The Labadists were a 17th-century

Protestant Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that follows the theological tenets of the Protestant Reformation, a movement that began seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within in the 16th century against what its followers perceived to b ...

religious community movement founded by

Jean de Labadie Jean de Labadie (13 February 1610 – 13 February 1674) was a 17th-century French Pietist. Originally a Jesuit priest, he became a member of the Protestantism, Reformed Church in 1650, before founding the community which became known as the Labad ...

(1610–1674), a French

pietist Pietism (), also known as Pietistic Lutheranism, is a movement within Lutheranism that combines its emphasis on biblical doctrine with an emphasis on individual piety and living a holy Christianity, Christian life, including a social concern for ...

. The movement derived its name from that of its founder.

Jean de Labadie's life

(1610–1674) came from an area near Bordeaux. In his early life he was a

Roman Catholic Roman or Romans most often refers to: *Rome, the capital city of Italy * Ancient Rome, Roman civilization from 8th century BC to 5th century AD * Roman people, the people of ancient Rome *'' Epistle to the Romans'', shortened to ''Romans'', a let ...

and a Jesuit. However, at that time the Jesuits were wary of overt spiritual manifestations, so Labadie, who himself experienced frequent visions and inner enlightenment, found himself dissatisfied and left the order in 1639. He had fleeting links with the Oratoire, then

Jansenism Jansenism was an early modern theological movement within Catholicism, primarily active in the Kingdom of France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. It was declared a heresy by th ...

(on occasions staying with the solitaries of

Port-Royal Port Royal is the former capital city of Jamaica. Port Royal or Port Royale may also refer to: Institutions * Port-Royal-des-Champs, an abbey near Paris, France, which spawned influential schools and writers of the 17th century ** Port-Royal A ...

, who received him at the time but later sought to dissociate themselves from him). He was a parish priest and evangelist in the southern French dioceses of Toulouse and Bazas, preaching social righteousness,

new birth Born again, or to experience the new birth, is a phrase, particularly in evangelicalism, that refers to a "spiritual rebirth", or a regeneration of the human spirit. In contrast to one's physical birth, being "born again" is distinctly and sep ...

, and separation from worldliness. His promotion of inner piety and personal spiritual experiences brought opposition and threats from the religious establishment. Eventually, frustrated with Roman Catholicism, Labadie became a

Calvinist Calvinism (also called the Reformed Tradition, Reformed Protestantism, Reformed Christianity, or simply Reformed) is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Ca ...

at Montauban in 1650. In that city, and then in the

principality of Orange The Principality of Orange (french: la Principauté d'Orange; oc, Principat d'Aurenja) was, from 1163 to 1713, a feudal state in Provence, in the south of modern-day France, on the east bank of the river Rhone, north of the city of Avignon, an ...

, he championed the rights of the Protestant minority in the face of increasing legislation against them by

Louis XIV , house = Bourbon , father = Louis XIII , mother = Anne of Austria , birth_date = , birth_place = Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France , death_date = , death_place = Palace of Ver ...

(which would culminate in 1685 with the

Edict of Fontainebleau The Edict of Fontainebleau (22 October 1685) was an edict issued by French King Louis XIV and is also known as the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes. The Edict of Nantes (1598) had granted Huguenots the right to practice their religion without s ...

). Labadie then moved to

Geneva , neighboring_municipalities= Carouge, Chêne-Bougeries, Cologny, Lancy, Grand-Saconnex, Pregny-Chambésy, Vernier, Veyrier , website = https://www.geneve.ch/ Geneva ( ; french: Genève ) frp, Genèva ; german: link=no, Genf ; it, Ginevr ...

, where he was hailed as "a second Calvin". Here he began to doubt the lasting validity of established Christianity. He held house groups for Bible study and fellowship, for which he was censured. In 1666, Labadie and several disciples moved to the

Netherlands ) , anthem = ( en, "William of Nassau") , image_map = , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of the Netherlands , established_title = Before independence , established_date = Spanish Netherl ...

, to the French-speaking Walloon congregation of

Middelburg Middelburg may refer to: Places and jurisdictions Europe * Middelburg, Zeeland, the capital city of the province of Zeeland, southwestern Netherlands ** Roman Catholic Diocese of Middelburg, a former Catholic diocese with its see in the Zeeland ...

. Here his pattern continued: seeking to promote active church renewal through practical discipleship, study of the

Bible The Bible (from Koine Greek , , 'the books') is a collection of religious texts or scriptures that are held to be sacred in Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and many other religions. The Bible is an anthologya compilation of texts ...

, house meetings, and much else that was novel for the Reformed Church at that time. Here too he made contact with leading figures of the spiritual and reformatory circles of the day, such as

Jan Amos Comenius John Amos Comenius (; cs, Jan Amos Komenský; pl, Jan Amos Komeński; german: Johann Amos Comenius; Latinized: ''Ioannes Amos Comenius''; 28 March 1592 – 15 November 1670) was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian who is consider ...

, and Antoinette Bourignon. With a broad-mindedness unusual for the period, Labadie was gracious and cautiously welcoming towards the move of repentance and new zeal among many Jews in a Messianic movement around

Sabbatai Zevi Sabbatai Zevi (; August 1, 1626 – c. September 17, 1676), also spelled Shabbetai Ẓevi, Shabbeṯāy Ṣeḇī, Shabsai Tzvi, Sabbatai Zvi, and ''Sabetay Sevi'' in Turkish, was a Jewish mystic and ordained rabbi from Smyrna (now İzmir, Turk ...

in 1667. At length, in 1669, at 59 years of age, Labadie broke away from all established denominations and began a Christian community at

Amsterdam Amsterdam ( , , , lit. ''The Dam on the River Amstel'') is the capital and most populous city of the Netherlands, with The Hague being the seat of government. It has a population of 907,976 within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the urban ar ...

. In three adjoining houses lived a core of some sixty adherents to Labadie's teaching. They shared possessions after the pattern of the Church as described in the New Testament book of Acts. Persecution forced them to leave after a year, and they moved to

Herford Herford (; nds, Hiarwede) is a town in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany, located in the lowlands between the hill chains of the Wiehen Hills and the Teutoburg Forest. It is the capital of the district of Herford. Geography Geographic locat ...

Germany Germany,, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It is the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is situated betwe ...

. Here the community became more firmly established until war forced them to move to Altona (then in

Denmark ) , song = ( en, "King Christian stood by the lofty mast") , song_type = National and royal anthem , image_map = EU-Denmark.svg , map_caption = , subdivision_type = Sovereign state , subdivision_name = Kingdom of Denmark , establish ...

, now a suburb of

Hamburg (male), (female) en, Hamburger(s), Hamburgian(s) , timezone1 = Central (CET) , utc_offset1 = +1 , timezone1_DST = Central (CEST) , utc_offset1_DST = +2 , postal ...

), where Labadie died in 1674. Labadie's most influential writing was ''La Réformation de l'Eglise par le Pastorat'' (1667).

The Labadist community

Jan Lievens - Portrait of Anna Maria van Schurman

In the Labadist community there were craftsmen who generated income, although as many men as possible were sent on outreach to neighbouring towns. Children were tutored communally. The women had traditional roles as homemakers. A printing press was set up, disseminating many writings by Labadie and his colleagues. The best known of Labadist writings was not Labadie's but Anna van Schurman's, who wrote a justification of her renunciation of fame and reputation to live in Christian community. Van Schurman was noted in her day as "The Star of Utrecht" and admired for her talents: she spoke and wrote five languages, produced an Ethiopic dictionary, played several instruments, engraved glass, painted, embroidered, and wrote poetry. At the age of 62 she gave up everything and joined the Labadists. After Labadie's death, his followers returned to the Netherlands, where they set up a community in a stately home – Walta Castle – at Wieuwerd in

Friesland Friesland (, ; official fry, Fryslân ), historically and traditionally known as Frisia, is a province of the Netherlands located in the country's northern part. It is situated west of Groningen, northwest of Drenthe and Overijssel, north of ...

, which belonged to three sisters Van Aerssen van Sommelsdijck, who were his adherents. Here printing and many other occupations continued, including farming and milling. One member, Hendrik van Deventer, skilled in chemistry and medicine, set up a laboratory at the house and treated many people, including Christian V, the King of Denmark. He is remembered as one of the Netherlands' pioneering

obstetricians Obstetrics is the field of study concentrated on pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period. As a medical specialty, obstetrics is combined with gynecology under the discipline known as obstetrics and gynecology (OB/GYN), which is a sur ...

. Several noted visitors have left their accounts of visits to the Labadist community. One was Sophia of Hanover, mother of

King George I of Great Britain George I (George Louis; ; 28 May 1660 – 11 June 1727) was King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1 August 1714 and ruler of the Electorate of Hanover within the Holy Roman Empire from 23 January 1698 until his death in 1727. He was the first ...

; another was

William Penn William Penn ( – ) was an English writer and religious thinker belonging to the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, a North American colony of England. He was an early advocate of democracy a ...

, the Quaker pioneer, who gave his name to the US state of

Pennsylvania Pennsylvania (; ( Pennsylvania Dutch: )), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state spanning the Mid-Atlantic, Northeastern, Appalachian, and Great Lakes regions of the United States. It borders Delaware to its southeast, ...

; a third was the English philosopher John Locke. Several Reformed pastors left their parishes to live in community at Wieuwerd. At its peak, the community numbered around 600 with many more adherents further afield. Visitors came from England, Italy, Poland and elsewhere, but not all approved of the strict discipline. Those of arrogant disposition were given the most menial of jobs. Fussiness in matters of food was overcome since all were expected to eat what was put in front of them. Daughter communities were set up in the New World. ''La Providence'', a daughter colony on the

Commewijne River Commewijne River (Sranan Tongo: ''Kawina-liba'') is a river in northern Suriname. It originates in the hills of the Commewijne District and flows northwards until it receives the meandering Cottica River from the right and then runs westward un ...

in Surinam, proved unsuccessful. The Labadists were unable to cope with jungle diseases, and supplies from the Netherlands were often intercepted by pirates. Entomological artist

Maria Sybilla Merian Maria Sibylla Merian (2 April 164713 January 1717) was a German naturalist and scientific illustrator. She was one of the earliest European naturalists to observe insects directly. Merian was a descendant of the Frankfurt branch of the Swiss Meri ...

, who had lived in the Labadist colony in Friesland for some years, went to Surinam in 1700 and drew several plates for her classic ''Metamorphosis Insectorum Surinamensium'' on the Labadist plantation of La Providence.

Bohemia Manor

The mother colony in Friesland sent two envoys,

Jasper Danckaerts Jasper Danckaerts (7 May 1639, Vlissingen – 1702/1704, Middelburg) was the founder of a colony of Labadists along the Bohemia River in what is now the US state of Maryland. He is known for his journal, kept while traveling through the territ ...

and Peter Schlüter (or Sluyter), to purchase land for a colony. Danckaerts, an experienced seafarer, kept a journal which has survived and has been published. It is a valuable early account of life in colonial New Netherland (later New York), on the Chesapeake and the Delaware in 1679–80 and includes several hand drawings and maps. Danckaerts and Schlüter met the son of

Augustine Herman Augustine Herman, First Lord of Bohemia Manor (Czech: Augustin Heřman, c. 1621 – September 1686) was a Bohemian explorer, merchant and cartographer who lived in New Amsterdam and Cecil County, Maryland. In the employment of Cecil Calvert, ...

, a successful Maryland businessman, in New York and he introduced them to his father in 1679. Herman was impressed with the men and their group. Initially Herman did not want to grant land to them, only permit Labadist settlement, but in 1683, he conveyed a tract of 3,750 acres (15 km²) on his land Bohemia Manor in Cecil County, Maryland, to them because of legal issues. The group established a colony which grew rapidly to between 100-200 members. In the 1690s a gradual decline set in and finally the practice of communal sharing was suspended. From that moment on the Labadists dwindled, both in Maryland, which ceased to exist after 1720, and in Friesland they had died out by 1730.

Key beliefs of the Labadists

The Labadists held to the beliefs and traditions of their founder, Labadie. Chiefly these were: * The true Church of Jesus Christ is composed solely of those "born again" or "elect"; habitual churchgoing while not knowing God personally is of no value for salvation. * Absolute equality between the sexes. * The true Church is "not of this world"; this affects all of life, including clothing (Labadists had their own dress for women, known in Dutch as a " bosrok", after the local nickname for their tree-ringed house). * Even so, the Church is always in need of reform, and this should start at the top, with the priests or pastors. * Knowing God is not through set religious laws but through personal

prayer Prayer is an invocation or act that seeks to activate a rapport with an object of worship through deliberate communication. In the narrow sense, the term refers to an act of supplication or intercession directed towards a deity or a deified ...

and mystical devotion; the heart should be warmed through contact with

divine love Love of God can mean either love for God or love by God. Love for God (''philotheia'') is associated with the concepts of worship, and devotions towards God. The Greek term ''theophilia'' means the love or favour of God, and ''theophilos'' mean ...

. * All members are priests and can bring words of edification in church gatherings, which Labadie equated with

New Testament The New Testament grc, Ἡ Καινὴ Διαθήκη, transl. ; la, Novum Testamentum. (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon. It discusses the teachings and person of Jesus, as well as events in first-century Chri ...

"prophetic ministry". To facilitate this, home groups are the best forum. * The Holy Communion is only for the truly committed (in Labadist parlance the "elect"). *

Self-denial Self-denial (related but different from self-abnegation or self-sacrifice) is an act of letting go of the self as with Altruism, altruistic abstinence – the willingness to forgo personal pleasures or undergo personal trials in the pursuit of th ...

, in particular

fasting Fasting is the abstention from eating and sometimes drinking. From a purely physiological context, "fasting" may refer to the metabolic status of a person who has not eaten overnight (see " Breakfast"), or to the metabolic state achieved after ...

, is good for the

soul In many religious and philosophical traditions, there is a belief that a soul is "the immaterial aspect or essence of a human being". Etymology The Modern English noun '' soul'' is derived from Old English ''sāwol, sāwel''. The earliest atte ...

. * Worldly vanities are to be eschewed and personal wealth shared in the community brotherhood. * An Augustinian (specifically

Jansenist Jansenism was an early modern theological movement within Catholicism, primarily active in the Kingdom of France, that emphasized original sin, human depravity, the necessity of divine grace, and predestination. It was declared a heresy by th ...

) belief in

predestination Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God, usually with reference to the eventual fate of the individual soul. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the paradox of free will, whereby G ...

. *

Marriage Marriage, also called matrimony or wedlock, is a culturally and often legally recognized union between people called spouses. It establishes rights and obligations between them, as well as between them and their children, and between ...

must be "in the Lord"; a believer can justifiably separate from an unconverted partner in order to follow God's call to his work (in Labadist jargon, "the Lord's work" meant their own community lifestyle).

Legacy, influence and parallels

William Penn records in his journal a meeting with the Labadists in 1677, which gives an insight into the reasons why these people chose to live a communal lifestyle. Labadie's widow, Lucia, testified to Penn about her younger days in which she had mourned the insipid state of the Christianity which she saw around her:

If God would make known to me his way, I would trample upon all the pride and glory of the world. ...O the pride, O the lusts, O the vain pleasures in which Christians live! Can this be the way to Heaven? ...Are these the followers of Christ? O God, where is Thy little flock? Where is Thy little family, that will live entirely to Thee, that will follow Thee? Make me one of that number.

Hearing Labadie's teachings, she was convinced of her need to be joined in community living with her fellow believers. Labadie's approach to Christian spirituality, but not his communitarian approach with its separation from mainstream churches, was paralleled in the Pietist movement in Germany. Many of its leaders, such as

Philipp Jakob Spener Philipp Jakob Spener (23 January 1635 – 5 February 1705), was a German Lutheran theologian who essentially founded what would become to be known as Pietism. He was later dubbed the "Father of Pietism". A prolific writer, his two main works, '' ...

, approved Labadie's stance but preferred for their own part to trust in the established structures. Some Pietist community enterprises did, however, arise. August Francke, professor at Halle University, founded there an orphanage (the Waisenhaus) in 1696, to be run along Christian communitarian lines, with equality and sharing of goods. This caused a stir and was famed abroad. Its example inspired in George Whitefield, the English preacher and revivalist, a yearning for a similar foundation which eventually came to being in America.

Labadie's works

Labadie's most influential writing was ''The Reform of the Church Through the Pastorate'' (1667). * ''Introduction à la piété dans les Mystères, Paroles et ceremonies de la Messe'', Amiens, 1642. * ''Odes sacrées sur le Très-adorable et auguste Mystère du S. Sacrement de l'Autel'', Amiens, 1642. *''Traité de la Solitude chrestienne, ou la vie retirée du siècle'', Paris, 1645. * ''Déclaration de Jean de Labadie, cy-devant prestre, predicateur et chanoine d'Amiens, contenant les raisons qui l'ont obligé à quitter la communion de l'Eglise Romaine pour se ranger à celle de l'Eglise Réformée'', Montauban, 1650. * '' Lettre de Jean de Labadie à ses amis de la Communion Romaine touchant sa Declaration'', Montauban, 1651. * ''Les Elevations d'esprit à Dieu, ou Contemplations fort instruisantes sur les plus grands Mysteres de la Foy'', Montauban, 1651. * ''Les Entretiens d'esprit durant le jour; ou Reflexions importantes sur la vie humaine, ...sur le Christianisme,...sur le besoin de la Reformation de ses Mœurs'', Montauban, 1651. * ''Le Bon Usage de l'Eucharistie'', Montauban, 1656. * ''Practique des Oraisons, mentale et vocale...'', Montauban, 1656. * ''Recueil de quelques Maximes importantes de Doctrine, de Conduite et de Pieté Chrestienne'', Montauban, 1657 (puis Genève, 1659). * ''Les Saintes Décades de Quatrains de Pieté Chretienne touchant à la connoissance de Dieu, son honneur, son amour et l'union de l'âme avec lui'', Orange, 1658 (puis Genève, 1659, Amsterdam, 1671). * ''La pratique de l'oraison et meditation Chretienne'', Genève, 1660. * ''Le Iûne religieus ou le moyen de le bien faire'', Genève, 1665. * ''Jugement charitable et juste sur l'état present des Juifs'', Amsterdam 1667. * ''Le Triomphe de l'Eucharistie, ou la vraye doctrine du St. Sacrement, avec les moyens d'y bien participer'', Amsterdam, 1667. * ''Le Héraut du Grand Roy Jesus, ou Eclaircissement de la doctrine de Jean de Labadie, pasteur, sur le Règne glorieux de Jésus-Christ et de ses saints en la terre aux derniers temps'', Amsterdam, 1667. * ''L'Idée d'un bon pasteur et d'une bonne Eglise'', Amsterdam, 1667. * ''Les Divins Herauts de la Penitence au Monde...'', Amsterdam, 1667. * ''La Reformation de l'Eglise par le Pastorat'', Middelbourg, 1667. * ''Le Veritable Exorcisme'', Amsterdam, 1667. * ''Le Discernement d'une Veritable Eglise suivant l'Ecriture Sainte'', Amsterdam, 1668. * ''La Puissance eclesiastique bornée à l'Ecriture et par Elle...'', Amsterdam, 1668. *'' Manuel de Pieté'', Middelbourg 1668. * ''Declaration Chrestienne et sincère de plusieurs Membres de l'Eglise de Dieu et de Jésus-Christ touchant les Justes Raisons et les Motifs qui les obligent à n'avoir point de Communion avec le synode dit Vualon'', La Haye, 1669. * ''Points fondamentaux de la vie vraimant Chretiene'', Amsterdam 1670. * ''Abrégé du Veritable Christianisme et Téoretique et pratique...'', Amsterdam, 1670. * ''Le Chant Royal du Grand Roy Jésus, ou les Hymnes et Cantiques de l'Aigneau...'', Amsterdam, 1670. * '' Receüil de diverses Chansons Spiritüeles'', Amsterdam, 1670. * ''L'Empire du S. Esprit sur les Ames...'', Amsterdam, 1671. * ''Eclaircissement ou Declaration de la Foy et de la pureté des sentimens en la doctrine des Srs. Jean de Labadie, Pierre Yvon, Pierre Dulignon...'', Amsterdam, 1671. * ''Veritas sui vindex, seu solemnis fidei declaratio...'', Herfordiae, 1672. * ''Jesus revelé de nouveau...'', Altona, 1673. * ''Fragmens de quelques poesies et sentimens d'esprit...'', Amsterdam, 1678. * ''Poésies sacrées de l'amour divin'', Amsterdam, 1680. * ''Recueil de Cantiques spirituels'', Amsterdam, 1680. * ''Le Chretien regeneré ou nul'', Amsterdam, 1685.

References

Bibliography

* Trevor John Saxby, ''The quest for the new Jerusalem, Jean de Labadie and the Labadists, 1610-1744'', Dordrecht-Boston-Lancaster, 1987. * Michel de Certeau, ''La Fable mystique: XVIe-XVIIe siècle'', Paris, 1987. * Pierre Antoine Fabre, Nicolas Fornerod, Sophie Houdard et Maria Cristina Pitassi (sous la dir. de ), ''Lire Jean de Labadie (1610-1674). Fondation et affranchissement'', Paris, Classiques Garnier, 2016, . * Fabrizio Frigerio, ''L'historiographie de Jean de Labadie, État de la question'', Genève, 1976. * Fabrizio Frigerio, "La poesia di Jean de Labadie e la mistica quietista", in: ''Conoscenza religiosa'', 1978, 1, p. 60-66. * M. Goebel, ''Geschichte des christlichen Lebens in der rheinischwestphälischen evangelischen Kirche, II. Das siebzehnte Jahrhundert oder die herrschende Kirche und die Sekten'', Coblenz, 1852. * W. Goeters, ''Die Vorbereitung des Pietismus in der reformierten Kirche der Niederlande bis zur labadistischen Krisis 1670'', Leipzig, 1911. * Cornelis B. Hylkema, ''Reformateurs. Geschiedkündige studiën over de godsdienstige bewegingen uit de nadagen onzer gouden eeuw'', Haarlem, 1900-1902. * Leszek Kolakowsky, ''Chrétiens sans Église, La Conscience religieuse et le lien confessionnel au XVIIe siècle'', Paris, 1969. * Alain Joblin, "Jean de Labadie (1610-1674): un dissident au XVIIe siècle?", in: ''Mélanges de sciences religieuses'', 2004, vol. 61, n.2, p. 33-44. * Anne Lagny, (éd.), ''Les piétismes à l'âge classique. Crise, conversion, institutions'', Villeneuve- d'Ascq, 2001. * Johannes Lindeboom, ''Stiefkideren van het christendom'', La Haye, 1929. * Georges Poulet, ''Les métamorphoses du cercle'', Paris, 1961. * Jean Rousset, "Un brelan d'oubliés", in ''L'esprit créateur'', 1961, t. 1, p. 61-100. * Trevor John Saxby, ''The quest for the new Jerusalem, Jean de Labadie and the Labadists, 1610-1744'', Dordrecht-Boston-Lancaster, 1987. * M. Smits van Waasberghe, "Het ontslag van Jean de Labadie uit de Societeit van Jezus", in: ''Ons geesteljk erf'', 1952, p. 23-49. * Otto E. Strasser-Bertrand - Otto J. De Jong, ''Geschichte des Protestantismus in Frankreich und den Niederlanden'', Göttingen, 1975. * Daniel Vidal, ''Jean de Labadie (1610-1674) Passion mystique et esprit de Réforme'', Grenoble, 2009. * H. Van Berkum, ''De Labadie en de Labadisten, eene bladzijde uit de geschiedenis der Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk'', Snek, 1851.

External links

Catholic Encyclopedia entry
* ttp://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1E1-Labadie.html Encyclopedia.com on Labadie
Encyclopedia.com on Labadists

Britannica.com on Labadie

2009-10-31)
From ''The Awakening of America'' by V. F. Calverton
* *{{Cite book , author1=Kross, Andrea , author2=Morris, James A. , title=Historical dictionary of utopianism , publisher=Scarecrow Press , location=Metuchen, N.J , year=2004 , isbn=0-8108-4912-7 , url=https://books.google.com/books?id=odgOl06HasQC&dq=jean+de+labadie&pg=PA170 Radical Pietism Christian communities Christian socialism