Krung

Rade (Rhade; Rade: ; or ) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24) lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

*Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
*Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
*Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
*Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
*Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
*Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
*Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
*Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
*Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language. Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.
*Area 1
**''Area 1.1'': Krung, Kpă, Adham
**''Area 1.2'': Drao. Êpan, Ktul
**Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
*Area 2
**Mdhur
**Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23) assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.
*Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
*Kpă – Adham: 82%
*Kpă – Ktul: 82%
*Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
*Kpă – Blô: 82%
*Kpă – Êpan: 85%
*Kpă – Drao: 81%
*Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

* – the most senior in age and authority
* – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
* – you
* – husband
* – her/him
* – they
* – we
* – love
* – hate
* – younger sibling
* – mom/mother
* – grandma/grandmother
* – grandma/grandfather
* – father, dad daddy
* – ugly, bad
* – pretty
* – beautiful girl
* – good
* – love
* – give
* – true
* – go
* – I/me
* – name
* – country
* – want/like
* – God
* – speak
* – language
* – rice porridge
* – fat
* – skinny
* – black
* – to be from
* – from
*, , , , – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
*, , , , : 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
* – America
* – Cambodia
* – person
* – learn
* – sound of displeasure/pain
* –
* – type/write
* – English
* – Rade/Ede
* – A lot
* – French

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels

* Vowels can also be heard as more centralized-back .

Consonants

* can also be heard as a more bilabial .
* Glottalized final consonant sounds are heard only in final position.

References

Further reading

*
*
*
*
*

External links

Alphabet and pronunciation
* ELAR archive o
Documenting Bih
*

{{Austronesian languages

Chamic languages
Languages of Vietnam