Kraken (bitcoin exchange)

Kraken is a United States–based cryptocurrency exchange and bank, founded in 2011. It was one of the first bitcoin exchanges to be listed on Bloomberg Terminal and is reportedly valued at $10.8 billion USD, as of mid-summer 2022. As of 2020, Kraken had US$1.1 billion in revenue.

History

Kraken was co-founded in 2011 by Jesse Powell, an alumnus of California State University, Sacramento with Thanh Luu. Powell was a consultant for Mt. Gox in resolving a security issue, and began working on Kraken as a replacement anticipating its death; Gox would indeed collapse in 2014, failing security audits. In September 2013, Kraken was launched, offering Bitcoin, Litecoin, and euro trades initially before going on to add additional currencies and margin trading. A few months earlier, Kraken had joined other US Bitcoin players to form the "Committee for the Establishment of the Digital Asset Transfer Authority" as the self-regulatory group of the industry.

In March 2014, Kraken received a $5 million Series A investment from Hummingbird Ventures and Bitcoin Opportunity Fund. A month later, Kraken became one of the first bitcoin exchanges to be listed on Bloomberg Terminal. The same year, Kraken was chosen to assist with the investigation of lost bitcoins of Mt. Gox; the bankruptcy trustees relied upon Kraken due to its proven operating history without being breached by hackers. In June 2015, Kraken opened the first dark pool and acquired Dutch exchange CleverCoin, and Glidera, a cryptocurrency wallet service. In March 2017, Kraken acquired Cryptowatch, a charting and trading platform. By December 2017, Kraken claimed to be registering up to 50,000 new users a day.

In April 2018, Kraken announced closure of its services in Japan due to the rising costs of doing business. In February 2019, Kraken acquired Crypto Facilities, a British derivatives trading firm. In June 2019, Kraken received $13.5 million from 2,263 individual investors via a special-purpose vehicle.

In September 2020, Kraken was granted a special purpose depository institution (SPDI) charter in Wyoming, becoming the first cryptocurrency exchange to hold such a charter in the United States. In early 2021, Kraken sought additional funding from investors at a valuation of over $20 billion, with Tribe Capital becoming the company's second largest institutional investor behind Hummingbird Ventures and Arjun Sethi being appointed to the board of directors.

In January 2021, Kraken released a mobile app for international users, which became available in the US in June 2021. In January 2022, Kraken announced its plans to develop an NFT marketplace.

On September 21, 2022, Kraken announced that Powell would be stepping down as CEO to spend “more of my time on the company’s products, user experience and broader industry advocacy.” Powell, who will assume the role of chairman of Kraken’s board of directors, will be replaced as CEO by Dave Ripley, the company’s chief operating officer. In November 2022, Kraken announced it had identified the hacker of rival exchange FTX, and would assist law enforcement in its investigation into the theft of more than $400 million in FTX assets. That same month, the company launched a beta version of its non-fungible token (NFT) marketplace featuring 70 Ethereum- and Solana-based collections.

On November 30, 2022, CEO Powell announced the layoff of 1,100 employees, or approximately 30 percent of the employees, "in order to adapt to current market conditions."

Controversies

Government regulations

In April 2018, Kraken refused compliance with an investigation by the New York Attorney General's Office regarding the measures taken by cryptocurrency exchanges to protect their customers from market manipulation and money laundering, finding the associated expenditure to be bad for business. The report went on to warn that the Kraken might be breaking the law, suggested that customers stay away from it, and referred the platform to New York State Department of Financial Services for potential violation of local virtual currency regulations.

In March 2019, the exchange came to be investigated by the Office of Foreign Assets Control for potential violation of sanction-regimes by allowing trade with customers based in Iran; as of November 2022, Reuters reports that a settlement was reached between Kraken and OFAC, and Kraken has paid a fine of $362,000 in addition to agreeing to "invest an additional $100,000 in certain sanctions compliance controls." In late September 2021, Kraken was ordered to pay a fine of $1.25 million to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission for offering unregistered margin trading.

Identifying Glassdoor reviewers

In May 2019, Kraken filed a motion in California's Marin County Superior Court to identify ten anonymous reviewers on Glassdoor. Kraken is suing them, for allegedly breaching their severance contract. The Electronic Frontier Foundation, which represents the anonymous reviewers, claims that identifying the reviewers would harm their First Amendment free-speech rights and chill the expression of others. The court has since ordered Glassdoor to disclose the real identity of some reviewers.

Work culture

In 2019, Powell suggested that parenting was a distraction to being productive and critiqued the economic viability of parental leaves; he went on to question whether choosing to not abide by relevant governmental regulations was a risk worth taking. In June 2022, Powell urged employees in a work-meeting to reject the usage of preferred gender pronouns; he then opened a Slack channel to debate why people shall be allowed to choose their gender but neither race nor ethnicity. The next day, Kraken released a "culture document" which outlined the libertarian values at the core of Kraken that were to be obeyed at work. Among other things, employees were prohibited from labelling others' comments as "toxic, hateful, racist," etc., and particular emphasis was assigned on how "offensiveness" was not forbidden. Powell and his fellow executives encouraged employees who disagreed with the policy to quit, and offered four months' severance for those who opted to do so.

See also

* Binance
* Bitfinex
* Coinbase
* Gemini
* Mt. Gox

References

External links

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{{Cryptocurrencies, state=expanded

2011 establishments in California
Banks based in Wyoming
Bitcoin companies
Bitcoin exchanges
Companies based in San Francisco
Digital currency exchanges