Lactifluus Clarkeae

''Lactifluus clarkeae'', formerly known as ''Lactarius clarkeae'', is a species of mushroom-forming fungus in the family Russulaceae. It is found in Australia and New Zealand in mycorrhizal association with species of ''Nothofagus'' and the family Myrtaceae.

Taxonomy and naming

''Lactifluus clarkeae'' was first described as a species of '' Lactarius'' in 1927 by Australian naturalist John Burton Cleland from a specimen found at Mount Lofty, South Australia. Cleland noted the mushroom was similar in general appearance to ''Russula flocktoniae'', now '' Lactifluus flocktoniae''. It was named in honour of botanical artist Phyllis Flockton Clarke, notable for her watercolour paintings of the fungi of New South Wales and niece of Margaret Flockton. ''Lactifluus flocktoniae'' is generally understood to have a brighter orange to red cap and paler gills compared to ''Lactifluus clarkeae'', which has variable morphology.

Both species were transferred to the genus ''Lactifluus'' in 2012 on the basis of phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences and a review of ecological and morphological characteristics. No synapomorphic features have been identified that unambiguously distinguish ''Lactifluus'' and ''Lactarius'', but habitat and mycorrhizal association are important in identification of species. Microscopically, sphaerocysts in lamellae trama and thick-walled elements in the pileipellis and stipitipellis ( stipe cuticle) are common in ''Lactifluus'' but rare in ''Lactarius''.

In 2017, ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' was classified in ''Lactifluus'' subgenus ''Gymnocarpi'' section ''Tomentosi''.

Species complex

The species boundaries of ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' are poorly understood. Several names, including ''Russula flocktoniae'' and ''Lactarius subclarkeae'', have been used interchangeably with ''Lactarius clarkeae'' and more recently ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' to describe mushrooms of similar appearance found in Australia and New Zealand. Herbarium collections under many of these names indicate variable morphology and host tree association. Phylogenetic analyses have shown that sequences of some of these specimens fall into different clades and potentially represent at least seven genetically and morphologically distinct species.

Description

Macromorphology

Like other members of Russulaceae, fruit-bodies of ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' have brittle flesh and, like other species of ''Lactarius'' and ''Lactifluus'', produce latex when bruised. The production of latex can be an ephemeral feature, particularly in dry conditions. The species concept is broad, the morphology is variable and loosely defined.

It is a robust mushroom with a pale buff to bright-orange pileus, 50–120 mm in diameter, can be convex at first and often centrally depressed, becoming infundibuliform or funnel-shaped with age. The cap surface is dry, smooth to velutinous or tomentose, with an inrolled margin. The outline of the cap sometimes irregular, giving a warped appearance. The pileus context or flesh is white or cream through to orange in fresh specimens and can stain brown on exposure to air, up to 30 mm deep. The lamellae are adnate to decurrent, close to sub-distant, thick, up to 8 mm deep, typically lighter-coloured buff than the cap and stem, and bruise brownish. The stipe is up to 41 mm tall and 30 mm in diameter, terete, almost equal but often tapering slightly towards the base, concolorous with the cap or not, finely velutinous to tomentose. Context of the stem is solid and occasionally with chambers, similar colour to the cap context. Latex is white, cream, or watery but often variable. Odour can be mild or acrid or fishy in fresh specimens and acrid or fishy on drying. Taste can be mild, hot, acrid or astringent.

Micromorphology

Basidiospores 8 μm and slightly angular according to Cleland's original description. Spore print white.

Similar species

The boundaries between ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' and ''Lactifluus flocktoniae'' are poorly defined and the morphological variability alone indicates the presence of several similar unique species that are yet to be described. Macromorphologically close mushroom species from similar habitats include '' Lactifluus wirrabara'', which can also be found in Eucalypt forests or woodlands but usually has a chocolate brown pileus and stipe. There are several similar species found in other parts of the world, as ''Lactifluus'' has its main distribution in the tropics of the Southern Hemisphere. Of particular similarity are species in the subgenus ''Gymnocarpi'' section ''Tomentosi''. McNabb noted the similarity of ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' to '' L. rubroviolascens'' from Madagascar and erected the new section ''Tomentosi'' for these two species.

Ecology, distribution, and habitat

''Lactifluus clarkeae'' occurs in Australia and New Zealand and is commonly observed in forests and woodlands with shrubs and trees including ''Eucalyptus'' and '' Leptospermum'' of Myrtaceae and also with ''Nothofagus''.

In New Zealand, ''L. clarkeae'' var. ''clarkeae'' is used to describe mushrooms of this appearance found under '' Leptospermum'', whereas ''L. aurantioruber'' (formerly ''L. clarkeae'' var. ''aurantioruber'') is used for mushrooms found associated with ''Nothofagus'' (southern beech).

Edibility

Like many Australian mushrooms, the edibility and palatability of this mushroom is fairly unknown. However, ''Lactifluus volemus'' is a Northern Hemisphere species with some documented culinary usage.

A. M. Young's ''A Field Guide to the Fungi of Australia'' mentions ''Lactifluus clarkeae'' as a food for the land mullet, an Australian skink known to eat fungi.

Fruit-bodies seen in Greens Bush show evidence of fungivory by local fauna, including slugs and probably swamp wallaby or eastern grey kangaroo.

References

External links

Landcare Research New Zealand: Description and pictures

{{Taxonbar, from=Q19597649

clarkeae
Taxa named by John Burton Cleland