Kirishi (russian: Ки́риши, ) is a
town
A town is a human settlement. Towns are generally larger than villages and smaller than cities, though the criteria to distinguish between them vary considerably in different parts of the world.
Origin and use
The word "town" shares an o ...
and the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of
Kirishsky District
Kirishsky District (russian: Ки́ришский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #49-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central southern part of the ob ...
in
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1 ...
,
Russia
Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world, with its internationally recognised territory covering , and encompassing one-ei ...
, located on the right bank of the
Volkhov River
The Volkhov (russian: Во́лхов) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Kirishsky and Volkhovsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia. It connects Lake Ilmen and Lake Ladoga and form ...
, southeast of
St. Petersburg. Population:
It was previously known as ''Soltsy'' (until 1931).
Etymology
The name of the town originates from the
Kirisha River (previously known as Kiresha), a
tributary
A tributary, or affluent, is a stream or river that flows into a larger stream or main stem (or parent) river or a lake. A tributary does not flow directly into a sea or ocean. Tributaries and the main stem river drain the surrounding drai ...
of the
Volkhov River
The Volkhov (russian: Во́лхов) is a river in Novgorodsky and Chudovsky Districts of Novgorod Oblast and Kirishsky and Volkhovsky Districts of Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia. It connects Lake Ilmen and Lake Ladoga and form ...
.
History
It was first mentioned in 1693.
Since 1727, it was a part of
Novoladozhsky Uyezd of
Novgorod Governorate
Novgorod Governorate (Pre-reformed rus, Новгоро́дская губе́рнія, r=Novgorodskaya guberniya, p=ˈnofɡərətskəjə ɡʊˈbʲernʲɪjə, t=Government of Novgorod), was an administrative division (a '' guberniya'') of the Ru ...
, later of
St. Petersburg Governorate.
In 1922–1923, the uyezd was renamed Volkhovsky.
Before 1931, Kirishi was known as Soltsy.
On August 1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Andreyevsky District, with the administrative center in the ''
selo'' of
Andreyevo, was established.
The governorates were also abolished and the district became a part of
Leningrad Okrug
The Leningrad Okrug (russian: Ленингра́дский о́круг) was an okrug that briefly existed within the Leningrad Oblast in the Soviet Union, between 1927 and 1930. It covered the city currently known as Saint Petersburg, which was ...
of
Leningrad Oblast
Leningrad Oblast ( rus, Ленинградская область, Leningradskaya oblast’, lʲɪnʲɪnˈgratskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ, , ) is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). It was established on 1 August 1927, although it was not until 1 ...
.
Kirishi became a part of Andreyevsky District.
On September 30, 1931, the administrative center of the district was moved to Kirishi and the district was renamed Kirishsky.
On December 27, 1933 Kirishi was granted
urban-type settlement
Urban-type settlementrussian: посёлок городско́го ти́па, translit=posyolok gorodskogo tipa, abbreviated: russian: п.г.т., translit=p.g.t.; ua, селище міського типу, translit=selyshche mis'koho typu, ab ...
status.
Kirishi was occupied for two years during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
and completely destroyed in 1943, so that on February 19, 1944 the administrative center of the district was moved to the urban-type settlement of
Budogoshch
Budogoshch (russian: Бу́догощь) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) in Kirishsky District of Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the banks of the Pchyovzha River. Municipally, it serves as the administrative center of Bud ...
.
In 1960, Kirishi was rebuilt and the
Kirishi oil refinery was constructed. On February 1, 1963, the district was abolished and merged into Volkhovsky District but on January 12, 1965 it was re-established.
Kirishi was granted town status and made the administrative center of the district.
On January 26, 1967, Kirishi became a town of oblast significance.
In 2010, the administrative structure of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with its municipal structure, and Kirishi became a town of district significance.
Administrative and municipal status
Within the
framework of administrative divisions, Kirishi serves as the
administrative center
An administrative center is a seat of regional administration or local government, or a county town, or the place where the central administration of a commune is located.
In countries with French as administrative language (such as Belgium, Lu ...
of
Kirishsky District
Kirishsky District (russian: Ки́ришский райо́н) is an administrativeOblast Law #32-oz and municipalLaw #49-oz district (raion), one of the seventeen in Leningrad Oblast, Russia. It is located in the central southern part of the ob ...
.
[Oblast Law #32-oz] As an administrative division, it is incorporated within Kirishsky District as Kirishskoye
Settlement Municipal Formation.
As a
municipal division, Kirishskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Kirishsky Municipal District as Kirishskoye Urban Settlement.
[Law #49-oz]
Economy
In 1974, a "BVK" (''belkovo-vitaminny kontsentrat'', i.e., "protein-vitamin concentrate") production facility was constructed next to the oil refinery. This was the USSR Ministry of Microbiological Industry's second plant of this kind (after the one in
Kstovo
Kstovo (russian: Ксто́во) is a town and the administrative center of Kstovsky District in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Volga River, southeast of Nizhny Novgorod, the administrative center of the oblas ...
, opened in 1973). It used n-
paraffins
In organic chemistry, an alkane, or paraffin (a historical trivial name that also has other meanings), is an acyclic saturated hydrocarbon. In other words, an alkane consists of hydrogen and carbon atoms arranged in a tree structure in whic ...
(byproducts of oil refining) as feedstock for
yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom. The first yeast originated hundreds of millions of years ago, and at least 1,500 species are currently recognized. They are estimated to constit ...
, which in its turn produced
single-cell protein
Single-cell proteins (SCP) or microbial proteins refer to edible unicellular microorganisms. The biomass or protein extract from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria may be used as an ingredient or a substitute for protein-ric ...
, used as poultry and cattle feed.
[KIRISHI: A GREEN SUCCESS STORY?](_blank)
(Johnson's Russia List, December 19, 2002)
After a 1987 accident at the microbiological plant, mass protests forced the
Supreme Soviet
The Supreme Soviet (russian: Верховный Совет, Verkhovny Sovet, Supreme Council) was the common name for the legislative bodies (parliaments) of the Soviet socialist republics (SSR) in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USS ...
(1989) to close down the facility, as well as its seven sister plants throughout the Soviet Union.
Industry
There are several oil refineries and chemical industry enterprises. The biggest of them is
Kinef
Kinef ( rus, КИНЕФ), an abbreviation for Kirishi Petroleum Organic Synthesis ( rus, Киришинефтеоргсинтез, Kirishinefteorgsintez), is a Russian joint stock production association operating a large oil refinery based in ...
.
Kirishi Power Station
Kirishi Power Station (Kirishskya GRES) is a thermal power station ( GRES) at the town of Kirishi, Kirishsky District, Leningrad Oblast, Russia. The power plant is located adjacent to a larger Kirishi oil refinery. , a
thermal power station
A thermal power station is a type of power station in which heat energy is converted to electrical energy. In a steam-generating cycle heat is used to boil water in a large pressure vessel to produce high-pressure steam, which drives a stea ...
, is located in Kirishi as well.
Kirishi is also planned to serve as the home of Russia's first residual oil high conversion refinery, the
Kirishi-2 Oil Refinery
The Kirishi-2 Oil Refinery will be Russia's first residual oil high conversion refinery to be opened in Kirishi
Kirishi (russian: Ки́риши, ) is a town and the administrative center of Kirishsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, loca ...
, which is scheduled to open in 2017.
Transportation
The railroad connecting
Sonkovo
Sonkovo (russian: Сонко́во) is an urban locality (an urban-type settlement) and the administrative center of Sonkovsky District of Tver Oblast, Russia. Population:
History
Founded by the Russian Greek Orthodox Inkeriköt ( Izhorians) i ...
and
Mga MGA can refer to:
Transport
*MGA, IATA code for Augusto C. Sandino International Airport (Managua International Airport) in Managua, Nicaragua
* Monongahela Railway, a former coal-hauling short line railroad in the United States
*The MG MGA, a p ...
passes through Kirishi. Another railway branches off north. It connects Kirishi with
Tikhvin, which lies on the line connecting
St. Petersburg and
Vologda
Vologda ( rus, Вологда, p=ˈvoləɡdə) is a city and the administrative center of Vologda Oblast, Russia, located on the river Vologda within the watershed of the Northern Dvina. Population:
The city serves as a major transport hu ...
via
Cherepovets
Cherepovets ( rus, Череповец, p=tɕɪrʲɪpɐˈvʲɛts) is a city in Vologda Oblast, Russia, located in the west of the oblast on the banks of the Sheksna River (a tributary of the Volga River) and on the shores of the Rybinsk Reservoir. ...
.
Kirishi is connected by road with
Volkhov
Volkhov (russian: Во́лхов) is an industrial town and the administrative center of Volkhovsky District in Leningrad Oblast, Russia, located on the river Volkhov east of St. Petersburg. Population:
It was previously known as ''Zvan ...
and
Chudovo
Chudovo (russian: Чудово) is the name of several inhabited localities in Russia.
;Urban localities
*Chudovo, Chudovsky District, Novgorod Oblast, a town of district significance in Chudovsky District of Novgorod Oblast
;Rural localities
* ...
. There are also local roads.
The Volkhov River is navigable in Kirishi; however, there is no passenger navigation.
Culture and recreation
The district contains seven objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. All of them commemorate the events of World War II.
Kirishi hosts the Kirishsky District Museum.
Twin towns and sister cities
Kirishi is
twinned with:
*
Iisalmi
Iisalmi (; sv, Idensalmi) is a town and municipality in the region of Northern Savonia in Finland. It is located north of Kuopio and south of Kajaani. The municipality has a population of (), which makes it the second largest of the five towns i ...
,
Finland
Finland ( fi, Suomi ; sv, Finland ), officially the Republic of Finland (; ), is a Nordic country in Northern Europe. It shares land borders with Sweden to the northwest, Norway to the north, and Russia to the east, with the Gulf of Bot ...
*
Tysfjord,
Norway
Norway, officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic countries, Nordic country in Northern Europe, the mainland territory of which comprises the western and northernmost portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. The remote Arctic island of ...
References
Notes
Sources
*
*
{{Authority control
Cities and towns in Leningrad Oblast
Novoladozhsky Uyezd