Kaman-Kalehöyük

Kaman-Kalehöyük is a multi-period archaeological site in Kırşehir Province, Turkey, around 100 km south east of Ankara, 6 km east of the town center of Kaman. It is a tell or mound site that was occupied during the Bronze Age, Iron Age and Ottoman periods. Excavations in the mound have been carried out since 1986 under the direction of Sachihiro Omura, on behalf of the and the Japanese Anatolian Archeology Institute. The distance to Hattusa, the Hittite capital, is about 100km.

"Dark Age" period

According to the Japanese archaeologists,

: “In the levels belonging to the 2nd millennium B.C., a succession of cultural levels can be clearly seen, from the Assyrian Colony Period, Old Hittite Kingdom, and Hittite Empire Period.”

Then, from the 12th century onward after the Hittite Empire collapsed, it is generally believed that a "Dark Age" had occurred in Anatolia, during which there were no significant cultural developments. So this period is believed to have lasted until the 8th century. But the excavations of Stratum IId at Kaman-Kalehöyük that belonged to the early part of this period (Early Iron Age) showed that life and cultural developments continued on this site.

Stratification

The following is adapted from Omura 2011, pp. 1099–1100.

I: Middle Ages (finds: hair brooches, 1 ceramic bowl, earrings and finger rings, stone lamp, coins, etc.)

*Ia Ottoman period
*Ib Byzantine period

II: Iron Age settlements finds: Fibulae and arrowheads, including some in Scythians style. Decorative plates made of animal bones, painted ceramics. In addition, Phrygian, Achaemenid and possibly one Elamite stamp seal were found.

* IIa1–2 Hellenistic period (Alexander the Great and later)
* IIa3–5 Late Iron Age (Lydian, Achaemenid)
* IIa6–IIc1 Middle Iron Age (Phrygian rule)
* IIc2–3 Middle Iron Age (Alişar IV)
* IId1–3 Early Iron Age (Dark Age )

III: Hittite period

* IIIa 15th ~ 12th century BC Hittite empire
* IIIb 17th ~ 15th century BC Old Hatti Empire
* IIIc 20th ~ 17th century BC Assyrian colonies

IV: Pre-Hittite period

* IVa Intermediate Period
* IVb Early Bronze Age

Metallurgy and glassware

In 2005, metallurgical analysis by Hideo Akanuma of iron fragments found at Kaman-Kalehöyük in 1994 and dating to ''c''. 1800 BCE revealed that some of these fragments were composed of carbon steel; these currently form the world's earliest known evidence for steel manufacture.

Also recently, some of the oldest glass in the world has been found at Kaman. This glass is estimated to be 3600-year-old 600 BC

Kaman Kalehöyük Archaeological Museum

Kaman Kalehöyük Archaeological Museum, which was made as a grant by the Japanese Government within the framework of the "Cultural Heritage Preservation Project", covers a total area of 1,500 square meters, 830 square meters of which is open and 470 square meters of which is enclosed. It is located near the site.

In the museum, there are exhibition halls, a cine-vision corner, a library, a laboratory, cafe, warehouses and technical sections that allow examination, research, photography and restoration work.

The landscaping is arranged in the style of an excavated mound. Thus, the visitors were provided to see both the finds unearthed during the excavations and the excavation methods and works. Also, the largest botanical garden outside of Japan is built in a "Japanese garden" style. The museum received the "Best green museum" award in 2011 and was nominated for the Museum of the Year in Europe in 2012.

Buklukale

The site of Büklükale is located in Kırıkkale province, central Turkey near the town of Karakeçili (coordinates 39° 35’ 0” N by 33° 25’ 42” E). It is about 50km west of Kaman-Kalehöyük. The site is about 500m by 650m wide.

The location of Büklükale is significant because it is situated at the narrowest point of Kızılırmak river that served as an important crossing-point through the ages. There is a Seljuk (13th century A.D.) bridge there, and the remains of a Roman bridge.

The Japanese archaeological team from the Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology that excavate Kaman-Kalehöyük also conduct excavations here under the direction of K. Matsumura since 2008.

The site was settled since the Early Bronze Age period (the third millennium BC).Kimiyoshi MATSUMURA, Mark WEEDEN 2019
BÜKLÜKALE IN THE HITTITE PERIOD.
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A fragment of a Hittite cuneiform tablet was found here during excavations in 2010. This is the most westerly find of any cuneiform tablet in Turkey to date.

References

Literature

* Masao Mori, Sachhiro Omura: ''A Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Kaman-Kalehöyük in Turkey,'' in: P. Mikasa (Hrsg.): ''Essays on Ancient Anatolia and its surrounding Civilizations.'' Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1995.
* Masako Omura: ''Stamp Seals from Kaman-Kalehöyük dated from the 1st Millennium B.C.,'' in: P. Mikasa (Hrsg.): ''Essays on Ancient Anatolia and its surrounding Civilizations.'' Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 1995.
* Sachihiro Omura: Preliminary Report on the 22nd Excavation Season at Kaman-Kalehöyük in 2007. In: ''Anatolian Archaeological Studies'' 17, 2008, S. 1–4
PDF

* Sachihiro Omura: ''Kaman-Kalehöyük Excavations in Central Anatolia.'' In: Sharon Steadman (Hrsg.): ''Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia,'' Oxford University Press, Oxford 2011, S. 1099–1110.

External links

Kaman-Kalehöyük
at megalithic.co.uk

Kaman Kalehöyük Archaeological Museum


- Japanese Institute of Anatolian Archaeology

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Archaeological sites in Central Anatolia
Former populated places in Turkey
Buildings and structures in Kırşehir Province