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The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian
These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:
Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add
According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.
If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is ''BW'' (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is ''BS'' (semi-arid: semi-arid climate, steppe climate).
A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, ''h'' signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while ''k'' signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use ''h'' to mean the coldest month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or ), with ''k'' denoting that at least one month averages below 0 °C.
Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by Fog desert, frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received are labeled ''BWn'' with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. The ''BSN'' category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.
In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above (or , as noted previously) in their coldest month but below . The average temperature of roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.
The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—''w'' indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). ''s'' indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. ''f'' means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).
The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—''a'' indicates warmest month average temperature above while ''b'' indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above , and ''c'' indicates one to three months averaging above .
These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or , as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.
In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:
File: Koppen-Geiger Map North America present.svg, North America
File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg, Europe
File:Russia Köppen.svg, Russia
File: Koppen-Geiger Map Central Asia present.svg, Central Asia
File: Koppen-Geiger Map Eastern Asia present.svg, East Asia
File: Koppen-Geiger Map South America present.svg, South America
File:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa present.svg, Africa
File: Koppen-Geiger Map Western Asia present.svg, Western Asia
File: Koppen-Geiger Map Southern Asia present.svg, South Asia
File: Koppen-Geiger Map Southeastern Asia present.svg, Southeast Asia
File:Koppen-Geiger Map Melanesia present.svg, Melanesia/Oceania
File:Koppen-Geiger Map AUS present.svg, Australia
File:Koppen-Geiger Map NZL present.svg, New Zealand
World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000
(archived 6 September 2010)
Global climate maps, using Köppen classification (FAO, 1999)
IPCC Data Distribution Center
(archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Koppen Climate Classification Köppen climate types, Climate and weather classification systems
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist
Climatology (from Greek , ''klima'', "place, zone"; and , ''-logia'') or climate science is the scientific study of Earth's climate, typically defined as weather conditions averaged over a period of at least 30 years. This modern field of study ...
Wladimir Köppen
Wladimir Peter Köppen (; russian: Влади́мир Петро́вич Кёппен, translit=Vladimir Petrovich Kyoppen; 25 September 1846 – 22 June 1940) was a Russian-German geographer, meteorologist, climatologist and botanist. After st ...
(1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, the climatologist Rudolf Geiger
Rudolf Oskar Robert Williams Geiger (; ; 24 August 1894 – 22 January 1981) was a German meteorologist and climatologist. He was the son of Indologist Wilhelm Geiger and the brother of physicist Hans Geiger. He worked with Wladimir Köppen on cl ...
(1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system.
The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the ''E'' group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, ''Af'' indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the ''A'' group, indicated by the third letter for climates in ''B'', ''C'', ''D'', and the second letter for climates in ''E''. For example, ''Cfb'' indicates an oceanic climate with warm summers as indicated by the ending ''b''. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type.
As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on what types of vegetation grow in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its link with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life within that region.
The Köppen climate classification system was further modified within the Trewartha climate classification
The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen ...
system in the mid-1960s (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined middle latitude climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the C climate group was too broad).
Overview
The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat. Summers are defined as the 6-month period that is warmer either from April–September and/or October–March while winter is the 6-month period that is cooler. Group A:Tropical climate
Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher in the cool ...
s
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature of or higher, with significant precipitation.
* ''Af'' = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least in every month.
* ''Am'' = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than , but at least .
* ''Aw'' or ''As'' = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than and less than .
Group B: Arid climates
This type of climate is defined by little precipitation that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than .
The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in Celsius by 20, then adding:
:(a) 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or
:(b) 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or
:(c) 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer.
If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate).
A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, h signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above ) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use h to mean the coldest month has an average temperature above (or ), with k denoting that at least one month's averages below 0 °C (or ). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes.
* ''BWh'' = Hot desert climate
The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification ''BWh'' and ''BWk''), is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert ...
* ''BWk'' = Cold desert climate
The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification ''BWh'' and ''BWk''), is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert ...
* ''BSh'' = Hot semi-arid climate
* ''BSk'' = Cold semi-arid climate
Group C: Temperate climates
This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between (or ) and and at least one month averaging above . For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well.
* ''Cfa'' = Humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). No dry months in the summer.
* ''Cfb'' = Temperate oceanic climate or subtropical highland climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...
; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Cfc'' = Subpolar oceanic climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...
; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Cwa'' = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Cwb'' = Subtropical highland climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...
or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (an alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation received in the warmest six months).
* ''Cwc'' = Cold subtropical highland climate
An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ...
or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Csa'' = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate (also called a dry summer temperate climate ''Cs'') is a temperate climate sub-type, generally characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the ...
; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
* ''Csb'' = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate
A Mediterranean climate (also called a dry summer temperate climate ''Cs'') is a temperate climate sub-type, generally characterized by warm, dry summers and mild, fairly wet winters; these weather conditions are typically experienced in the ...
; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
* ''Csc'' = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
Group D: Continental climates
This type of climate has at least one month averaging below (or ) and at least one month averaging above .
* ''Dfa'' = Hot-summer humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
; coldest month averaging below (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfb'' = Warm-summer humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region defined by Russo-German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1900, typified by four distinct seasons and large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot (and often humid) summers and freezing ...
; coldest month averaging below (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfc'' = Subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dfd'' = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled).
* ''Dwa'' = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Dwb'' = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Dwc'' = Monsoon-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Dwd'' = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months).
* ''Dsa'' = Mediterranean
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Western Europe, Western and Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa ...
-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), average temperature of the warmest month above and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
* ''Dsb'' = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), average temperature of the warmest month below and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
* ''Dsc'' = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
* ''Dsd'' = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than .
Group E: Polar and alpine climates
This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature below .
* ''ET'' = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between and .
* ''EF'' = Ice cap climate
An ice cap climate is a polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds . The climate covers areas in or near the high latitudes (65° latitude) to polar regions (70–90° north and south latitude), such as Antarctica, some of the northe ...
; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below .
Group A: Tropical/mega thermal climates
Tropical climate
Tropical climate is the first of the five major climate groups in the Köppen climate classification identified with the letter A. Tropical climates are defined by a monthly average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher in the cool ...
s are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:
''Af'': Tropical rainforest climate
All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least . These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the equator. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the doldrums low-pressure system due to the presence of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate. Examples * Apia, Samoa (''Af'') *Balikpapan
Balikpapan is a seaport city in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Located on the east coast of the island of Borneo, the city is the financial center of Kalimantan. Balikpapan is the city with the largest economy in Kalimantan with an estimated ...
, Indonesia (''Af'')
* Davao, Philippines (''Af'')
* Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Af'', bordering on ''Am'')
* Georgetown, Guyana (''Af'')
* Hilo, Hawaii, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Af'')
* Honiara, Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands is an island country consisting of six major islands and over 900 smaller islands in Oceania, to the east of Papua New Guinea and north-west of Vanuatu. It has a land area of , and a population of approx. 700,000. Its capit ...
(''Af'')
* Innisfail, Queensland
Innisfail (from Irish: Inis Fáil) is a regional town and locality in the Cassowary Coast Region, Queensland, Australia. The town was originally called Geraldton until 1910. In the , the town of Innisfail had a population of 7,236 people, whil ...
, Australia (''Af'')
* Ishigaki, Japan (''Af'')
* Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
(''Af'')
* Kampala, Uganda (''Af'')
* Kisumu, Kenya (''Af'')
* Kuching, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
(''Af'')
* Lae, Papua New Guinea (''Af'')
* La Ceiba
La Ceiba () is a municipality, the capital of the Honduran department of Atlántida and a port city on the northern coast of Honduras in Central America. It is located on the southern edge of the Caribbean, forming part of the south eastern bo ...
, Honduras (''Af'')
* Manaus, Brazil (''Af'')
* Medan, Indonesia (''Af'')
* Moroni, Comoros (''Af'')
* Pago Pago, American Samoa (''Af'')
* Paramaribo, Suriname (''Af'')
* Pontianak
Pontianak or Khuntien is the capital of the Indonesian province of West Kalimantan, founded first as a trading port on the island of Borneo, occupying an area of 118.31 km2 in the delta of the Kapuas River at a point where it is joined ...
, Indonesia (''Af'')
* Port Vila
Port Vila (french: Port-Vila), or simply Vila (; french: Vila; bi, Vila ), is the capital and largest city of Vanuatu. It is located on the island of Efate.
Its population in the last census (2009) was 44,040, an increase of 35% on the pr ...
, Vanuatu (''Af'')
* Quibdó, Colombia (''Af'')
* Ratnapura
Ratnapura (; ) ("City of Gems" in Sinhala and Tamil) is a major city in Sri Lanka. It is the capital city of Sabaragamuwa Province, as well as the Ratnapura District, and is a traditional centre for the Sri Lankan gem trade. It is located o ...
, Sri Lanka (''Af'')
* Salvador da Bahia
Salvador (English: ''Savior'') is a Brazilian municipality and capital city of the state of Bahia. Situated in the Zona da Mata in the Northeast Region of Brazil, Salvador is recognized throughout the country and internationally for its cuisi ...
, Brazil (''Af'')
* Santos, Brazil (''Af'')
* Singapore (''Af'')
* Suva, Fiji (''Af'')
* Toamasina, Madagascar (''Af'')
* Victoria
Victoria most commonly refers to:
* Victoria (Australia), a state of the Commonwealth of Australia
* Victoria, British Columbia, provincial capital of British Columbia, Canada
* Victoria (mythology), Roman goddess of Victory
* Victoria, Seychelle ...
, Seychelles (''Af'')
Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific
The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of Earth's five oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean (or, depending on definition, to Antarctica) in the south, and is bounded by the contine ...
coast of South and Central America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, from Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
to Costa Rica; see, for instance, Andagoya, Colombia), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at Palembang, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan
Sitiawan (alternate spelling: Setiawan; origin: from Malay, a portmanteau of '' Setia Kawan'', meaning "Loyal Friend") is a mukim and town in Manjung District, Perak, Malaysia.
The region spans an area of . In the year 2000, the populat ...
, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
).
Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria).
(Note. The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e. g., phenology), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season (and the 'high water season') is called '' Invierno'' or ''Inverno'', though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called '' Verano'' or ''verão'', and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).
''Am'': Tropical monsoon climate
This type of climate results from themonsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...
winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than , but at least of average monthly precipitation.
Examples
* Cairns, Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, establishe ...
, Australia (''Am'')
* Chittagong, Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
(''Am'')
* Coatzacoalcos
Coatzacoalcos () is a major port city in the southern part of the Mexican state of Veracruz, mostly on the western side of the Coatzacoalcos River estuary, on the Bay of Campeche, on the southern Gulf of Mexico coast. The city serves as the municip ...
, Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Am'')
* Conakry, Guinea (''Am'')
* Douala
Douala is the largest city in Cameroon and its economic capital. It is also the capital of Cameroon's Littoral Region. Home to Central Africa's largest port and its major international airport, Douala International Airport (DLA), it is the com ...
, Cameroon
Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...
(''Am'')
* Freetown
Freetown is the capital and largest city of Sierra Leone. It is a major port city on the Atlantic Ocean and is located in the Western Area of the country. Freetown is Sierra Leone's major urban, economic, financial, cultural, educational and po ...
, Sierra Leone
Sierra Leone,)]. officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country on the southwest coast of West Africa. It is bordered by Liberia to the southeast and Guinea surrounds the northern half of the nation. Covering a total area of , Sierr ...
(''Am'')
* Guanare
Guanare () is the Capital city, capital and most populated city of Portuguesa State, Venezuela. It is where la Our Lady of Coromoto, Virgen de Coromoto is said to have appeared to a Coromoto Indian.
Guanare was founded on 3 November 1591 by Jo ...
, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
(''Am'')
* Huế
Huế () is the capital of Thừa Thiên Huế province in central Vietnam and was the capital of Đàng Trong from 1738 to 1775 and of Vietnam during the Nguyễn dynasty from 1802 to 1945. The city served as the old Imperial City and admi ...
, Thừa Thiên–Huế, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''Am'')
* Jakarta, Indonesia (''Am'')
* Kochi
Kochi (), also known as Cochin ( ) ( the official name until 1996) is a major port city on the Malabar Coast of India bordering the Laccadive Sea, which is a part of the Arabian Sea. It is part of the district of Ernakulam in the state of K ...
, Kerala
Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Am'')
* Ko Samui
Ko Samui (or Koh Samui, also often locally shortened to Samui; th, เกาะสมุย, ) is an island off the east coast of Thailand. Geographically in the Chumphon Archipelago, it is part of Surat Thani Province, though as of 2012, Ko ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
(''Am'', bordering on ''Af'')
* Libreville, Gabon
Gabon (; ; snq, Ngabu), officially the Gabonese Republic (french: République gabonaise), is a country on the west coast of Central Africa. Located on the equator, it is bordered by Equatorial Guinea to the northwest, Cameroon to the nort ...
(''Am'')
* Malabo, Equatorial Guinea (''Am'')
* Malé
Malé (, ; dv, މާލެ) is the capital and most populous city of the Maldives. With a population of 252,768 and an area of , it is also one of the most densely populated cities in the world. The city is geographically located at the southern ...
, Maldives
Maldives (, ; dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖެ, translit=Dhivehi Raajje, ), officially the Republic of Maldives ( dv, ދިވެހިރާއްޖޭގެ ޖުމްހޫރިއްޔާ, translit=Dhivehi Raajjeyge Jumhooriyyaa, label=none, ), is an archipelag ...
(''Am'')
* Mangalore
Mangalore (), officially known as Mangaluru, is a major port city of the Indian state of Karnataka. It is located between the Arabian Sea and the Western Ghats about west of Bangalore, the state capital, 20 km north of Karnataka–Ke ...
, Karnataka
Karnataka (; ISO: , , also known as Karunāḍu) is a state in the southwestern region of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, with the passage of the States Reorganisation Act. Originally known as Mysore State , it was renamed ''Karnat ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Am'')
* Miami
Miami ( ), officially the City of Miami, known as "the 305", "The Magic City", and "Gateway to the Americas", is a coastal metropolis and the county seat of Miami-Dade County in South Florida, United States. With a population of 442,241 at ...
, Florida, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Am'')
* Monrovia
Monrovia () is the capital city of the West African country of Liberia. Founded in 1822, it is located on Cape Mesurado on the Atlantic coast and as of the 2008 census had 1,010,970 residents, home to 29% of Liberia’s total population. As th ...
, Liberia (''Am'')
* Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Rivers State, also known as Rivers, is a state in the Niger Delta region of southern Nigeria (Old Eastern Region). Formed in 1967, when it was split from the former Eastern Region, Rivers State borders include: Imo to the north, Abia and Akwa ...
, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
(''Am'')
* Puerto Ayacucho
Puerto Ayacucho () is the capital and largest city of Amazonas State in Venezuela. Puerto Ayacucho is located across the Orinoco River from the Colombian village of Casuarito.
The city was founded to facilitate the transport of goods past the ...
, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
(''Am'')
* Qionghai City
Qionghai, or in local Hainanese dialect as Kheng Hai, is one of the seven county-level cities of Hainan province, China. Although called a "city", Qionghai refers to a large land area in Hainan - an area which was once a county. Within this are ...
, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Am'')
* Recife
That it may shine on all ( Matthew 5:15)
, image_map = Brazil Pernambuco Recife location map.svg
, mapsize = 250px
, map_caption = Location in the state of Pernambuco
, pushpin_map = Brazil#South A ...
, Pernambuco
Pernambuco () is a States of Brazil, state of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.6 million people as of 2020, making it List of Brazilian states by population, sev ...
, Brazil (''Am'')
* San Juan, Puerto Rico
Puerto Rico (; abbreviated PR; tnq, Boriken, ''Borinquen''), officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ( es, link=yes, Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico, lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico), is a Caribbean island and unincorporated ...
(''Am'')
* Santo Domingo
, total_type = Total
, population_density_km2 = auto
, timezone = AST (UTC −4)
, area_code_type = Area codes
, area_code = 809, 829, 849
, postal_code_type = Postal codes
, postal_code = 10100–10699 ( Distrito Nacional)
, webs ...
, Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...
(''Am'')
* Taitung, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
(''Am'')
* Thiruvananthapuram
Thiruvananthapuram (; ), also known by its former name Trivandrum (), is the capital of the Indian state of Kerala. It is the most populous city in Kerala with a population of 957,730 as of 2011. The encompassing urban agglomeration populati ...
, Kerala
Kerala ( ; ) is a state on the Malabar Coast of India. It was formed on 1 November 1956, following the passage of the States Reorganisation Act, by combining Malayalam-speaking regions of the erstwhile regions of Cochin, Malabar, South ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Am'')
* Yangon
Yangon ( my, ရန်ကုန်; ; ), formerly spelled as Rangoon, is the capital of the Yangon Region and the largest city of Myanmar (also known as Burma). Yangon served as the capital of Myanmar until 2006, when the military government ...
, Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
(''Am'')
* Zanzibar City
Zanzibar City or Mjini District, often simply referred to as Zanzibar (''Wilaya ya Zanzibar Mjini'' or ''Jiji la Zanzibar'' in Swahili) is one of two administrative districts of Mjini Magharibi Region in Tanzania. The district covers an area of . ...
, Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...
(''Am'')
''Aw/As'': Tropical savanna climate
''Aw'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics
''Aw'' climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than and less than of average monthly precipitation. Examples *Abidjan
Abidjan ( , ; N’ko: ߊߓߌߖߊ߲߬) is the economic capital of the Ivory Coast. As of the 2021 census, Abidjan's population was 6.3 million, which is 21.5 percent of overall population of the country, making it the sixth most populous city p ...
, Ivory Coast (''Aw'')
* Abuja, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
(''Aw'')
* Bamako
Bamako ( bm, ߓߡߊ߬ߞߐ߬ ''Bàmakɔ̌'', ff, 𞤄𞤢𞤥𞤢𞤳𞤮 ''Bamako'') is the capital and largest city of Mali, with a 2009 population of 1,810,366 and an estimated 2022 population of 2.81 million. It is located on the Niger Rive ...
, Mali
Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mal ...
(''Aw'')
* Bangkok
Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populati ...
, Thailand
Thailand ( ), historically known as Siam () and officially the Kingdom of Thailand, is a country in Southeast Asia, located at the centre of the Indochinese Peninsula, spanning , with a population of almost 70 million. The country is bo ...
(''Aw'')
* Bangui
Bangui () (or Bangî in Sango, formerly written Bangi in English) is the capital and largest city of the Central African Republic. It was established as a French outpost in 1889 and named after its location on the northern bank of the Ubangi ...
, Central African Republic
The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of th ...
(''Aw'')
* Banjul, The Gambia
The Gambia,, ff, Gammbi, ar, غامبيا officially the Republic of The Gambia, is a country in West Africa. It is the smallest country within mainland AfricaHoare, Ben. (2002) ''The Kingfisher A-Z Encyclopedia'', Kingfisher Publicatio ...
(''Aw'')
* Barranquilla, Colombia (''Aw'')
* Brasília
Brasília (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitsche ...
, Brazil (''Aw'')
* Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo (''Aw'')
* Bujumbura, Burundi (''Aw'')
* Cancún
Cancún ( ), often Cancun in English (without the accent; or ) is a city in southeast Mexico on the northeast coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo. It is a significant tourist destination in Mexico and the seat ...
, Quintana Roo
Quintana Roo ( , ), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Quintana Roo ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Quintana Roo), is one of the 31 states which, with Mexico City, constitute the 32 federal entities of Mexico. It is divided into 11 mu ...
, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'')
* Caracas, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
(''Aw'')
* Cartagena, Colombia (''Aw'')
* Chennai
Chennai (, ), formerly known as Madras ( the official name until 1996), is the capital city of Tamil Nadu, the southernmost Indian state. The largest city of the state in area and population, Chennai is located on the Coromandel Coast of th ...
, Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Aw'')
* Cotonou, Benin
Benin ( , ; french: Bénin , ff, Benen), officially the Republic of Benin (french: République du Bénin), and formerly Dahomey, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east, Burkina Faso to the nort ...
(''Aw'')
* Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...
(''Aw'')
* Darwin, Northern Territory
The Northern Territory (commonly abbreviated as NT; formally the Northern Territory of Australia) is an Australian territory in the central and central northern regions of Australia. The Northern Territory shares its borders with Western Aust ...
, Australia (''Aw'')
* Dhaka
Dhaka ( or ; bn, ঢাকা, Ḍhākā, ), formerly known as Dacca, is the capital and largest city of Bangladesh, as well as the world's largest Bengali-speaking city. It is the eighth largest and sixth most densely populated city i ...
, Bangladesh
Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million people in an area of . Bangladesh is among the mos ...
(''Aw'')
* Dili, East Timor
East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-west ...
(''Aw'')
* Guatemala City
Guatemala City ( es, Ciudad de Guatemala), known locally as Guatemala or Guate, is the capital and largest city of Guatemala, and the most populous urban area in Central America. The city is located in the south-central part of the country, ne ...
, Guatemala
Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
(''Aw'', bordering on ''Cwb'')
* Guayaquil
, motto = Por Guayaquil Independiente en, For Independent Guayaquil
, image_map =
, map_caption =
, pushpin_map = Ecuador#South America
, pushpin_re ...
, Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
(''Aw'')
* Havana
Havana (; Spanish: ''La Habana'' ) is the capital and largest city of Cuba. The heart of the La Habana Province, Havana is the country's main port and commercial center.
, Cuba
Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...
(''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'')
* Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''Aw'')
* Key West, Florida, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Aw'')
* Kano
Kano may refer to:
Places
*Kano State, a state in Northern Nigeria
* Kano (city), a city in Nigeria, and the capital of Kano State
**Kingdom of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between the 10th and 14th centuries
**Sultanate of Kano, a Hausa kingdom between ...
, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
(''Aw'')
* Kaohsiung
Kaohsiung City (Mandarin Chinese: ; Wade–Giles: ''Kao¹-hsiung²;'' Pinyin: ''Gāoxióng'') is a special municipality located in southern Taiwan. It ranges from the coastal urban center to the rural Yushan Range with an area of . Kaohsi ...
, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
(''Aw'')
* Kigali, Rwanda (''Aw'')
* Kingston, Jamaica
Jamaica (; ) is an island country situated in the Caribbean Sea. Spanning in area, it is the third-largest island of the Greater Antilles and the Caribbean (after Cuba and Hispaniola). Jamaica lies about south of Cuba, and west of His ...
(''Aw'')
* Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...
(''Aw'')
* Kolkata
Kolkata (, or , ; also known as Calcutta , the official name until 2001) is the capital of the Indian state of West Bengal, on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River west of the border with Bangladesh. It is the primary business, comme ...
, West Bengal
West Bengal (, Bengali: ''Poshchim Bongo'', , abbr. WB) is a state in the eastern portion of India. It is situated along the Bay of Bengal, along with a population of over 91 million inhabitants within an area of . West Bengal is the fou ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Aw'')
* Kumasi
Kumasi (historically spelled Comassie or Coomassie, usually spelled Kumase in Twi) is a city in the Ashanti Region, and is among the largest metropolitan areas in Ghana. Kumasi is located in a rain forest region near Lake Bosomtwe, and is t ...
, Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
(''Aw'')
* Kupang
Kupang ( id, Kota Kupang, ), formerly known as Koepang, is the capital of the Indonesian province of East Nusa Tenggara. At the 2020 C ensus, it had a population of 442,758; the official estimate as at mid 2021 was 455,850. It is the largest ci ...
, Indonesia (''Aw'')
* Lagos
Lagos (Nigerian English: ; ) is the largest city in Nigeria and the second most populous city in Africa, with a population of 15.4 million as of 2015 within the city proper. Lagos was the national capital of Nigeria until December 1991 fo ...
, Lagos State
Lagos State ( yo, Ìpínlẹ̀ Èkó) is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Of the 36 states, it is both the most populous and smallest in area. Bounded to the south by the Bight of Benin and to the west by the international border with Ben ...
, Nigeria
Nigeria ( ), , ig, Naìjíríyà, yo, Nàìjíríà, pcm, Naijá , ff, Naajeeriya, kcg, Naijeriya officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a country in West Africa. It is situated between the Sahel to the north and the Gulf o ...
(''Aw'')
* Lomé
Lomé is the capital and largest city of Togo. It has an urban population of 837,437
, Togo
Togo (), officially the Togolese Republic (french: République togolaise), is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, where its c ...
(''Aw'')
* Mumbai
Mumbai (, ; also known as Bombay — the official name until 1995) is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the ''de facto'' financial centre of India. According to the United Nations, as of 2018, Mumbai is the second- ...
, Maharashtra, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Aw'')
* Naples
Naples (; it, Napoli ; nap, Napule ), from grc, Νεάπολις, Neápolis, lit=new city. is the regional capital of Campania and the third-largest city of Italy, after Rome and Milan, with a population of 909,048 within the city's adminis ...
, Florida, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Aw'')
* Panamá City, Panamá
Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...
(''Aw'')
* Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...
(''Aw'')
* Port-au-Prince, Haiti (''Aw'')
* Port Moresby
(; Tok Pisin: ''Pot Mosbi''), also referred to as Pom City or simply Moresby, is the capital and largest city of Papua New Guinea. It is one of the largest cities in the southwestern Pacific (along with Jayapura) outside of Australia and New ...
, Papua New Guinea (''Aw'')
* Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago
Trinidad and Tobago (, ), officially the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, is the southernmost island country in the Caribbean. Consisting of the main islands Trinidad and Tobago, and numerous much smaller islands, it is situated south of ...
(''Aw'')
* Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the state of the same name, Brazil's third-most populous state, and the second-most populous city in Brazil, after São Paulo. Listed by the GaWC as a ...
, Brazil (''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'')
* Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia (''Aw'')
* Sanya, Hainan, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Aw'')
* San Pedro Sula, Honduras (''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'')
* Surabaya, Indonesia (''Aw'')
* Tegucigalpa, Honduras (''Aw'')
* Townsville, Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, establishe ...
, Australia (''Aw'')
* Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz, Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Aw'')
* Vientiane, Laos (''Aw'')
* Yaoundé, Cameroon
Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west-central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; the C ...
(''Aw'')
Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia, Colombia) also qualifies. The Caribbean sea, Caribbean coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the Colombia–Panamá
Panama ( , ; es, link=no, Panamá ), officially the Republic of Panama ( es, República de Panamá), is a transcontinental country spanning the southern part of North America and the northern part of South America. It is bordered by Co ...
border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the ''BSh'' climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the :es: Guajira Península, Guajira, and Coro region, Coro, western Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months).
This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the equatorial line—the climate is ''Af''. East from the Andes, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's Llanos or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.
''As'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-summer characteristics
Sometimes ''As'' is used in place of ''Aw'' if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer). This is the case in parts of Hawaii, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of rain shadow effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year. Examples * Cape Coast,Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
(''As'')
* Cali, Colombia (''As'')
* Fortaleza, Brazil (''As'')
* Jaffna, Sri Lanka (''As'')
* Lanai City, Hawaii, Hawaii, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''As'')
* Monte Cristi (Dominican Republic), Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...
(''As'')
* Mombasa, Kenya (''As'')
* Nha Trang, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''As'')
* Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil (''As'')
* São Tomé, São Tomé and Principe (''As'')
* Trincomalee, Sri Lanka (''As'')
Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates
These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows:
Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add
According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year.
If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is ''BW'' (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is ''BS'' (semi-arid: semi-arid climate, steppe climate).
A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, ''h'' signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while ''k'' signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use ''h'' to mean the coldest month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or ), with ''k'' denoting that at least one month averages below 0 °C.
Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by Fog desert, frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received are labeled ''BWn'' with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. The ''BSN'' category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.
''BW'': Arid climate
Hot desert
* Ahvaz, Iran (''BWh'') * Alice Springs, Australia (''BWh'') * Alexandria, Egypt, Alexandria, Egypt (''BWh'') * Almería, Andalusia, Spain (''BWh'', bordering on ''BSh'') * ‘Aziziya, Jafara, Libya (''BWh'') * Baghdad, Iraq (''BWh'') * Coober Pedy, Australia (''BWh'') * Cairo, Egypt (''BWh'') * Death Valley, California,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWh''), location of the hottest air temperature ever recorded on Earth
* Djibouti City, Djibouti (''BWh'')
* Doha, Qatar, Doha, Qatar (''BWh'')
* Dubai, United Arab Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates (''BWh'')
* Eilat, Southern District (Israel), Southern District, Israel (''BWh'')
* Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''BWh'')
* Kuwait City, Kuwait (''BWh'')
* Karachi, Pakistan, Karachi, Pakistan (''BWh'')
* Khartoum, Sudan (''BWh'')
* Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain (''BWh'')
* Las Vegas, Nevada, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWh'')
* Lima, Peru (''BWh'')
* Mecca, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia (''BWh'')
* Muscat, Oman, Muscat, Oman (''BWh'')
* Nouakchott, Mauritania (''BWh'')
* Phoenix, Arizona, Phoenix, Arizona, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWh'')
* Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (''BWh'')
* Timbuktu, Mali
Mali (; ), officially the Republic of Mali,, , ff, 𞤈𞤫𞤲𞥆𞤣𞤢𞥄𞤲𞤣𞤭 𞤃𞤢𞥄𞤤𞤭, Renndaandi Maali, italics=no, ar, جمهورية مالي, Jumhūriyyāt Mālī is a landlocked country in West Africa. Mal ...
(''BWh'')
* Upington, Northern Cape South Africa (''BWh'')
* Yazd, Iran (''BWh'')
* Zahedan, Iran (''BWh'')
Cold desert
* Albuquerque, New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'')
* Antofagasta, Chile (''BWk'')
* Aral, Kazakhstan, Aral, Kazakhstan (''BWk'')
* Ashgabat, Turkmenistan (''BWk'')
* Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua (state), Chihuahua, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''BWk'', bordering on ''BWh'')
* Damascus, Syria (''BWk'')
* Isfahan, Iran (''BWk'')
* Kerman, Iran (''BWk'')
* Leh, India, Leh, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''BWk'')
* Neuquén, Argentina (''BWk'')
* Nukus, Uzbekistan (''BWk'')
* Saint George, Utah, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWk'', bordering on ''BWh'')
* Sanaa, Yemen (''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'')
* Turpan, Xinjiang, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''BWk'')
* Walvis Bay, Erongo Region, Namibia (''BWk'')
* Yakima, Washington (State), Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'')
''BS'': Semi-arid (steppe) climate
Hot semi-arid
* Accra,Ghana
Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, and To ...
(''BSh'', bordering on ''Aw'')
* Alicante, Spain, Alicante, Spain (''BSh'')
* Amman, Amman Governorate, Jordan (''BSh'')
* Barquisimeto, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
(''BSh'')
* Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu (; , TN) is a state in southern India. It is the tenth largest Indian state by area and the sixth largest by population. Its capital and largest city is Chennai. Tamil Nadu is the home of the Tamil people, whose Tamil language ...
, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''BSh'')
* Dakar, Senegal (''BSh'')
* Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BSh'')
* Jodhpur, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''BSh'')
* Kimberley, Northern Cape, South Africa (''BSh'')
* Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''BSh'')
* Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan, Punjab, Pakistan (''BSh'')
* Lampedusa, Sicily, Italy (''BSh'')
* Luanda, Angola (''BSh'')
* Mandalay, Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
(''BSh'', bordering on ''Aw'')
* Maputo, Mozambique (''BSh'')
* Maracaibo, Venezuela
Venezuela (; ), officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela ( es, link=no, República Bolivariana de Venezuela), is a country on the northern coast of South America, consisting of a continental landmass and many islands and islets in th ...
(''BSh'')
* Marrakesh, Morocco (''BSh'')
* Mogadishu, Somalia (''BSh'')
* Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''BSh'')
* Mount Isa, Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, establishe ...
, Australia (''BSh'')
* N'Djamena, Chad (''BSh'')
* Nicosia, Cyprus (''BSh'')
* Odessa, Texas, Odessa, Texas, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BSh'')
* Oranjestad, Aruba, Oranjestad, Aruba (''BSh'')
* Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso (''BSh'')
* Petrolina, Pernambuco
Pernambuco () is a States of Brazil, state of Brazil, located in the Northeast Region, Brazil, Northeast region of the country. With an estimated population of 9.6 million people as of 2020, making it List of Brazilian states by population, sev ...
, Brazil (''BSh'')
* Patos, Paraíba, Brazil (''BSh'')
* Piraeus, Greece (''BSh'')
* Port Louis, Mauritius (''BSh'')
* Querétaro City, Querétaro, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''BSh'')
* Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain (''BSh'')
* Toliara, Madagascar (''BSh'')
* Tripoli, Libya, Tripoli, Libya (''BSh'')
* Windhoek, Namibia (''BSh'')
Cold semi-arid
* Aleppo, Syria (''BSk'') * Alexandra, New Zealand, Alexandra, New Zealand (''BSk'', bordering on ''Cfb'') * Asmara, Eritrea (''BSk'') * Astrakhan, Russia (''BSk'') * Baku, Azerbaijan (''BSk'') * Boise, Idaho, Boise, Idaho,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BSk'')
* Comodoro Rivadavia, Argentina (''BSk'')
* Denver, Colorado, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BSk'')
* Kabul, Afghanistan (''BSk'')
* Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (''BSk'')
* Kalgoorlie, Western Australia, Australia (''BSk'')
* Karaj, Iran (''BSk'')
* Konya, Turkey, Konya, Turkey (''BSk'')
* La Quiaca, Jujuy Province, Jujuy, Argentina (''BSk'')
* L'Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa (''BSk'')
* Lethbridge, Alberta, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (''BSk'')
* Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''BSk'', bordering on ''Cwb'' and ''Dwb'')
* Mashhad, Iran (''BSk'')
* Mildura, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia (''BSk'', bordering on ''BSh'')
* Oral, Kazakhstan, Oral, Kazakhstan (''BSk'')
* Quetta, Pakistan (''BSk'')
* Reno, Nevada, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''BSk'')
* Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''BSk'')
* Tehran, Iran (''BSk'', bordering on ''Csa'')
* Tianjin, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''BSk'', bordering on ''Dwa'')
* Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dwb'')
* Ulan-Ude, Russia (''BSk'')
* Yerevan, Armenia (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dfa'')
* Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''BSk'')
* Zaragoza, Spain, Zaragoza, Spain (''BSk'')
Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates
In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above (or , as noted previously) in their coldest month but below . The average temperature of roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more.
The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—''w'' indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). ''s'' indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. ''f'' means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled).
The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—''a'' indicates warmest month average temperature above while ''b'' indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above , and ''c'' indicates one to three months averaging above .
''Csa'': Mediterranean hot summer climates
These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain. Examples * Adelaide, Australia (''Csa'') * Algiers, Algeria (''Csa'') * Antalya, Turkey (''Csa'') * Athens, Greece (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') * Barcelona, Spain (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Beirut, Lebanon (''Csa'') * Casablanca, Morocco (''Csa'') * Dushanbe, Tajikistan (''Csa'') * Faro, Portugal, Faro, Portugal (''Csa'') * Florence, Italy (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Izmir, Turkey (''Csa'') * Jerusalem (''Csa'') * Kermanshah, Iran (''Csa'') * Los Angeles, California,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'')
* Latakia, Syria (''Csa'')
* Lisbon, Portugal (''Csa'')
* Madrid, Spain (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'')
* Marseille, France (''Csa'')
* Mersin, Turkey (''Csa'')
* Monaco (''Csa'')
* Naples, Italy (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Nice, France, Nice, France (''Csa'')
* Palma de Mallorca, Spain (''Csa'')
* Perth, Australia (''Csa'')
* Rome, Italy (''Csa'')
* Sacramento, California, Sacramento, California, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csa'')
* Tel Aviv, Israel (''Csa'')
* Tangier, Morocco (''Csa'')
* Tashkent, Uzbekistan (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'')
* Tecate, Baja California, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Csa'')
* Tunis, Tunisia (''Csa'')
* Vatican City (''Csa'')
* Valletta, Malta (''Csa'')
''Csb'': Mediterranean warm/cool summer climates
Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas (sometimes well north or south of) typical Mediterranean climates, however since their warmest month average temperatures do not reach they are classified as ''Csb''. Some of these areas would border the oceanic climate (''Cfb''), except their dry-summer patterns meet Köppen's ''Cs'' minimum thresholds. Examples * Albany, Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia, Australia (''Csb'') * Bayda, Libya, Bayda, Libya (''Csb'') * Cape Town, South Africa (''Csb'') * Concepción, Chile, Concepción, Chile (''Csb'') * Guarda, Portugal, Guarda, Portugal (''Csb'') * Linares, Chile, Linares, Chile (''Csb'') * Mount Gambier, South Australia, Mount Gambier, South Australia, Australia (''Csb'') * Nakuru, Kenya (''Csb'') * Ohrid, North Macedonia (''Csb'') * Porto, Portugal (''Csb'') * Rieti, Italy (''Csb'') * San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina (''Csb'') * San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain (''Csb'') * San Francisco, California,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csb'')
* Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara, California, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csb'')
* Salamanca, Spain (''Csb'')
* Seattle, Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csb'')
* Sintra, Portugal (''Csb'')
* Victoria, British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (''Csb'')
''Csc'': Mediterranean cold summer climates
Cold summer Mediterranean climates (''Csc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal ''Csb'' climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere. Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii. Examples * Akureyri, Iceland (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'') * Balmaceda, Chile, Balmaceda, Chile (''Csc'') * Government Camp, Oregon#Climate, Government Camp, Oregon,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csc'', bordering on ''Dsb'' and ''Dsc'')
* Haleakalā Summit, Hawaii, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csc'')
* Harstad, Norway (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'')
* Liawenee, Australia (''Csc'', bordering on ''Csb'')
* Spirit Lake (Washington), Spirit Lake, Washington (state), Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Csc'')
''Cfa'': Humid subtropical climates
These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season. The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southern United States, southern China, and Japan. Examples * Astara, Azerbaijan, Astara, Azerbaijan (''Cfa'') * Asunción, Paraguay (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Atlanta, Georgia,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfa'')
* Bandar-e Anzali, Iran (''Cfa'')
* Buenos Aires, Argentina (''Cfa'')
* Belgrade, Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia (''Cfa'')
* Bologna, Italy (''Cfa'')
* Brisbane, Australia (''Cfa'')
* Chongqing, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* Durban, South Africa, Durban, South Africa (''Cfa'')
* Florianópolis, Brazil (''Cfa'')
* Guangzhou, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cfa'')
* Jeju Island, Jeju, South Korea (''Cfa'')
* Krasnodar, Russia (''Cfa'')
* Lugano, Switzerland (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'')
* Lyon, France (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'')
* Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'')
* Milan, Italy (''Cfa'')
* Montevideo, Uruguay (''Cfa'')
* New York City, New York, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Dfa'')
* Orlando, Florida, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfa'')
* Osaka, Japan (''Cfa'')
* Porto Alegre, Brazil (''Cfa'')
* Rasht, Iran (''Cfa'')
* Rosario, Argentina (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* São Paulo, Brazil (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* Samsun, Turkey (''Cfa'')
* San Marino (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'')
* Sari, Mazandaran, Sari, Iran (''Cfa'')
* Shanghai, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cfa'')
* Sochi, Russia (''Cfa'')
* Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Csa'')
* Srinagar, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cfa'')
* Sydney, Australia (''Cfa'')
* Taipei, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* Tbilisi, Georgia (country), Georgia (''Cfa'')
* Tirana, Albania (''Cfa'')
* Tokyo, Japan (''Cfa'')
* Toulouse, France (''Cfa'')
* Venice, Italy (''Cfa'')
* Yokohama, Japan (''Cfa'')
''Cfb'': Oceanic climate
Marine west coast climate
''Cfb'' climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway. These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. ''Cfb'' climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands". Examples * Amsterdam, Netherlands, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands (''Cfb'') * Auckland, New Zealand (''Cfb'') * Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (''Cfb'') * Bergen, Vestland, Norway (''Cfb'') * Berlin, Germany (''Cfb'') * Bern, Switzerland (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Bilbao, Spain (''Cfb'') * Block Island, Rhode Island,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Bordeaux, France (''Cfb'')
* Brussels, Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (''Cfb'')
* Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Christchurch, New Zealand (''Cfb'')
* Copenhagen, Denmark (''Cfb'')
* Dublin, Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (''Cfb'')
* Forks, Washington, Forks, Washington (state), Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfb'')
* Frankfurt, Germany (''Cfb'')
* George, Western Cape, George, Western Cape, South Africa (''Cfb'')
* Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (''Cfb'')
* Hobart, Tasmania, Australia (''Cfb'')
* Ketchikan, Alaska, Ketchikan, Alaska, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfb'')
* Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (''Cfb'')
* London, England, United Kingdom (''Cfb'')
* Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires, Argentina (''Cfb'')
* Malmö, Sweden (''Cfb'')
* Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria, Australia (''Cfb'')
* Munich, Bavaria, Germany (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway (''Cfb'')
* Osorno, Chile, Osorno, Los Lagos Region, Chile (''Cfb'')
* Port Elizabeth, South Africa (''Cfb'')
* Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (''Cfb'')
* Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region, Chile (''Cfb'')
* Paris, France (''Cfb'')
* Santiago de Compostela, Spain (''Cfb'')
* Santander, Spain, Santander, Spain (''Cfb'')
* Skagen, Denmark (''Cfb'')
* Vaduz, Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein (''Cfb'')
* Valdivia, Los Ríos Region, Chile (''Cfb'')
* Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Csb'')
* Vienna, Austria, Vienna, Austria (''Cfb'')
* Wellington, New Zealand (''Cfb'')
* Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Zagreb, Croatia (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Zonguldak, Turkey (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Zürich, Switzerland (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall
Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (''Cfb'') are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of Australia, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical ''Cwb'' climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'' climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation. Examples * Bogotá, Colombia (''Cfb'') * Boone, North Carolina, Boone, North Carolina,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Cameron Highlands District, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia
Malaysia ( ; ) is a country in Southeast Asia. The federation, federal constitutional monarchy consists of States and federal territories of Malaysia, thirteen states and three federal territories, separated by the South China Sea into two r ...
(''Cfb'')
* Chachapoyas, Peru, Chachapoyas, Peru (''Cfb'')
* Cobán, Guatemala
Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
(''Cfb'')
* Constanza, Dominican Republic, Constanza, Dominican Republic
The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...
(''Cfb'')
* Cuenca, Ecuador, Cuenca, Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
(''Cfb'')
* Curitiba, Paraná (state), Paraná, Brazil (''Cfb'')
* Eldoret, Kenya (''Cfb'')
* Kodaikanal, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cfb'')
* Le Tampon, Réunion, France (''Cfb'')
* Lithgow, New South Wales, Lithgow, New South Wales, Australia (''Cfb'')
* Manizales, Colombia (''Cfb'')
* Maseru, Lesotho (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cwb'')
* Mthatha, South Africa (''Cfb'')
* Nuwara Eliya, Sri Lanka (''Cfb'')
* Quito, Pichincha Province, Pichincha, Ecuador
Ecuador ( ; ; Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechua: ''Ikwadur Ripuwlika''; Shuar: ' ...
(''Cfb'')
* Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (''Cfb'')
* Xalapa, Veracruz
Veracruz (), formally Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Veracruz de Ignacio de la Llave), is one of the 31 states which, along with Me ...
, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
''Cfc'': Subpolar oceanic climate
Subpolar oceanic climates (''Cfc'') occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, most often at latitudes from 60° north and south to 70° north and south. Examples * Auckland Islands, New Zealand (''Cfc'') * Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Charlotte Pass, Australia (''Cfc'', bordering on ''Dfc'') * Karlsøy, Norway (''Cfc'') * Miena, Tasmania, Miena, Tasmania, Australia (''Cfc'') * Punta Arenas, Chile (''Cfc'') * Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina (''Cfc'') * Río Turbio, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Santa Cruz, Argentina (''Cfc'') * Reykjavík, Iceland (''Cfc'') * Røst, Norway (''Cfc'') * Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (''Cfc'') * Unalaska, Alaska, Unalaska, Alaska,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Cfc'')
''Cwa'': Dry-winter humid subtropical climate
''Cwa'' is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the ''Cfa'' climates, except in regions (such as southeast Asia) where monsoons are more prevalent. Examples * Busan, South Korea (''Cwa'') * Campinas, Brazil (''Cwa'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Chengdu, Sichuan,China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwa'')
* Córdoba, Argentina, Córdoba, Argentina (''Cwa'')
* Delhi, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwa'', bordering on ''BSh'')
* Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Cwa'')
* Guwahati, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwa'')
* Hong Kong (''Cwa'')
* Haikou, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwa'')
* Hanoi, Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''Cwa'')
* Islamabad, Pakistan (''Cwa'')
* Kathmandu, Nepal (''Cwa'')
* Lilongwe, Malawi (''Cwa'')
* Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
The Democratic Republic of the Congo (french: République démocratique du Congo (RDC), colloquially "La RDC" ), informally Congo-Kinshasa, DR Congo, the DRC, the DROC, or the Congo, and formerly and also colloquially Zaire, is a country in ...
(''Cwa'')
* Lucknow, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwa'')
* Lusaka, Zambia (''Cwa'')
* Macau (''Cwa'')
* Mackay, Queensland, Mackay, Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, establishe ...
, Australia (''Cwa'')
* Pretoria, South Africa (''Cwa'')
* Rangpur, Bangladesh (''Cwa'')
* Santiago del Estero, Argentina (''Cwa'')
* Sialkot, Pakistan (''Cwa'')
* Taunggyi, Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
(''Cwa'')
* Yeosu, South Korea (''Cwa'')
* Zhengzhou, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwa'')
''Cwb'': Dry-winter subtropical highland climate
Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'') is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics ofCentral America
Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...
, South America, Africa, and Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure.
Examples
* Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (''Cwb'')
* Antananarivo, Madagascar (''Cwb'')
* Arusha, Tanzania
Tanzania (; ), officially the United Republic of Tanzania ( sw, Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania), is a country in East Africa within the African Great Lakes region. It borders Uganda to the north; Kenya to the northeast; Comoro Islands and ...
(''Cwb'')
* Cajamarca, Peru (''Cwb'')
* Cusco, Peru (''Cwb'')
* Cherrapunji, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwb'')
* Dali City, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwb'')
* Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Diamantina, Brazil (''Cwb'')
* Da Lat, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''Cwb'')
* Gangtok, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwb'')
* Hakha, Myanmar
Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John Wells explai ...
(''Cwb'')
* Harare, Zimbabwe (''Cwb'')
* Johannesburg, South Africa (''Cwb'')
* Kunming, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwb'')
* La Esperanza, Honduras, La Esperanza, Honduras (''Cwb'')
* Lijiang, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Cwb'')
* Mexico City, Mexico
Mexico (Spanish: México), officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States; to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; to the southeast by Guatema ...
(''Cwb'')
* Mokhotlong, Lesotho (''Cwb'')
* Mbabane, Eswatini (''Cwb'')
* Nairobi, Kenya (''Cwb'')
* Quetzaltenango, Guatemala
Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by H ...
(''Cwb'')
* Salta, Argentina (''Cwb'')
* Sa Pa, Vietnam
Vietnam or Viet Nam ( vi, Việt Nam, ), officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam,., group="n" is a country in Southeast Asia, at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of and population of 96 million, making i ...
(''Cwb'')
* Shimla, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Cwb'')
* Thimphu, Bhutan (''Cwb'')
* Vereeniging, South Africa (''Cwb'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
''Cwc'': Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate
Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (''Cwc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to ''Cwb'' climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia. * El Alto, Bolivia (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * Juliaca, Peru (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * La Paz, Bolivia (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * Potosí, Bolivia (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'')Group D: Continental/microthermal climates
These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or , as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.
''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Hot summer continental climates
''Dfa'' climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than . In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. ''Dsa'' exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates. These climates exist only in the northern hemisphere because the southern hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes. Examples * Almaty, Kazakhstan (''Dfa'') * Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfa'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Bucharest, Romania (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Cfa'')
* Cheonan, South Korea (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dwa'')
* Chicago, Illinois, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfa'')
* Dnipro, Ukraine (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfa'')
* Rostov-on-Don, Russia (''Dfa'')
* Sapporo, Japan (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Toronto, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Volgograd, Russia (''Dfa'')
* Windsor, Ontario, Windsor, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'')
In eastern Asia, ''Dwa'' climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon
A monsoon () is traditionally a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with annual latitudinal osci ...
Circulation.
Examples
* Beijing, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwa'', bordering on ''BSk'')
* Chuncheon, Gangwon Province (South Korea), Gangwon Province, South Korea (''Dwa'')
* Harbin, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwa'')
* Incheon, South Korea (''Dwa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* North Platte, Nebraska, North Platte, Nebraska, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dwa'', bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''BSk'')
* Pyongyang, North Korea (''Dwa'')
* Seoul, South Korea (''Dwa'', bordering on ''Cwa'')
* Shenyang, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwa'')
''Dsa'' exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates.
Examples
* Arak, Iran, Arak, Markazi Province, Markazi, Iran (''Dsa'')
* Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (''Dsa'')
* Hakkâri (city), Hakkâri, Turkey (''Dsa'')
* Muş, Turkey (''Dsa'')
* Salt Lake City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dsa'', bordering on ''Csa'')
* Saqqez, Kurdistan Province, Kurdistan, Iran (''Dsa'')
* Shymkent, Kazakhstan (''Dsa'', bordering on ''Csa'')
''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates
''Dfb'' climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes in central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates, where it extends up to 65 degrees latitude in places. Examples * Ardebil, Iran (''Dfb'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Ardahan, Turkey (''Dfb'') * Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (''Dfb'') * Erzurum, Turkey (''Dfb'') * Fairbanks, Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfb'', bordering on ''Dfc'')
* Helsinki, Finland (''Dfb'')
* Karaganda, Kazakhstan (''Dfb'')
* Kushiro, Hokkaido, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan (''Dfb'')
* Kyiv, Ukraine (''Dfb'')
* Lillehammer, Norway (''Dfb'')
* Marquette, Michigan, Marquette, Michigan, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfb'')
* Minsk, Belarus (''Dfb'')
* Montreal, Quebec, Canada (''Dfb'')
* Moscow, Russia, Moscow, Russia (''Dfb'')
* Novosibirsk, Russia (''Dfb'')
* Oslo, Norway (''Dfb'')
* Ottawa, Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (''Dfb'')
* Portland, Maine, Portland, Maine, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfb'')
* Pristina, Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo (''Dfb'', bordering on ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'')
* Riga, Latvia (''Dfb'')
* Saint Petersburg, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia (''Dfb'')
* Stockholm, Sweden (''Dfb'')
* Tallinn, Estonia (''Dfb'')
* Vilnius, Lithuania (''Dfb'')
* Warsaw, Poland (''Dfb'', bordering on ''Cfb'')
Like with all Group D climates, ''Dwb'' climates only occur in the northern hemisphere.
Examples
* Baruunturuun, Mongolia (''Dwb'')
* Calgary, Alberta, Canada (''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dfb'' and ''BSk'')
* Heihe, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwb'')
* Yanji, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwb'')
* Irkutsk, Russia (''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dwc'')
* Pembina, North Dakota, Pembina, North Dakota, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Pyeongchang County, Pyeongchang, South Korea (''Dwb'')
* Vladivostok, Russia (''Dwb'')
''Dsb'' arises from the same scenario as ''Dsa'', but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia.
Examples
* Dras, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
(''Dsb'')
* Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dsb'', bordering on ''Csb'')
* Roghun, Tajikistan (''Dsb'')
* South Lake Tahoe, California, South Lake Tahoe, California, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dsb'', bordering on ''Csb'')
* Sivas, Turkey (''Dsb'')
* Spokane, Washington, Spokane, Washington (state), Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dsb'', bordering on ''Dsa'' and ''Csb'')
''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Subarctic or boreal climates
''Dfc'', ''Dsc'' and ''Dwc'' climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally between the 55° to 65° North latitudes, occasionally reaching up to the 70°N latitude. Examples: * Alta, Norway, Alta, Norway (''Dfc'') * Anadyr (town), Anadyr, Russia (''Dfc'') * Anchorage, Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfc'')
* Arkhangelsk, Russia (''Dfc'')
* Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Chita, Russia (''Dwc'')
* Delta Junction, Alaska, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dwc'')
* Fox Park, Wyoming, Fox Park, Wyoming, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfc'')
* Fraser, Colorado, Fraser, Colorado, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''Dfc'')
* Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (''Dfc'', bordering on ''ET'' and ''BSk'')
* Kuujjuarapik, Quebec, Canada (''Dfc'')
* Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (''Dfc'')
* Livigno, Italy (''Dfc'')
* Lukla, Nepal (''Dwc'')
* Luleå, Sweden (''Dfc'')
* Mohe County, Mohe, Heilongjiang, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwc'')
* Norilsk, Russia (''Dfc'')
* Nyurba, Russia (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfd'')
* Oulu, Finland (''Dfc'')
* Røros, Norway (''Dfc'')
* Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland (''Dfc'')
* Sarıkamış, Turkey (''Dfc'')
* Tampere, Finland (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfb'')
* Thompson, Manitoba, Thompson, Manitoba, Canada (''Dfc'')
* Tromsø, Norway (''Dfc'')
* Whitehorse, Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada (''Dfc'')
* Yushu City, Qinghai, Yushu City, Qinghai, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''Dwc'')
* Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (''Dfc'')
* Soldotna, Alaska (''Dsc'')
''Dfd/Dwd/Dsd'': Subarctic or boreal climates with severe winters
Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C. These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold. Examples * Allakh-Yun, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Delyankir, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Okhotsky-Perevoz, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'') * Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'') * Khonuu, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'')Group E: Polar climates
In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:
''ET'': Tundra climate
Tundra climate (''ET''): Warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ''ET'' climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line. Examples * Alert, Nunavut, Alert, Nunavut, Canada (''ET'', bordering on ''EF'') * Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom (''ET'') * Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom (''ET'') * Campbell Island, New Zealand, Campbell Island, New Zealand (''ET'') * Crozet Islands (''ET'') * Dikson Island, Russia (''ET'') * Esperanza Base, Antarctica (''ET'') * Finse, Norway (''ET'') * Ilulissat, Greenland (''ET'') * Inukjuak, Quebec, Inukjuak, Quebec, Canada (''ET'', bordering on ''Dfc'') * Iqaluit, Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada (''ET'') * Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland (''ET'') * Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (''ET'') * Kasprowy Wierch, Poland (''ET'') * Kerguelen Islands (''ET'') * Macquarie Island, Australia (''ET'') * Mount Fuji, Japan (''ET'') * Mount Rainier, Washington, Mount Rainier (slopes), Washington (state), Washington,United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''ET'')
* Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''ET'')
* Mount Wellington (Tasmania), Mount Wellington, Tasmania, Australia (''ET'')
* Mys Shmidta, Russia (''ET'')
* Murghab, Tajikistan, Murghab, Tajikistan (''ET'')
* Mykines, Mykines, Mykines, Faroe Islands (''ET'', bordering on ''Cfc'')
* Nagqu, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''ET'', bordering on ''Dwc'')
* Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia (''ET'')
* Nuuk, Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (''ET'')
* Prince Edwards Islands (''ET'')
* Puno, Peru (''ET'', bordering on ''Cwc'')
* Stanley, Falkland Islands, Stanley, Falkland Islands (''ET'', bordering on ''Cfc'')
* Svalbard, Norway (''ET'')
* Yu Shan, Taiwan
Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the nort ...
(''ET'')
* Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany (''ET'')
''EF'': Ice cap climate
Ice cap climate
An ice cap climate is a polar climate where no mean monthly temperature exceeds . The climate covers areas in or near the high latitudes (65° latitude) to polar regions (70–90° north and south latitude), such as Antarctica, some of the northe ...
(''EF''): This climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F).
Examples
* Aconcagua, Chile/Argentina (''EF'')
* Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Amundsen–Scott Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Byrd Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Concordia Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Dome Fuji, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Mt McKinley, Denali, Alaska, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''EFH'')
* Ismoil Somoni Peak, Tajikistan (''EF'')
* Jengish Chokusu, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
/Kyrgyzstan (''EF'')
* Kangchenjunga, India
India, officially the Republic of India (Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the so ...
/Nepal (''EF'')
* K2, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
/Pakistan (''EF'')
* Lhotse, Nepal (''EFH'')
* Makalu, Nepal/China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
(''EF'')
* McMurdo Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Mount Ararat, Turkey (''EF'')
* Mount Everest, China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's most populous country, with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, slightly ahead of India. China spans the equivalent of five time zones and ...
/Nepal (''EF'')
* Mount Logan, Canada (''EF'')
* Mount Rainier (summit), Washington (state), Washington, United States
The United States of America (U.S.A. or USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S. or US) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. It consists of 50 states, a federal district, five major unincorporated territori ...
(''EF'')
* Plateau Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Scott Base, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Showa Station (Antarctica), Showa Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
* Summit Camp, Greenland (''EF'')
* Ushakov Island, Russia (''EF'')
* Vostok Station, Antarctica (''EF'')
Ecological significance
Biomass
The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.Climate change
Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa. In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in ''Scientific Reports'' analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors." A 2018 ''Nature (journal), Nature'' study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.Other Köppen climate maps
All maps use the ≥0 °C (or >-3 °C) definition for temperate climates, the 18 °C (or >0 °C or >-3 °C) annual mean temperature threshold to distinguish between hot and cold dry climates, and solely 18 °C for tropical climates.See also
*Trewartha climate classification
The Trewartha climate classification (TCC) or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC) is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen ...
scheme by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966 and updated in 1980, based on the Köppen scheme
* Holdridge life zones, climate classification by three dimensions: precipitation, humidity, and potential evapotranspiration ratio
* Hardiness zone
References
External links
World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000
(archived 6 September 2010)
Global climate maps, using Köppen classification (FAO, 1999)
Climate records
IPCC Data Distribution Center
(archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Koppen Climate Classification Köppen climate types, Climate and weather classification systems