Candoshi-Shapra (also known as Candoshi, Candoxi, Kandoshi, and Murato) is an indigenous American
language isolate, spoken by several thousand people in western South America along the Chapuli, Huitoyacu, Pastaza, and Morona river valleys. There are two dialects, Chapara (also spelled Shapra) and Kandoashi. It is an official language of
Peru
, image_flag = Flag of Peru.svg
, image_coat = Escudo nacional del Perú.svg
, other_symbol = Great Seal of the State
, other_symbol_type = National seal
, national_motto = "Firm and Happy f ...
, like other native languages in the areas in which they are spoken and are the predominant language in use. Around 88.5 percent of the speakers are bilingual with
Spanish
Spanish might refer to:
* Items from or related to Spain:
**Spaniards are a nation and ethnic group indigenous to Spain
**Spanish language, spoken in Spain and many Latin American countries
**Spanish cuisine
Other places
* Spanish, Ontario, Can ...
. The literacy rate in Candoshi-Shapra is 10 to 30 percent and 15 to 25 percent in the second language Spanish. There is a Candoshi-Shapra dictionary, and grammar rules have been codified.
Classification
Candoshi is not closely related to any living language. It may be related to the extinct and poorly attested language
Chirino
Chirino is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
*José Leonardo Chirino (1754–1796), revolutionary
* Martín Chirino (1925–2019), Spanish sculptor
* Pedro Chirino (1557–1635), Spanish historian and Jesuit missionary
* Rogelio ...
. Four words of Chirino are mentioned in ''Relación de la tierra de Jaén'' (1586), and they resemble words in modern Candoshi. A somewhat longer list of words is given in the same document for
Rabona
In association football, the rabona is the technique of kicking the football where the kicking leg is crossed behind the back of the standing leg.
There are several reasons why a player might opt to strike the ball this way: for example, a right ...
, across the modern border in
Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
and include some names of plants that resemble Candoshi, but such words can easily be borrowed.
Among modern languages, Loukotka (1968),
followed by Tovar (1984), connected Candoshi with
Taushiro (Pinche).
Kaufman (1994) tentatively proposed a ''Kandoshi–Omurano–Taushiro'' language family, with Candoshi the most distant of the trio. However, Kaufman (2007) placed Omurano and Taushiro but not Candoshi in
Saparo–Yawan.
David Payne (1981) proposes that Candoshi is related to
Jivaroan, which Payne calls Shuar. Together, Shuar and Candoshi make up a putative Shuar-Candoshi family, for which Payne (1981) provides a tentative reconstruction of Proto-Shuar-Candoshi.
Jolkesky (2016) classifies Candoshi-Shapra as a
Macro-Arawakan language.
[Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho De Valhery. 2016. ]
Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas
'. Doutorado em Linguística. Universidade de Brasília.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the
Cholon-Hibito,
Jivaro,
Kawapana,
Kechua,
Kunza,
Mochika, and
Pano language families due to contact.
Further reading
*Tuggy, J. C. (1966). Vocabulario candoshi de Loreto. (Serie Lingüística Peruana, 2). Yarinacocha: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
References
*Alain Fabre. 2005. ''Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos: CANDOSHI
*Jolkesky, Marcelo. 2016. Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas. Brasilia: UnB. PhD Dissertation
Available here
*Payne, David Lawrence. 1981. "Bosquejo fonológico del Proto-Shuar-Candoshi: evidencias para una relación genética." ''Revista del Museo Nacional'' 45. 323-377.
External links
* ELAR Collection
Documentation of Kandozi and Chapra (Candoshi-Shapra) in Loreto, Perudeposited by Simon Overall
{{South American languages
Languages of Peru
Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia
Language isolates of South America