host. ME-3 has several

characteristics. These include acetic, lactic and succinic acids. Research on the antioxidant properties of strain ME-3 in soft cheese products revealed that it prevented spoilage. Experimentation has also been conducted on the consumption of the ME-3 strain. The consumption had a positive influence on the microbiota of the gut. Volunteers were given goat milk fermented by strain ME-3 and capsulated ME-3. After three weeks analysis of fecal samples revealed that the ME-3 strain increased the number of beneficial ''Lactobacilli '' in comparison to those who were given non-fermented milk. Several human clinical studies performed on ME-3 focused on parameters related to cardiovascular disease development. Consumption of ME-3 indeed results in a reduction of oxidized LDL cholesterol, which is a major contributor to atherosclerosis development. Several mechanisms may contribute to the antioxidant effect of ME-3: the strain modulates the ratio of reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione in the blood, and increases the levels of paraoxonase, an antioxidant enzyme which protects LDL particles from oxidative modifications. Properties of the strain ME-3 can serve to classify it as a

that has the ability to protect its host against food-derived infections and also help in the prevention of oxidative damage of food. Its multi-abilities have been tested and proven. Mice treated with a combination of ofloxacin and ME-3 revealed a reduction in liver and spleen granulomas of ''Salmonella'' Typhimurium. ME-3 is commercialized in the US, in Europe and in Asia in dietary supplement products for cardiovascular health, immune support or detoxification, under the brandname Reg'Activ.

Safety

In general, lactobacilli have been considered safe because of their association with food and because they are normal inhabitants of the human microbiota. They have also been identified to have a low pathogenic potential further reinforcing the idea that they are safe microbes. Recent research in regards to the safety of ''L. fermentum'' has been carried out on mice. Mice were fed (intragastrically) different concentrations of '' L. fermentum '' while a control group was also observed. After twenty-eight days blood samples were taken from the mice and analyzed. There was no health difference observed between the control mice and those fed ''L.fermentum'' in terms of blood biochemistry, protein, albumin, glucose, and cholesterol. Also no negative side effects during the experiment such as change in body weight, feed intake, or clinical signs such as diarrhea and ruffled fur, were observed. The ingestion of'' L. fermentum'' in mice appeared safe which led to further support that the use of ''L. fermentum'' in food is also safe. ''Limosilactobacillus fermentum'' has been identified in a rare case of cholecystitis but is included in the EFSA list of bacteria with qualified presumed safety (QPS).

Transferable resistance genes

One important consideration to determine the safety of ''L. fermentum'' is transferable resistant genes. In order for '' L. fermentum'' to be considered as a potential

, it must not contain any transferable antibiotic resistance genes. If a resistance gene is transferable, it could lessen the effect of the use of antibiotics. Out of ten common antibiotic genes that were tested (gatamicin, cefazolin, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfmethoxazole, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, amikacin, chloramphenicol, and norfloxacin), ''L. fermentum'' was found to only be resistant to amikacin and norfloxacin. Others studies have reported that most LABs are also resistant to these antibiotics, which led to the conclusion that it was a common characteristic of LABs. The resistance to these antibiotics can be considered natural or intrinsic. So far no observed ''L. fermentum ''strains have been observed to have transferable resistance or acquired resistance genes.

Dairy products

Experiments conducted by introducing the strain ME-3 of ''L. fermentum'' into dairy products as a probiotic ingredient revealed that it was able to suppress the reputed contaminants of food such as pathogenic '' Salmonella'' spp., ''

Shigella ''Shigella'' is a genus of bacteria that is Gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, non-spore-forming, nonmotile, rod-shaped, and genetically closely related to '' E. coli''. The genus is named after Kiyoshi Shiga, who first discovered it in 1 ...

'' spp., and urinary tract infections that are caused by '' E. coli '' and '' Staphylococcus'' spp. Also the introduction of ''L. fermentum'' strains such as ME-3 in goat milk revealed that it was actually favorable to the host, resulting in an increase in number of beneficial lactobacilli.

Heat resistance

Although LABs have been associated with potential health advantages, they are also responsible for negative outcomes. They are the main organisms involved in the spoilage of tomato products. Lactobacilli have been identified to be the causative organisms. Research was carried out to observe the chemical constituents of tomato juice that stimulate the growth of bacteria that are responsible for the spoilage. These bacteria can resist high temperatures. A strain of ''L. fermentum'' was extracted from a tomato juice concentrate. Meanwhile, eight different tomato juice mixtures were heated and the survival rate of ''L. fermentum'' was measured. It was concluded that pectins are the main tomato juice constituents that protect the bacteria cells against destruction from heating. The breakdown of pectin from enzymic action would make the bacteria cells more susceptible to heat. However, it was found in previous research that heating had inactivated natural pectolytic enzymes and therefore ''L. fermentum '' remained heat resistant. Heat resistance has also been found to correlate with the medium in which the bacteria are cultured, the better the medium used will result in a higher resistance to heat.

Antibiotic resistance

Studies have shown that ''L. fermentum'' has antibiotic resistances. ''L. fermentum'' is inherently vancomycin resistant, as are all other ''Lactobacillaceae'' with exception of species in the genera ''Lactobacillus'', ''Holzapfelia'' and ''Amylolactobacillus''. DNA was isolated from '' L. fermentum'' and tested for antibiotic resistance against clinically important agents by using broth dilution tests. Different strains of ''L. fermentum'' demonstrated uniform resistance patterns demonstrating resistance to glycopeptide and to tetracycline.

Drug resistance plasmids

Research done on ''L. fermentum ''strains has revealed the existence of tetracycline and erythromycin resistance plasmids.

Sensitivity to antibiotics

While '' L. fermentum'' has been found to have antibiotic resistant properties, other studies have demonstrated that strains of the species are sensitive to some common antibiotics such as gentamicin, cefazolin, penicillin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin, carbenicillin, erythromycin, amikacin, and choloramphenicol.

References

External links

Type strain of ''Lactobacillus fermentum'' at Bac''Dive'' - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
{{Taxonbar, from=Q2134039 Probiotics Lactobacillaceae Bacteria described in 1901