was a Japanese moral

philosopher A philosopher is a person who practices or investigates philosophy. The term ''philosopher'' comes from the grc, φιλόσοφος, , translit=philosophos, meaning 'lover of wisdom'. The coining of the term has been attributed to the Greek th ...

, philosopher of mathematics and science, and religious scholar. He was the founder of what has been called the

Kyoto School The is the name given to the Japanese philosophical movement centered at Kyoto University that assimilated Western philosophy and religious ideas and used them to reformulate religious and moral insights unique to the East Asian cultural tradit ...

of philosophy. He graduated from the

University of Tokyo , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project b ...

during the

Meiji period The is an era of Japanese history that extended from October 23, 1868 to July 30, 1912. The Meiji era was the first half of the Empire of Japan, when the Japanese people moved from being an isolated feudal society at risk of colonization ...

in 1894 with a degree in

philosophy Philosophy (from , ) is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. ...

. He was named

professor Professor (commonly abbreviated as Prof.) is an academic rank at universities and other post-secondary education and research institutions in most countries. Literally, ''professor'' derives from Latin as a "person who professes". Professo ...

of the Fourth Higher School in

Ishikawa Prefecture is a prefecture of Japan located in the Chūbu region of Honshu island. Ishikawa Prefecture has a population of 1,140,573 (31 October 2019) and has a geographic area of 4,186 km2 (1,616 sq mi). Ishikawa Prefecture borders Toyama Prefecture to ...

in 1899 and later became professor of philosophy at

Kyoto University , mottoeng = Freedom of academic culture , established = , type = Public (National) , endowment = ¥ 316 billion (2.4 billion USD) , faculty = 3,480 (Teaching Staff) , administrative_staff = 3,978 (Total Staff) , students = ...

. Nishida retired in 1927. In 1940, he was awarded the

Order of Culture The is a Japanese order, established on February 11, 1937. The order has one class only, and may be awarded to men and women for contributions to Japan's art, literature, science, technology, or anything related to culture in general; recipient ...

(文化勲章, ''bunka kunshō''). He participated in establishing the

Chiba Institute of Technology is a private university in Narashino, Chiba, Japan. Abbreviated as , , , . The school was founded in 1942 in Machida, Tokyo. In 1946 it was relocated to Kimitsu, Chiba, adopted the present name at the same time. Four years later, it was moved ...

(千葉工業大学) from 1940. Nishida Kitarō died at the age of 75 of a

renal The kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped organs found in vertebrates. They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space, and in adult humans are about in length. They receive blood from the paired renal arteries; bloo ...

infection An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce. An infectious disease, also known as a transmissible disease or communicable di ...

. His cremated remains were divided in three and buried at different locations. Part of his remains were buried in the Nishida family grave in his birthplace Unoke, Ishikawa. A second grave can be found at

Tōkei-ji , also known as or , is a Buddhist temple and a former nunnery, the only survivor of a network of five nunneries called , in the city of Kamakura in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. It is part of the Rinzai school of Zen's Engaku-ji branch, and was op ...

Temple in

Kamakura is a city in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. Kamakura has an estimated population of 172,929 (1 September 2020) and a population density of 4,359 persons per km² over the total area of . Kamakura was designated as a city on 3 November 1939. Kamak ...

, where his friend

D. T. Suzuki , self-rendered in 1894 as "Daisetz", was a Japanese-American Buddhist monk, essayist, philosopher, religious scholar, translator, and writer. He was a scholar and author of books and essays on Buddhism, Zen and Shin that were instrumental in s ...

organized Nishida's funeral and was later also buried in the adjacent plot. Nishida's third grave is at Reiun'in (霊雲院, ''Reiun'in''), a

temple A temple (from the Latin ) is a building reserved for spiritual rituals and activities such as prayer and sacrifice. Religions which erect temples include Christianity (whose temples are typically called churches), Hinduism (whose temples ...

in the

Myōshin-ji is a temple complex in Kyoto, Japan, and head temple of the associated branch of Rinzai Zen Buddhism. The Myōshin-ji school is by far the largest school in Rinzai Zen, approximately as big as the other thirteen branches combined: it contains wit ...

compound in

Kyoto Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the c ...

Philosophy

Being born in the third year of the

, Nishida was presented with a new, unique opportunity to contemplate Eastern philosophical issues in the fresh light that

Western philosophy Western philosophy encompasses the philosophy, philosophical thought and work of the Western world. Historically, the term refers to the philosophical thinking of Western culture, beginning with the ancient Greek philosophy of the Pre-Socratic p ...

shone on them. Nishida's original and creative philosophy, incorporating ideas of

Zen Zen ( zh, t=禪, p=Chán; ja, text= 禅, translit=zen; ko, text=선, translit=Seon; vi, text=Thiền) is a school of Mahayana Buddhism that originated in China during the Tang dynasty, known as the Chan School (''Chánzong'' 禪宗), and ...

and Western philosophy, was aimed at bringing the East and West closer. Throughout his lifetime, Nishida published a number of books and essays including ''

An Inquiry into the Good ''An Inquiry into the Good'', also known as ''A Study of Good'', ( ja, 善の研究) is the first book by the Japanese philosopher Nishida Kitarō, published in 1911. As he explains in the Preface to the work, Parts II and III were composed first ...

'' and ''The Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview''. Taken as a whole, Nishida's life work was the foundation for the

of philosophy and the inspiration for the original thinking of his disciples. One of the most famous concepts in Nishida's philosophy is the logic of ''basho'' (Japanese: 場所; usually translated as "place" or "

topos In mathematics, a topos (, ; plural topoi or , or toposes) is a category that behaves like the category of sheaves of sets on a topological space (or more generally: on a site). Topoi behave much like the category of sets and possess a notio ...

"), a non-dualistic concrete logic, meant to overcome the inadequacy of the subject-object distinction essential to the subject logic of

Aristotle Aristotle (; grc-gre, Ἀριστοτέλης ''Aristotélēs'', ; 384–322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. Taught by Plato, he was the founder of the Peripatetic school of ...

and the predicate logic of

Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant (, , ; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg, Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and ...

, through the affirmation of what he calls the "absolutely contradictory self-identity", a dynamic tension of opposites that, unlike the

dialectical logic Dialectical logic is the system of laws of thought, developed within the Hegelian and Marxist traditions, which seeks to supplement or replace the laws of formal logic. The precise nature of the relation between dialectical and formal logic was h ...

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (; ; 27 August 1770 – 14 November 1831) was a German philosopher. He is one of the most important figures in German idealism and one of the founding figures of modern Western philosophy. His influence extends ...

, does not resolve in a synthesis. Rather, it defines its proper subject by maintaining the tension between affirmation and negation as opposite poles or perspectives. In David A. Dilworth's survey of Nishida's works, he did not mention the debut book, ''

''. There, Nishida writes about the experience, reality, good and religion. He argues that the most profound form of experience is the pure experience. Nishida analyzes the thought, the will, the intellectual intuition, and the pure experience among them. According to Nishida's vision as well as to the essence of Asian wisdom, one craves harmony in experience, for unity.

Legacy

According to Masao Abe, "During

World War II World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...

right-wing thinkers attacked him as antinationalistic for his appreciation of

and logic. But after the war left-wing thinkers criticized his philosophy as nationalistic because of his emphasis on the traditional notion of ''

nothingness Nothing, the complete absence of anything, has been a matter of philosophical debate since at least the 5th century BC. Early Greek philosophers argued that it was impossible for ''nothing'' to exist. The atomists allowed ''nothing'' but only i ...

''. He recognized a kind of universality in Western philosophy and logic but did not accept that it was the only universality."

List of works

''Collected Works'' ��田幾多郎全集 2nd ed. (Tokyo:

Iwanami Shoten is a Japanese publishing company based in Tokyo.Louis Frédéric, ''Japan Encyclopedia'', Harvard University Press, 2005, p. 409. Iwanami Shoten was founded in 1913 by Iwanami Shigeo. Its first major publication was Natsume Sōseki's novel ''K ...

, 2003-20), 25 vols. ereafter NKZ* ''

'' ��の研究(Tokyo: Kōdōkan ��道館 January 1911), reprinted in NKZ1. * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 1'' ��索と体験(Tokyo; Senshōkan ��章館 March 1915), reprinted in NKZ1. :* ‘On the Claims of Pure Logicists in Epistemology’ ��識論における純論理派の主張について(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 2
Nos. 8-9
August to September 1911). :* ‘Laws’ ��則(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 300
February 1912). :* ‘Logical Understanding and Mathematical Understanding’ ��理の理解と数理の理解(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 3
No. 9
September 1912). :* ‘Natural Sciences and the Study of History” ��然科学と歴史学(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 319
September 1913). :* ‘Response to Takahashi Satomi’s Criticisms of My ''An Inquiry into the Good''’ ��橋文学士の拙著『善の研究』に対する批評に答う(''Tetsugaku Zasshi'' ��学雑誌br>No. 308
September 1912). :* ‘

Bergson Henri-Louis Bergson (; 18 October 1859 – 4 January 1941) was a French philosopherHenri Bergson. 2014. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 13 August 2014, from https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/61856/Henri-Bergson

’s Philosophical Method’ ��ルグソンの哲学的方法論(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 1
No. 8
August 1910). :* ‘

’s Pure Duration’ ��ルグソンの純粋持続''Kyōiku Gakujutsu Kai'' ��育学術界 Vo. 24
No. 2
November 1911). :* ‘Contemporary Philosophy’ ��代の哲学(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', April 1916). ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘ Cohen’s Pure Knowledge’ ��ーヘンの純粋意識(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 7
No. 8
August 1916). ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘

Lotze Lotze is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Hermann Lotze Rudolf Hermann Lotze (; ; 21 May 1817 – 1 July 1881) was a German philosopher and logician. He also had a medical degree and was well versed in biology. He argued th ...

’s Metaphysics’ ��ッツェの形而上学(
Lotze
', Tokyo: Hōbunkan ��文館 May 1917). ::: Added in the 2nd edition of 1922. :* ‘ Poincaré as Epistemologist’ ��識論者としてのアンリ・ポアンカレ(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 3
No. 10
October 1912). ::: Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922 but restored in the 3rd edition of 1937. :* ‘On

Tolstoy Count Lev Nikolayevich TolstoyTolstoy pronounced his first name as , which corresponds to the romanization ''Lyov''. () (; russian: link=no, Лев Николаевич Толстой,In Tolstoy's day, his name was written as in pre-refor ...

’ ��ルストイについて(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 2
No. 1
January 1911). :* ‘ Gutoku Shinran’ ��禿親鸞(''Shūsokan'', April 1911). :* ‘Preface to Tanabe Ryuji, '' Koizumi Yakumo''’ [『小泉八雲伝』�
序
(Tokyo: Waseda Daigaku Shuppanbu, April 1914). :* ‘Preface to Fujioka Sakutarō, ''Lectures on the History of Japanese Literature''’ [『国文学史講話』�
序
(Tokyo: Kaiseikan, March 1908). :* ‘Preface to Henri Bergson, ''Matter and Memory''’ [『物質と記憶』�
序文
(trans. Takahashi Satomi, Tokyo: Seibunkan, February 1914). ::: Removed in the 2nd edition of 1922. * ''Modern Idealist Philosophy'' ��代における理想主義の哲学(Tokyo: Kōdōkan ��道館 May 1917), reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘Subjectivism’ ��観主義 :* ‘Objectivism’ ��観主義 :* ‘A Historical Overview of Idealist Philosophy’ ��想主義哲学の史的概観 :* ‘The School of

Neo-Kantianism In late modern continental philosophy, neo-Kantianism (german: Neukantianismus) was a revival of the 18th-century philosophy of Immanuel Kant. The Neo-Kantians sought to develop and clarify Kant's theories, particularly his concept of the "thin ...

’ ��カント学派 :* ‘The

School of Brentano The School of Brentano was a group of philosophers and psychologists who studied with Franz Brentano and were essentially influenced by him. While it was never a school in the traditional sense, Brentano tried to maintain some cohesion in the schoo ...

’ ��レンタノ学派 :* ‘Philosophy of Pure Experience ��粋経験の哲学 * ''Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness'' ��覚における直観と反省(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 October 1917), reprinted in NKZ2. :: Originally published as a serial in ''Geibun'' (September 1913 to August 1916) which was continued in ''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' (October 1916 to May 1917). * ''Problems of Consciousness'' ��識の問題(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, January 1920), reprinted in NKZ2. :* ‘What Consciousness Means’ ��識とは何を意味するか(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', January 1918). :* ‘Sensation’ ��覚(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', June 1918). :* ‘Feeling’ ��情(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', July 1918). :* ‘The True Meaning of Symbols’ ��徴の真意義(''Shichō'', March 1918). :* ‘Will’ ��志(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 9
September 1918). :* ‘The Various Continuities of the Content of Experience’ ��験内容の種々なる連続(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', February to March 1919). :* ‘The Place of the Realisation of the Will’ ��志実現の場所(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 10
No. 4
April 1919). :* ‘The Content of the Will’ ��志の内容(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', May to June 1919). :* ‘On Relations’ ��係について(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 6
June 1919). :* ‘On the Degrees of Consciousness’ ��識の明暗について(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', September 1919). :* ‘The Concept of the Individual’ ��体概念(''Shirin'' ��林 Vol. 4
No. 1
January 1919). :* ‘

Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz . ( – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. He is one of the most prominent figures in both the history of philosophy and the history of ma ...

’s Ontological Proof’ ��イプニッツの本体論的証明(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 9
No. 1
January 1918). * ''Art and Morality'' ��術と道徳(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 July 1923), reprinted in NKZ3. :* ‘The Essence of Beauty’ ��の本質(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', March to April 1920). :* ‘

Max Klinger Max Klinger (18 February 1857 – 5 July 1920) was a German artist who produced significant work in painting, sculpture, prints and graphics, as well as writing a treatise articulating his ideas on art and the role of graphic arts and printmak ...

’s ''Painting and Drawing''’ ��ックス・クリンゲルの『絵画と線画』の中から(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 11
No. 10
October 1920). :* ‘The Content of Feeling and the Content of the Will’ ��情の内容と意志の内容(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', April 1921). :* ‘The World of Objects of Reflective Judgement’ ��省的判断の対象界(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 12
No. 11
November 1921). :* ‘The Intersection of the True, the Good and the Beautiful’ ��善美の合一点(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', September 1921). :* ‘Society and the Individual’ ��会と個人(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', April 1922). :* ‘Consciousness of Acts’ ��用の意識(''Geibun'' ��文 Vol. 13
Nos. 9-10
September to October 1922). :* ‘The Acting Subject’ ��為的主観(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', September 1923). :* ‘The Will and Syllogism’ ��志と推論式(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 12
September 1922). :* ‘The Beautiful and the Good’ ��と善(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', September 1923). :* ‘Law and Morality’ ��と道徳(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', February 1923). :* ‘The True and the Beautiful’ ��と美(''Kaizō'', February 1923). :* ‘The True and the Good’ ��と善(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 18
March 1923). * ''From the Actor to the Seer'' ��くものから見るものへ(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, October 1927), reprinted in NKZ3. :* ‘The Immediately Given’ ��接に与えられるもの(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', September 1923). :* ‘Intuition and Will’ ��観と意志(''Kōza'', November 1923). :* ‘What Lies Behind Physical Phenomena’ ��理現象の背後にあるもの(''Shisō'', January 1924). :* ‘On Internal Perception’ ��部知覚について(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', March, September and October 1924). :* ‘Acts of Expression’ ��現作用(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 41
March 1925). :* ‘The Actor’ ��くもの(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', October 1925). :* ‘Place’ ��所(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', June 1926). :* ‘Response to Dr. Sōda Ki’ichirō’ ��右田博士に答う(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', April 1927). :* ‘The Knower’ ��るもの(''Shisō'', August to September 1927). * ''The System of Universals according to Self-Consciousness'' ��般者の自覚的体系(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, January 1930), reprinted in NKZ4. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the So-Called World of Objects of Knowledge’ ��わゆる認識対象界の論理的構造(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', April 1928). ::: Nishida is referring to »die Welt der Erkenntnisgegenstände«. :* ‘Logicism of the Predicate’ ��語的論理主義(''Shisō'', April 1928). :* ‘The Place of That Which Sees Itself and the Place of Consciousness’ ��己自身を見るもののおいてある場所と意識の場所(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', July 1928). :* ‘The Intelligible World’ ��智的世界(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', October 1928). :* ‘Intuitive Knowledge’ ��観的知識(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', January 1929). :* ‘The Relationship between Being and What Lies Behind Being in the Self-Conscious Universal’ ��覚的一般者においてあるもの及びそれとその背後にあるものとの関係(''Shisō'', April to June 1929). :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Universal’ ��般者の自己限定(''Shisō'', September to October 1929). * ''The Determination of the Nothing by Self-Consciousness'' ��の自覚的限定(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, December 1932), reprinted in NKZ5. :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Expressive Self’ ��現的自己の自己限定(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', July to August 1930). :* ‘Acts of Consciousness as the Self-Determination of Place’ ��所の自己限定としての意識作用(''Shisō''
No. 100
September 1930). :* ‘What I Call the Self-Conscious Determination of the Absolute Nothing’ ��の絶対無の自覚的限定というもの(''Shisō'', February to March 1931). :* ‘The Self-Determination of the Eternal Now’ ��遠の今の自己限定(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', June 1931). :* ‘The Temporal and the Atemporal’ ��間的なるもの及び非時間的なるもの(''Shisō''
No. 112
September 1931). :* ‘Love of the Self, Love of the Other and the Dialectic’ ��愛と他愛及び弁証法(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', February to March 1932). :* ‘Free Will’ ��由意志(''Shisō''
No. 120
May 1932). :* ‘I and Thou’ ��と汝(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'', July 1932). :* ‘On the

Philosophy of Life (; meaning ' philosophy of life') was a dominant philosophical movement of German-speaking countries in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which had developed out of German Romanticism. emphasised the meaning, value and purpose of life a ...

’ ��の哲学について(''Risō'', October 1932). * ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 1: The World of Action'' ��学の根本問題——行為の世界(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, December 1933), reprinted in NKZ6. :* ‘Prolegomena to Metaphysics’ ��而上学序論(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'', February 1933). :* ‘I and the World’ ��と世界(previously unpublished, begun in April 1933). * ''Fundamental Problems of Philosophy, Vol. 2: The Dialectical World'' ��学の根本問題続編——弁証法的世界(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, October 1934), reprinted in NKZ6. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造(''Shisō''
Nos. 140-42
January to March 1934). :* ‘The World as a Dialectical Universal’ ��証法的一般者としての世界(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', June to August 1935). :* ‘Cultural Forms of the Ancient East and West as Viewed from the Standpoint of Metaphysics’ ��而上学的立場から見た東西古代の文化形態(previously unpublished) * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 1: Plans for a System of Philosophy'' ��学論文集第1——哲学体系への企図(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, November 1935), reprinted in NKZ7. :* ‘The World’s Self-Identity and Continuity’ ��界の自己同一と連続(''Shisō''
Nos. 152-4
January to March 1935). :* ‘The Standpoint of Active Intuition’ ��為的直観の立場(''Shisō''
Nos. 158-60
July to September 1935). * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 2'' �� 思索と体験(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, May 1937), reprinted in NKZ7. :* ‘Remaining Problems of Consciousness’ ��残されたる意識の問題(
Festschrift for Tokunō Bun
' ��能博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten, July 1926). :* ‘Anthropology’ ��間学(
Festschrift for Tomonaga Sanjūrō
' ��永博士還暦記念哲学論文集 Iwanami Shoten, August 1930). :* ‘History’ ��史(''Iwanami Kōza: Tetsugaku'', August 1931). :* ‘Hegel’s Dialectic as Seen from My Standpoint’ ��の立場から見たヘーゲルの弁証法(
Hegel and Hegelianism
' ��ーゲルとヘーゲル主義 Iwanami Shoten, February 1931). :* ‘On Pedagogy’ ��育学について(previously unpublished, finished in February 1933). :* ‘‘Being’ in Greek Philosophy’ ��リシャ哲学においての「有るもの」(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'', April 1928). :* ‘Self-Consciousness in

Augustine Augustine of Hippo ( , ; la, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Afr ...

’ ��ウグスチヌスの自覚(''Iwanami Kōza: Sekai Shichō'', July 1928). :* ‘The Essence of Platonic Ideas’ ��ラトンのイデヤの本質(''Girisha-Raten Kōza'', July 1931). :* ‘My Thoughts on French Philosophy’ ��ランス哲学についての感想(''Shisō'' ��想 December 1936). :* ‘

Bolzano Bolzano ( or ; german: Bozen, (formerly ); bar, Bozn; lld, Balsan or ) is the capital city of the province of South Tyrol in northern Italy. With a population of 108,245, Bolzano is also by far the largest city in South Tyrol and the third ...

’s Autobiography’ ��ルツァーノの自伝(''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'', November 1922). :* ‘

Abel Abel ''Hábel''; ar, هابيل, Hābīl is a Biblical figure in the Book of Genesis within Abrahamic religions. He was the younger brother of Cain, and the younger son of Adam and Eve, the first couple in Biblical history. He was a shepherd ...

the Mathematician’ ��学者アーベル(''

Asahi Shimbun is one of the four largest newspapers in Japan. Founded in 1879, it is also one of the oldest newspapers in Japan and Asia, and is considered a newspaper of record for Japan. Its circulation, which was 4.57 million for its morning edition a ...

'', September 1933). :* ‘

Goethe Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 August 1749 – 22 March 1832) was a German poet, playwright, novelist, scientist, statesman, theatre director, and critic. His works include plays, poetry, literature, and aesthetic criticism, as well as tr ...

’s Background’ ��ーテの背景(''Gēte Nenpō'', December 1931). :* ‘The Beauty of Writing’ ��の美(previously unpublished, finished in May 1930). :* ‘The Flexibility of National Language’ ��語の自在性(''Kokugo'', January 1936). :* ‘The Objectivity of Knowledge’ ��識の客観性(''Kaizō'' ��造 February 1933). :* ‘Reminiscences of the Fourth Higher School’ ��高の思出(''Shikō Dōsōkaihō'', April 1927). :* ‘The Retirement Speech of a Certain Professor’ ��る教授の退職の辞(''Shisō'' ��想 April 1929). :* ‘A Poem on

’ ��倉雑詠(''Shisō'' ��想 May 1929). :* ‘Two Translated Poems’ ��詩(''The Muse'', August 1928 and September 1929). :: The poems translated by Nishida here are

’s ‘Mignon’ and

Browning Browning may refer to: Arts and entertainment * The Browning, an American electronicore band * ''Browning'', a set of variations by the composer William Byrd Places * Browning, Georgia, USA * Browning, Illinois, USA * Browning, Missouri, ...

’s ‘Home Thoughts from the Sea’. :* ‘A Fireside Chat’ ��炉の側から(''The Muse'', February 1931). :* ‘My Copy of the Song Era

Erya The ''Erya'' or ''Erh-ya'' is the first surviving Chinese dictionary. Bernhard Karlgren ( 1931:49) concluded that "the major part of its glosses must reasonably date from the 3rd century BC." Title Chinese scholars interpret the first title cha ...

’ ��影宋本爾雅後(previously unpublished, finished in May 1933). :* ‘Songs and Poems’ ��并詩(previously unpublished, composed between 1920 and 1935). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 2'' ��学論文集第2(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1937), reprinted in NKZ8. :* ‘Logic and Life’ ��理と生命(''Shisō'' ��想br>Nos. 170-72
July to September 1936). :* ‘Praxis and the Knowledge of Objects: The Place of Knowledge in the Historical World’ ��践と対象認識——歴史的世界においての認識の立場 (''Tetsugaku Kenkyū'' ��学研究 March to May 1937). :* ‘Problems of Species Formation and Development’ ��の生成発展の問題(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 182
July 1937). :* ‘Active Intuition’ ��為的直観(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 183
August 1937). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 3'' ��学論文集第3(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1939), reprinted in NKZ8. :* ‘Human Existence’ ��間的存在 (''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 190
March 1938). :* ‘The Standpoint of the Individual in the Historical World’ ��史的世界においての個物の立場(''Shisō'' ��想br>Nos. 195-96
August to September 1938). :* ‘Absolutely Contradictory Self-Identity’ ��対矛盾的自己同一(''Shisō''
No. 202
March 1939). :* ‘The Science of Experience’ ��験科学(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 207
August 1939). * ''Problems of Japanese Culture'' ��本文化の問題(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 March 1940), reprinted in NKZ9. * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 4'' ��学論文集第4(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 November 1941), reprinted in NKZ9. :* ‘Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ ��践哲学序論(''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' ��波講座倫理学 August 1940). :* ‘ Poiēsis and Praxis: An Appendix to the Prolegomena to Practical Philosophy’ ��イエシスとプラクシス——実践哲学序論補説(''Shisō'' ��想 December 1940). :* ‘Artistic Creation as Historical Acts of Formation’ ��史的形成作用としての芸術的創作(''Shisō'' ��想 May to June 1941). :* ‘The Problem of '' Raison d’état''’ ��家理由の問題(''Iwanami Kōza: Rinrigaku'' ��波講座倫理学 September 1941). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 5'' ��学論文集第5(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 August 1944), reprinted in NKZ9. :* ‘On the Objectivity or Knowledge: A New Foundation for Epistemology’ ��識の客観性について——新たなる知識論の基盤(''Shisō'' ��想br>Nos. 248-49
January to February 1943). :* ‘On Self-Consciousness: Laying the Foundation for the Preceding Essay’ ��覚について——前論文の基礎付け(''Shisō'' ��想br>Nos. 252-53
May to June 1943). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 6'' ��学論文集第6(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 December 1945), reprinted in NKZ10. :* ‘The World of Physics’ ��理の世界(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 260
January 1944). :* ‘Logic and Mathematics’ ��理と数理(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 262
March 1944). :* ‘Towards a Philosophy of Religion, Using Pre-Established Harmony as a Guide’ ��定調和を手引きとして宗教哲学へ(''Shisō'' ��想
No. 264
May/June 1944). :* ‘On Cartesian Philosophy’ ��カルト哲学について(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 265
July 1944). :* ‘Tradition’ ��統(''Shisō'' ��想br>No. 256
September 1943). :* ‘Space’ ��間(previously unpublished, finished in July 1944). :* ‘Laying the Philosophical Foundations of Mathematics’ ��学の哲学的基礎付け(previously unpublished, composed between December 1944 and January 1945). * ''Philosophical Essays, Vol. 7'' ��学論文集第7(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 February 1946), reprinted in NKZ10. :* ‘Life’ ��命(''Shisō'' ��想br>Nos. 267-68
October 1944 to August 1945). :* ‘The Logic of Place and the Religious Worldview’ ��所的論理と宗教的世界観(previously unpublished, composed between February and April 1945). * ''Thoughts and Experiences, Vol. 3'' ��続思索と体験』以後(Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten ��波書店 March 1948), reprinted in NKZ10. * Shorter Writings, reprinted in NKZ11 :* ‘An Outline of

Green Green is the color between cyan and yellow on the visible spectrum. It is evoked by light which has a dominant wavelength of roughly 495570 nm. In subtractive color systems, used in painting and color printing, it is created by a combin ...

’s Ethics’ ��リーン氏倫理哲学の大意(''Kyōiku Jiron'', Nos. 362-4, May 1895), reprinted in NKZ11:3-22. ::: Nishida’s first published work. :* ‘

Hume Hume most commonly refers to: * David Hume (1711–1776), Scottish philosopher Hume may also refer to: People * Hume (surname) * Hume (given name) * James Hume Nisbet (1849–1923), Scottish-born novelist and artist In fiction * Hume, ...

’s Law of Causation’ ��ュームの因果法 :* ‘Debating the Existence of Innate Knowledge’ ��天智識の有無を論ず :* ‘My Thoughts on Yamamoto Yasunosuke’s Essay ‘Religion and Reason’’ ��本安之助君の「宗教と理性」という論文を読みて所感を述ぶ :* ‘An Explication of the Beautiful’ ��の説明 :* ‘

Benedictus Spinoza Baruch (de) Spinoza (born Bento de Espinosa; later as an author and a correspondent ''Benedictus de Spinoza'', anglicized to ''Benedict de Spinoza''; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677) was a Dutch Republic, Dutch philosopher of Spanish and ...

’ ��ネヂクトス、スピノーザ :* ‘Kantianism in Ethics’ ��ント倫理学主義 :* ‘On Contemporary Religion’ ��今の宗教について :* ‘The School of Self-Consciousness’ ��覚主義 :* ‘My Contribution to ''Recommended Books for Edification''’ ��静修書目答問』への回答 :* ‘The Essence of Religion’ ��教の本質 :* ‘ Jakob Boehme’ ��コッブ、ベーメ :* ‘The Inside and the Outside of the Soul’ ��の中と外 :* ‘Miscellaneous Thoughts’ ��感 :* ‘An Apology for Philosophy’ ��学のアポロジー :* ‘Reading’ ��書 :* ‘On the So-Called Japaneseness’ ��本的ということについて :* ‘On Reading Tanaka Ōdō’s Review’ ��中王堂君の批評を読みて :* ‘

’s Theory of

Trinity The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (, from 'threefold') is the central dogma concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three coequal, coeternal, consubstantial divine persons: God th ...

’ ��ウグスチヌスの三位一体論 :* ‘The World of Objects of Art’ ��術の対象界 :* ‘On Contemporary Idealism’ ��今の理想主義について :* ‘ Russell as a Scholar’ ��者としてのラッスル :* ‘The Meaning of My Voluntarism’ ��の主意主義の意味 :* ‘Explanation of Philosophical Terms’ ��学用語解説 :* ‘After the Great Earthquake’ ��震災の後に * Lectures :* ‘Modern Idealist Philosophy’ ��代における理想主義の哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘

Fichte Johann Gottlieb Fichte (; ; 19 May 1762 – 29 January 1814) was a German philosopher who became a founding figure of the philosophical movement known as German idealism, which developed from the theoretical and ethical writings of Immanuel Ka ...

’s Philosophy’ ��イヒテの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘ Cohen’s Philosophy’ ��ーヘンの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘

Plato Plato ( ; grc-gre, Πλάτων ; 428/427 or 424/423 – 348/347 BC) was a Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. He founded the Platonist school of thought and the Academy, the first institution ...

’s Philosophy’ ��ラトンの哲学 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Concept of Personality as the Ground of Reality’ ��在の根柢としての人格概念 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The World of Action’ ��為の世界 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘The Body as Historical’ ��史的身体 reprinted in NKZ12. :* ‘Problems of Japanese Culture’ ��本文化の問題 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Reciprocal Relationship and Communication between Pure Experiences’ ��粋経験相互の関係および連絡について reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Anti-Natural-Scientific Thought’ ��自然科学的思想 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Contemporary Spiritualism’ ��今の唯心論 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Concept of Scientific Truth in Contemporary Philosophy’ ��代哲学における科学的真理の概念 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Contemporary Idealism’ ��今の理想主義 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘''Coincidentia oppositorum'' and Love’ oincidentia oppositorumと愛 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Standpoint of Religion’ ��教の立場 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘ Eckhart’s Mysticism and the Life at Ittōen’ ��ックハルトの神秘説と一燈園生活 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘What I Call the Universal of Judgement’ ��の判断的一般者というもの reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘Life, Reality and Logic’ ��と実在と論理 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Time and Personality’ ��と人格 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Personality’ ��格について reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘The Logical Structure of the Real World’ ��実の世界の論理的構造 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘My Philosophical Position and Method’ ��の哲学の立場と方法 reprinted in NKZ13. :* ‘On Traditionalism’ ��統主義について reprinted in NKZ13. * Lecture Notes :* ‘The Study of Religion’ ��教学(1914-15), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Leuba, ''The Psychological Study of Religion'' (1912); Starbuck, ''The Psychology of Religion'' (1899); Edward Scribner Ames, ''The Psychology of Religious Experience'' (1910); James, ''

The Varieties of Religious Experience ''The Varieties of Religious Experience: A Study in Human Nature'' is a book by Harvard University psychologist and philosopher William James. It comprises his edited Gifford Lectures on natural theology, which were delivered at the University o ...

'' (1902); Tiele, ''Grundzüge der Religionswissenschaft'' (1904); Hermann Siebeck, ''Lehrbuch der Religionsphilosophie'' (1893); and Höffding, ''Religionsphilosophie'' (1901). :* ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ ��学概論 reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida gave these introductory lectures annually while at Kyoto Imperial University. This version is based on notes from the Taishō and Shōwa era. :* ‘

’s Metaphysics’ ��リストテレスの形而上学(1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14. :* ‘

Plotinus Plotinus (; grc-gre, Πλωτῖνος, ''Plōtînos''; – 270 CE) was a philosopher in the Hellenistic tradition, born and raised in Roman Egypt. Plotinus is regarded by modern scholarship as the founder of Neoplatonism. His teacher wa ...

’ Philosophy’ ��ロチノスの哲学(1924-25), reprinted in NKZ14. :* ‘A History of Ethics in Britain’ ��国倫理学史(ca. 1904), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida breaks this history into four periods: The Beginning (

Hobbes Thomas Hobbes ( ; 5/15 April 1588 – 4/14 December 1679) was an English philosopher, considered to be one of the founders of modern political philosophy. Hobbes is best known for his 1651 book ''Leviathan'', in which he expounds an influ ...

); The First Phase ( Cudworth,

Cumberland Cumberland ( ) is a historic counties of England, historic county in the far North West England. It covers part of the Lake District as well as the north Pennines and Solway Firth coast. Cumberland had an administrative function from the 12th c ...

, Locke); The Second Phase (

Shaftesbury Shaftesbury () is a town and civil parish in Dorset, England. It is situated on the A30 road, west of Salisbury, near the border with Wiltshire. It is the only significant hilltop settlement in Dorset, being built about above sea level on a ...

Hutcheson Hutcheson is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: *Bellenden Hutcheson (1883–1954), VC recipient in World War I *Charles Sterling Hutcheson (1894–1969), U.S. District judge for the Eastern District of Virginia *David Hutcheson (f ...

Butler A butler is a person who works in a house serving and is a domestic worker in a large household. In great houses, the household is sometimes divided into departments with the butler in charge of the dining room, wine cellar, and pantries, pantry ...

Smith Smith may refer to: People * Metalsmith, or simply smith, a craftsman fashioning tools or works of art out of various metals * Smith (given name) * Smith (surname), a family name originating in England, Scotland and Ireland ** List of people wi ...

Hartley Hartley may refer to: Places Australia *Hartley, New South Wales * Hartley, South Australia ** Electoral district of Hartley, a state electoral district Canada *Hartley Bay, British Columbia United Kingdom * Hartley, Cumbria * Hartley, Pl ...

); and The Third Phase (Intuition School:

Price A price is the (usually not negative) quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services. In some situations, the price of production has a different name. If the product is a "good" in the ...

, Reid; Utilitarianism: Paley, Bentham,

Mill Mill may refer to: Science and technology * * Mill (grinding) * Milling (machining) * Millwork * Textile mill * Steel mill, a factory for the manufacture of steel * List of types of mill * Mill, the arithmetic unit of the Analytical Engine early ...

; Evolutional Ethics: Spencer). :* ‘Lectures on Psychology’ ��理学講義(1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources for these lectures include Wundt, ''Grundriss der Psychologie'' (1896); Ziehen, ''Psychophysiologische Erkenntnistheorie'' (1898); and Külpe, ''Grundriss der Psychologie auf experimenteller Grundlage dargestellt'' (1893). :* ‘A Draft of Ethics’ ��理学草案(1904-05), reprinted in NKZ14. ::: Nishida’s sources include Sidgwick, ''Outlines of the History of Ethics for English Readers'' (1886);

Martineau Martineau is a surname. It is of French origin and may refer to: * Alice Martineau (1972–2003), English pop singer and songwriter * Alfred Albert Martineau (1859–1945), French Governor General * Alfred Martineau (cricketer) (1868–1940), En ...

, ''Types of Ethical Theory'' (1885); and James Mackintosh, ''Dissertation on the Progress of Ethical Philosophy: Chiefly During the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries'' (1836) :* ‘An Outline of Philosophy’ ��学概論 reprinted in NKZ15. ::: This version is based on notes from the late Meiji era, so the early incarnations of these introductory lectures. :* ‘Vorlesung 1926’, reprinted in NKZ15. :* ‘Ethics Lecture Notes’ ��理学講義ノート reprinted in NKZ25. :* ‘The Study of Religion Lecture Notes’ ��教学講義ノート reprinted in NKZ25. * Fragments and Notes, reprinted in NKZ16. * Diaries :* Diary entries from 1897 to 1912, reprinted in NKZ17. :* Diary entries from 1913 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ18. * Correspondence :* Letters from 1887 to 1920, reprinted in NKZ19. :* Letters from 1921 to 1930, reprinted in NKZ20. :* Letters from 1931 to 1936, reprinted in NKZ21. :* Letters from 1937 to 1941, reprinted in NKZ22. :* Letters from 1942 to 1945, reprinted in NKZ23.

Translated works

* ''An Inquiry into the Good'', trans.

Masao Abe was a Japanese Buddhist philosopher and religious studies scholar who was emeritus professor at Nara University. He is best known for his work in comparative religion, developing a Buddhist-Christian interfaith dialogue which later also inc ...

and Christopher Ives. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. * "An Explanation of Beauty," trans. Steve Odin. ''Monumenta Nipponica'' vol. 42 no. 2 (1987): 211–217. * ''Intuition and Reflection in Self-Consciousness'', trans. Valdo H. Viglielmo, Takeuchi Yoshinori and Joseph S. O'Leary. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1987. * ''Last Writings: Nothingness and the Religious Worldview'', trans. David Dilworth. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993. ** "Logic of the Place of Nothingness and the Religious Worldview" ** "Concerning My Logic" * ''Place and Dialectic: Two Essays by Nishida Kitaro'', trans. John W. M. Krummel and Shigenori Nagatomo. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. * ''Ontology of Production: Three Essays'', trans. William Haver. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2012. * ''The Unsolved Issue of Consciousness'', trans. John W. M. Krummell, in ''Philosophy East and West'' 62, no 1 (2012):44–59. * ''L’Éveil à soi'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 2003, 298 p. * ''De ce qui agit à ce qui voit'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Montréal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal, 2015, 364 p. * ''Autoéveil. Le Système des universels'', trans. Jacynthe Tremblay. Nagoya: Chisokudō Publications, 2017.

Footnotes

External links

Nishida Kitaro
at the

Encyclopædia Britannica The (Latin for "British Encyclopædia") is a general knowledge English-language encyclopaedia. It is published by Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.; the company has existed since the 18th century, although it has changed ownership various t ...

Nishida Kitaro
at the

Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy The ''Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (''SEP'') combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer-reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely accessible to Internet users. It is maintained by Stanford University. E ...

Nishida Kitarō Bibliography
at th
European Network of Japanese Philosophy
(ENOJP).

This article mentions Nishida's views in comparison with Derrida's.

at
the Bibliographia: An Online Journal for the History of Philosophy
' {{DEFAULTSORT:Nishida, Kitaro 1870 births 1945 deaths 20th-century Japanese philosophers Buddhist writers Japanese scholars of Buddhism Keio University faculty Kyoto School Kyoto University faculty Nihon University faculty Recipients of the Order of Culture Taisho University faculty University of Tokyo alumni Writers from Ishikawa Prefecture

Philosophy

Legacy

List of works

Translated works

See also

Footnotes

Further reading

Books

Articles

External links