Kraków pogrom

The Kraków pogrom was the first anti-Jewish riot in post World War II Poland,Michlic, p. 347. that took place on 11 August 1945 in the Soviet-occupied city of Kraków, Poland. The incident was part of anti-Jewish violence in Poland towards and after the end of World War II. The immediate cause of the pogrom was a blood libel rumour of a ritual murder of Polish children by Jews in the city. A false allegation that a child had been abducted by a Jewish woman had grown to allegations that Jews had killed up to 80 children over the course of weeks. These allegations led to attacks on Jews, as well as some Poles mistaken for Jews, in the Kazimierz quarter, and other parts of the Old Town, and the burning of the Kupa Synagogue. At least one person was killed and an unknown number were injured.

Background

Before the German invasion of Poland in September 1939, around 68,000 to 80,000 Jews lived in Kraków. In January 1945, there were only 2,000 Jewish Holocaust survivors in the city who had not fled following the arrival of the Soviet Red Army. Some Jewish refugees returned to Kraków from the Soviet Union and from neighbouring villages and towns. By May 1945, there were 6,637 Jews in the city.

The return of these Jews was not always welcomed, especially by the antisemitic elements in the populace. Anti-Jewish violence in Kraków was a serious problem according to the Soviet-installed '' starosta'' in the city, even though "no serious antisemitic events were recorded in the rural and small-town regions." In June 1945, the new communist ''voivode'' of Kraków described in his report alleged growing tensions to his superiors. In his report for 1–10 August, the Kraków city administrator (''starosta grodzki'') noted the "insufficient supply of food."

Unrest

On 27 June 1945, a Jewish woman was brought to a local Milicja Obywatelska police station and falsely accused of attempting to abduct a child. Despite the fact that the investigation revealed that the child's mother had left the child in the care of the suspect, rumours started to spread that a Jewish woman abducted the child in order to kill him. A mob shouting anti-Jewish slogans gathered at Kleparski Square, but a Milicja detachment brought the situation under control. Blood libel rumours continued to spread. False claims that thirteen corpses of Christian children had been discovered were disseminated. By 11 August, the number of rumoured "victims" had grown to eighty. Groups of hooligans who gathered at Kleparski Square had been throwing stones at the Kupa Synagogue on a weekly basis. On 11 August, an attempt to seize a thirteen-year-old boy who was throwing stones at the synagogue was made, but he escaped and rushed to the nearby marketplace screaming "Help me, the Jews have tried to kill me."Marcin Zaremba
Psychoza we krwi
' . Polityka 05.07.2006 reprint in Onet.pl

Instantly the crowd broke into the Kupa Synagogue and started beating Jews, who had been praying at the Saturday morning Shabbat service, and the Torah scrolls were burned. The Jewish hostel was also attacked. Jewish men, women, and children were beaten up on the streets; their homes were broken into and robbed. Some Jews wounded during the pogrom were hospitalized and later were beaten in the hospitals again. One of the pogrom victims witnessed:

During the pogrom some Poles, mistaken for Jews, were also attacked. The centre of these events was Miodowa, Starowiślna, Przemyska, and Józefa Streets in the Kazimierz quarter. The riots were most intense between 11 am and 1 pm, calming down around 2 pm, only to regain strength in the late afternoon when the Kupa Synagogue was set on fire.

Polish policemen and soldiers actively participated in these events. In total, 145 suspects were arrested including 40 militiamen and 6 soldiers of the Wojsko Polskie (Polish Army). In September and October 1945, 25 people were charged with inciting racial hatred, robberies, and violence against Jews. Twelve of those charged were officers. Ten of the accused were sentenced to prison. According to the report prepared for Joseph Stalin by the NKVD in Kraków, Polish militiamen had sanctioned the violence.

Casualties

There is one official record of a death relating to Kraków events in the archives of the Forensic Medicine Department in Kraków. The victim was 56-year-old Auschwitz survivor Róża Berger, shot while standing behind closed doors. Tomasz Konopka "Śmierc na ulicach Krakowa w latach 1945–1947 w materiale archiwalnym krakowskiego Zakladu Medycyny Sadowej" – "Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość", IPN, 2005, nr 2, p. 148. Translation: Death in the streets of Krakow in the years 1945–1947 in the archival material of the Krakow Department of Lawful Medicine.'' 11 sierpnia 1945 roku doszło do rozruchów antyżydowskich. Rozruchy w Krakowie nie były tak tragiczne jak rok później w Kielcach, ale nie obyło się bez ofiary śmiertelnej. 56-letnia Róża Berger zginęła od strzału oddanego przez zamknięte drzwi. Sekcja zwłok, oprócz rany postrzałowej, wykazała wiele ran pochodzących od uderzeń rozbitego strzałem zamka.'' Tomasz Konopka, "Historia Krakowa pisana protokołami sekcyjnymi" available at www.forensic-medicine.p

Translation: On August 11, 1945, anti-Jewish riots took place. The riots in Krakow were not as tragic as a year later in Kielce, but it was not without a fatal victim. 56-year-old Róża Berger was killed by a shot fired through a closed door. The post-mortem examination, apart from the gunshot wound, revealed many wounds from the blows of the breech bolt.

Notes

References

* Cichopek, Anna (2000) ''Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie, 11 sierpnia 1945 r.'', Żydowski Instytut Historyczny.
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* Julian Kwiek, "Wydarzenia antyżydowskie 11 sierpnia 1945 r. w Krakowie: dokumenty", in ''Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego'', nr 1/2000 str. 77–89.
* Magdalena Tytuła, Kielce na Kazimierzu, in ''Gazeta Wyborcza'' (local 'Gazeta w Krakowie'), August 11, 2000
* Darisz Libionka, Recension of Anna Cichopek's book "Pogrom Żydów w Krakowie", in ''Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość'', nr 1/2002 str. 179–182
* Tomasz Konopka ''Śmierc na ulicach Krakowa w latach 1945–1947 w materiale archiwalnym krakowskiego Zakladu Medycyny Sadowej'' – "Pamięć i Sprawiedliwość", IPN, 2005, nr 2, p. 148
* Bożena Szaynok (2005). "The Role of Antisemitism in Postwar Polish-Jewish Relations", in Robert Blobaum: ''Antisemitism And Its Opponents In Modern Poland.'' Cornell University Press. Retrieved on 21 March 2007. p. 272
* Marcin Zaremba "Psychoza we krwi" in ''Polityka'' 05.07.2006 reprint in Onet.pl
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review
of Stefan Grajek, ''Po wojnie i co dalej? Żydzi w Polsce, w latach 1945–1949''], (translated from Hebrew by Aleksander Klugman), Żydowski Instytut Historyczny, Warszawa 2003

External links

* Tomasz Konopka
''Historia Krakowa pisana protokołami sekcyjnymi''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krakow pogrom
1945 in Poland
1945 riots
Blood libel
Jewish Polish history
Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1946
20th century in Kraków
History of Kraków
Jews and Judaism in Kraków
Antisemitism in Poland
August 1945 events in Europe
1945 murders in Poland