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The Sierra de Lema is an
upland Upland or Uplands may refer to: Geography *Hill, an area of higher land, generally *Highland, an area of higher land divided into low and high points *Upland and lowland, conditional descriptions of a plain based on elevation above sea level *I ...
mountain range area with tepuis, located in Bolívar state of southeastern Venezuela. The names Sierra Rinocote and Sierra Usupamo have historically been applied to its eastern and western portions, respectively.


Geography

The Sierra de Lema is geologically part of the Guayana Shield, and biogeographically part of the Guayana Highlands. Lying north of the Gran Sabana, it marks the
drainage divide A drainage divide, water divide, ridgeline, watershed, water parting or height of land is elevated terrain that separates neighboring drainage basins. On rugged land, the divide lies along topographical ridges, and may be in the form of a singl ...
between the Caroní River and Cuyuni River drainage basins. It is partly within the bounds of
Canaima National Park Canaima National Park ( es, Parque Nacional Canaima) is a park in south-eastern Venezuela that roughly occupies the same area as the Gran Sabana region. It is located in Bolívar State, reaching the borders with Brazil and Guyana. History Ca ...
Torres, I.N. & D.D. Martín (November 2007). Mejorando Nuestra Herencia. and encompasses a number of prominent tepuis, including the entire Los Testigos chain and
Ptari Massif Ptari-tepui, also spelled Pu-tari and sometimes called Cerro Budare or Cerro del Budare, is a tepui in Bolívar state, Venezuela. Lying near the centre of the Sierra de Lema, Brewer-Carías, C. (2012)La Sierra de Lema: una bisagra de vida ''Río ...
. The elevational range of the Sierra de Lema is around
above sea level Height above mean sea level is a measure of the vertical distance (height, elevation or altitude) of a location in reference to a historic mean sea level taken as a vertical datum. In geodesy, it is formalized as ''orthometric heights''. The comb ...
.Huber, O. (1995). Geographical and physical features. In: P.E. Berry, B.K. Holst & K. Yatskievych (eds.) '' Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana. Volume 1. Introduction.'' Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. pp. 1–61.Durán Rangel, C., A. Reif & L. Hernández (April 2011)
Understanding small-scale disturbances in Guayana's montane forests: gap characterization in the Sierra de Lema, Venezuela.
''Interciencia'' 36(4): 272–280.
The chain of tepui mountains that comprises the Sierra de Lema is around wide. Brewer-Carías, C. (2012)
La Sierra de Lema: una bisagra de vida
''Río Verde'' 7: 73–86.
Because the toponymy of the region remains largely unresolved, the stated ''length'' of the Sierra de Lema can vary widely, depending on the definition used. When considering only the uplands that mark the northern boundary of the Gran Sabana, the Sierra de Lema spans around . The extent of the range exceeds if the entire chain separating the Caroní and Cuyuni drainage basins is included. By the latter definition, the Sierra de Lema stretches from
Cerro Venamo Mount Venamo ( Spanish: ''Cerro Venamo'') is a mountain in South America that forms part of the international boundary between Guyana and Venezuela. The mountain is high and is the westernmost point in Guyana. The mountain is named after the Ven ...
in the east to Serranía Supamo and Cerro Santa Rosa (mountain) in the west, very close to the
confluence In geography, a confluence (also: ''conflux'') occurs where two or more flowing bodies of water join to form a single channel. A confluence can occur in several configurations: at the point where a tributary joins a larger river (main stem); o ...
of the
Paragua River The Paragua River is a river of Venezuela. It is part of the Orinoco River basin. It is the largest tributary of the Caroní River. The river drains the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion. See also *List of rivers of Venezuela This is ...
and Caroní River.


Ecology

The
old-growth forest An old-growth forestalso termed primary forest, virgin forest, late seral forest, primeval forest, or first-growth forestis a forest that has attained great age without significant disturbance, and thereby exhibits unique ecological featur ...
section of the Sierra de Lema, in the Guayanan Highlands moist forests ecoregion, remains virtually intact. It covers a contiguous area of some . It is characterised by nutrient poor soils with a low pH and high aluminium content. The ''El Mirador'' ("The Lookout") area at the base of the Sierra de Lema exhibits unusually high levels of the radioisotope Caesium-137, in both its soils and vegetation.LaBrecque, J.J., J.A. Alfonso & P.R. Cordoves (August 2008). Anomalously high activities of 137Cs in soils and vegetation on and near a diabase outcrop in La Sierra de Lema, Venezuela. ''Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry'' 277(2): 405–411. This is likely related to the ground composition and
cloud forest A cloud forest, also called a water forest, primas forest, or tropical montane cloud forest (TMCF), is a generally tropical or subtropical, evergreen, montane, moist forest characterized by a persistent, frequent or seasonal low-level cloud c ...
conditions of the site. The undulating, forested landscape of La Escalera ("The Staircase") also forms part of the Sierra de Lema.Hernández, L., N. Dezzeo, E. Sanoja, L. Salazar & H. Castellanos (March 2012)
Changes in structure and composition of evergreen forests on an altitudinal gradient in the Venezuelan Guayana Shield
''Revista de Biología Tropical'' 60(1): 11–33.


Geology

The Sierra de Lema consists of an igneous- metamorphic
basement A basement or cellar is one or more floors of a building that are completely or partly below the ground floor. It generally is used as a utility space for a building, where such items as the furnace, water heater, breaker panel or fuse box, ...
overlain by
Precambrian The Precambrian (or Pre-Cambrian, sometimes abbreviated pꞒ, or Cryptozoic) is the earliest part of Earth's history, set before the current Phanerozoic Eon. The Precambrian is so named because it preceded the Cambrian, the first period of the ...
sedimentary rocks of the Roraima Group, with Mesozoic
diabase Diabase (), also called dolerite () or microgabbro, is a mafic, holocrystalline, subvolcanic rock equivalent to volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro. Diabase dikes and sills are typically shallow intrusive bodies and often exhibit fine-graine ...
intrusion In geology, an igneous intrusion (or intrusive body or simply intrusion) is a body of intrusive igneous rock that forms by crystallization of magma slowly cooling below the surface of the Earth. Intrusions have a wide variety of forms and com ...
s.


See also

* * Distribution of ''Heliamphora'' — ''with species endemic-native to the Sierra de Lema''.


References


Further reading

* Aymard Corredor, G.A. & E. Sanoja (December 2012). A new species of ''Ormosia'' (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae, Sophoreae) from the Guayana Shield, Bolivar State, Venezuela. ''Harvard Papers in Botany'' 17(2): 275–279. * Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & W.E. Duellman (2010). Anfibios y reptiles de la Sierra de Lema, Venezuela. Parte I: Anuros de las familias Bufonidae e Hylidae. ''Reptilia: revista especializada en reptiles, anfibios y artrópodos'' 82: 26–33. * Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & W.E. Duellman (2010). Anfibios y reptiles de la Sierra de Lema, Venezuela. Parte II: Anuros de las familias Centrolenidae, Dentrobatidae, Leptodactylidae, Microhylidae y Pipidae. ''Reptilia: revista especializada en reptiles, anfibios y artrópodos'' 83: 64–70. * Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & W.E. Duellman (2010). Anfibios y reptiles de la Sierra de Lema, Venezuela. Parte III: Saurios y quelonios terrestres. ''Reptilia: revista especializada en reptiles, anfibios y artrópodos'' 84: 32–38. * Barrio-Amorós, C.L. & W.E. Duellman (2010). Anfibios y reptiles de la Sierra de Lema, Venezuela. Parte IV: Ofidios. ''Reptilia: revista especializada en reptiles, anfibios y artrópodos'' 85: 55–61. * Barrio-Amorós, C.L., C. Brewer-Carías & O. Fuentes-Ramos (31 April 2011)
Aproximación preliminar a la herpetocenosis de un bosque pluvial en la sección occidental de la Sierra de Lema, Guayana Venezolana
''Revista de Ecología Latinoamericana'' 16(1): 1–46. * Brewer-Carías, C. (2007). ''La Sierra de Lema''. Fundación Wonken, Caracas. * De Marmels, J. (1983). The Odonata of the region of Mount Auyantepui and the Sierra de Lema, in Venezuelan Guyana. 3. Additions to the families Gomphidae, Aeshnidae and Corduliidae, with description of ''Progomphus racenisi'' spec. nov.. ''Odonatologica'' 12(1): 1–13. * Durán Rangel, C. (2001)
Estructura y composición florística de los bosques de Sierra de Lema, con especial énfasis en ''Pourouma bolivarensis'' C.C. Berg
Internship report, Universidad de los Andes, Mérida. * Durán Rangel, C. & A. Reif (February 2006). Cloud forest gap structure in Sierra de Lema, Gran Sabana, Venezuela. In
''I Congreso Internacional de Biodiversidad del Escudo Guayanés: Programa y Libro de Resúmenes''.
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. p. 99. * Echagaray, M. & L. Aguirre (2003). Dinámica y crecimiento en bosques en un gradiente climático desde Sierra de Lema hasta la Gran Sabana. Una red de parcelas permanentes. Degree thesis, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Hernández, L. (2005). Crecimiento diamétrico de árboles en bosques a lo largo de un gradiente climático entre Sierra de Lema y la Gran Sabana: resultados preliminares. ''Saber'', supplement 17: 213–214. * Hernández, L. & J. Ortíz (2004). Avances del estudio sobre dinámica de bosques a lo largo de un gradiente climático entre Sierra de Lema y la Gran Sabana. In: ''Memorias IV Congreso Forestal Venezolano: Bosque Vida y Desarrollo''. Ministerio del Ambiente y de los Recursos Naturales, Barinas. * Hernández, L., E. Sanoja, L. Salazar, H. Durán & M. Echagaray (February 2006). Monitoreo de comunidades boscosas a lo largo de un gradiente climático al sudeste de la Guayana Venezolana. orest community monitoring along a climatic gradient in the southeast of the Venezuelan Guayana.In
''I Congreso Internacional de Biodiversidad del Escudo Guayanés: Programa y Libro de Resúmenes''.
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. p. 93. * Hernández, L. & H. Castellanos (November 2006)
Crecimiento diamétrico arbóreo en bosques de Sierra de Lema, Guayana Venezolana: primeras evaluaciones.
ree diameter growth in forests at Sierra de Lema, Venezuelan Guayana: initial evaluations.''Interciencia'' 31(11): 779–786. * Hernández, L., E. Sanoja, C. Durán, J. Ayala, J. Ortíz, L. Salazar, M. Echagaray, N. Dezzeo, W. Meier, L. Aguirre, P Rodríguez, J.C. González, L. Delgado, G. Rodríguez & H. Castellanos (2011)
Estudio a largo plazo de la dinámica de bosques en un gradiente altitudinal al sudeste de la Guayana Venezolana.
''BioLlania Edición Especial'' 10: 63–73. * Keller, R. (February 2006). Identifying trees of the Sierra de Lema (State of Bolívar) by means of bark characteristics and using a laptop computer application. In
''I Congreso Internacional de Biodiversidad del Escudo Guayanés: Programa y Libro de Resúmenes''.
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. pp. 140–141. * Lew, D. & R. Pérez-Hernández (2004) 2003'br>Una nueva especie del género ''Monodelphis'' (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) de la Sierra de Lema, Venezuela.
new species of the genus ''Monodelphis'' (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) from Sierra de Lema, Venezuela.''Memoria de la Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales'' 159–160: 7–25. * Machado-Allison, A., B. Chernoff, R. Royero-León, F. Mago-Leccia, J. Velázquez, C. Lasso, H. López-Rojas, A. Bonilla-Rivero, F. Provenzano & C. Silvera (January–February 2000)
Ictiofauna de la cuenca del Río Cuyuní en Venezuela.
''Interciencia'' 25(1): 13–21. * Méndez, S. (2006). Caracterización anatómica de la madera, con fines de análisis dendrocronológico de 8 especies provenientes de un bosque húmedo premontano alto ubicado en la parte alta de La Escalera, Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar. Internship report, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Mujica, N. (2007). Determinación de la densidad de madera de especies arbóreas un bosque nublado de La escalera (Sierra de Lema). Degree thesis, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Ortíz G., J.C. (November 2002)
Ensayo de técnicas dendrocronológicas en los géneros tachigali y terminalia en bosques semideciduos y siempre-verdes de tierras bajas entre el Dorado y Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar
Degree thesis, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Ortiz, J., E. Sanoja & S. Méndez (February 2006). Caracterización anatómica de 8 especies con fines de análisis dendrocronológico del bosque húmedo premontano alto ubicado en la parte alta de Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar. natomical characterization of 8 species with the intention of dendrochronological analysis of a high premontan humid forest in the upper Sierra de Lema, State of Bolívar.In
''I Congreso Internacional de Biodiversidad del Escudo Guayanés: Programa y Libro de Resúmenes''.
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. p. 207. * Rácenis, J. (May–August 1968). Los odonatos de la región del Auyantepui y de la Sierra de Lema, en la Guayana Venezolana. 1. Superfamilia Agrionoidea. ''Memoria de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle'' 28(80): 151–176. * Rácenis, J. (1970). Los odonatos de la región del Auyantepui y de la Sierra de Lema, en la Guayana Venezolana. 2. Las familias Gomphidae, Aeshnidae y Corduliidae. ''Acta Biologica Venezuelica'' 7(1): 23–39. * Rodríguez, P. (February 2008)
Inventario dendrológico de bosques a lo largo de un gradiente altitudinal en La Escalera, Sierra de Lema
Degree thesis, Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Sanoja, E. (2004)
Diagnosis y observaciones sobre la biología de ''Catostemma lemense'', nueva Bombacaceae de Venezuela
iagnosis and observations on the biology of ''Catostemma lemense'', new Bombacaceae of Venezuela.''Acta Botánica Venezuelica'' 27(2): 83–94. * Sanoja, E. (2008). Caracterización fisonómica y dendrológica de bosques montanos en La Escalera, Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar. Promotion research study, UUniversidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. * Sanoja, E., L. Hernández, B. Holst, W. Díaz, M. Calzadilla & L. Salazar (February 2006). Estado actual del conocimiento dedrotaxonómico de los bosques premontanos de La Escalera, Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar - Venezuela. ctual status of dedrotaxonomic knowledge of La Escalera premontan forests, Sierra de Lema, State of Bolívar - Venezuela.In
''I Congreso Internacional de Biodiversidad del Escudo Guayanés: Programa y Libro de Resúmenes''.
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana, Puerto Ordaz. pp. 139–140. * Sanoja, E. (June 2009)
Lista dendrológica de los bosques montanos de La Escalera, Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela
endrological list of montane forests of La Escalera, Sierra de Lema, Bolivar State, Venezuela.''Acta Botánica Venezuelica'' 32(1): 79–111. * Sanoja, E. (December 2009)
Nueva especie de ''Zanthoxylum'' L. (Rutaceae) de Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela
new species of ''Zanthoxylum'' L. (Rutaceae) from Sierra de Lema, Bolívar state, Venezuela.''Acta Botánica Venezuelica'' 32(2): 303–310. * Steyermark, J.A., S. Nilsson & collaborators (1962). Botanical novelties in the region of Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela – I. ''Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales'' 23(101): 59–95. * Steyermark, J.A. (1966). Botanical novelties in the region of Sierra de Lema, Estado Bolívar, Venezuela – III. ''Boletín de la Sociedad Venezolana de Ciencias Naturales'' 26(110): 411–452.


External links

*
La Sierra de Lema una bisagra de vida
by
Charles Brewer-Carías Charles Brewer-Carías (born 10 September 1938 in Caracas, Venezuela) is a Venezuelan explorer and naturalist. Known as the " Humboldt of the twentieth century", Brewer-Carías has led more than 200 expeditions to remote parts of the Venezuelan ...
{{Tepuis , Venezuela Mountain ranges of Venezuela Guayana Highlands Landforms of Bolívar (state) Tepuis of Venezuela