Köppen-Geiger Climate Classification Map

The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936. Later, the climatologist Rudolf Geiger (1894–1981) introduced some changes to the classification system, which is thus sometimes called the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system. The Köppen climate classification divides climates into five main climate groups, with each group being divided based on seasonal precipitation and temperature patterns. The five main groups are ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar). Each group and subgroup is represented by a letter. All climates are assigned a main group (the first letter). All climates except for those in the ''E'' group are assigned a seasonal precipitation subgroup (the second letter). For example, ''Af'' indicates a tropical rainforest climate. The system assigns a temperature subgroup for all groups other than those in the ''A'' group, indicated by the third letter for climates in ''B'', ''C'', ''D'', and the second letter for climates in ''E''. For example, ''Cfb'' indicates an

oceanic climate An oceanic climate, also known as a marine climate, is the humid temperate climate sub-type in Köppen classification ''Cfb'', typical of west coasts in higher middle latitudes of continents, generally featuring cool summers and mild winters ( ...

with warm summers as indicated by the ending ''b''. Climates are classified based on specific criteria unique to each climate type. As Köppen designed the system based on his experience as a botanist, his main climate groups are based on what types of vegetation grow in a given climate classification region. In addition to identifying climates, the system can be used to analyze ecosystem conditions and identify the main types of vegetation within climates. Due to its link with the plant life of a given region, the system is useful in predicting future changes in plant life within that region. The Köppen climate classification system was further modified within the Trewartha climate classification system in the mid-1960s (revised in 1980). The Trewartha system sought to create a more refined

middle latitude The middle latitudes (also called the mid-latitudes, sometimes midlatitudes, or moderate latitudes) are a spatial region on Earth located between the Tropic of Cancer (latitudes 23°26'22") to the Arctic Circle (66°33'39"), and Tropic of Caprico ...

climate zone, which was one of the criticisms of the Köppen system (the C climate group was too broad).

Overview

The Köppen climate classification scheme divides climates into five main climate groups: ''A'' (tropical), ''B'' (arid), ''C'' (temperate), ''D'' (continental), and ''E'' (polar). The second letter indicates the seasonal precipitation type, while the third letter indicates the level of heat. Summers are defined as the 6-month period that is warmer either from April–September and/or October–March while winter is the 6-month period that is cooler. Group A: Tropical climates This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature of or higher, with significant precipitation. * ''Af'' = Tropical rainforest climate; average precipitation of at least in every month. * ''Am'' = Tropical monsoon climate; driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with precipitation less than , but at least

100-\left ( \frac \right )

. * ''Aw'' or ''As'' = Tropical wet and dry or savanna climate; with the driest month having precipitation less than and less than

100-\left ( \frac \right )

. Group B: Arid climates This type of climate is defined by little precipitation that does not fit the polar (EF or ET) criteria of no month with an average temperature greater than . The threshold in millimeters is determined by multiplying the average annual temperature in

Celsius The degree Celsius is the unit of temperature on the Celsius scale (originally known as the centigrade scale outside Sweden), one of two temperature scales used in the International System of Units (SI), the other being the Kelvin scale. The ...

by 20, then adding: :(a) 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the spring and summer months (April–September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October–March in the Southern), or :(b) 140 if 30%–70% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer, or :(c) 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is received during the spring and summer. If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is BW (arid: desert climate); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is BS (semi-arid: steppe climate). A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, h signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above ) while k signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use h to mean the coldest month has an average temperature above (or ), with k denoting that at least one month's averages below 0 °C (or ). In addition, n is used to denote a climate characterized by frequent fog and H for high altitudes. * ''BWh'' = Hot desert climate * ''BWk'' = Cold desert climate * ''BSh'' =

Hot semi-arid climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-ar ...

* ''BSk'' = Cold semi-arid climate Group C: Temperate climates This type of climate has the coldest month averaging between (or ) and and at least one month averaging above . For the distribution of precipitation in locations that both satisfy a dry summer (Cs) and a dry winter (Cw), a location is considered to have a wet summer (Cw) when more precipitation falls within the summer months than the winter months while a location is considered to have a dry summer (Cs) when more precipitation falls within the winter months. This additional criterion applies to locations that satisfies both Ds and Dw as well. * ''Cfa'' =

Humid subtropical climate A humid subtropical climate is a zone of climate characterized by hot and humid summers, and cool to mild winters. These climates normally lie on the southeast side of all continents (except Antarctica), generally between latitudes 25° and 40� ...

; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). No dry months in the summer. * ''Cfb'' = Temperate

or subtropical highland climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Cfc'' = Subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Cwa'' = Monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Cwb'' = Subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced temperate oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (an alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation received in the warmest six months). * ''Cwc'' = Cold subtropical highland climate or Monsoon-influenced subpolar oceanic climate; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Csa'' = Hot-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . * ''Csb'' = Warm-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . * ''Csc'' = Cold-summer Mediterranean climate; coldest month averaging above (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . Group D:

Continental climate Continental climates often have a significant annual variation in temperature (warm summers and cold winters). They tend to occur in the middle latitudes (40 to 55 north), within large landmasses where prevailing winds blow overland bringing som ...

s This type of climate has at least one month averaging below (or ) and at least one month averaging above . * ''Dfa'' = Hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Dfb'' = Warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Dfc'' =

Subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, ge ...

; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Dfd'' = Extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . No significant precipitation difference between seasons (neither the abovementioned set of conditions fulfilled). * ''Dwa'' = Monsoon-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), at least one month's average temperature above , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Dwb'' = Monsoon-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), all months with average temperatures below , and at least four months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Dwc'' = Monsoon-influenced

subarctic climate The subarctic climate (also called subpolar climate, or boreal climate) is a climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, ge ...

; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Dwd'' = Monsoon-influenced extremely cold

; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . At least ten times as much rain in the wettest month of summer as in the driest month of winter (alternative definition is 70% or more of average annual precipitation is received in the warmest six months). * ''Dsa'' = Mediterranean-influenced hot-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), average temperature of the warmest month above and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . * ''Dsb'' = Mediterranean-influenced warm-summer humid continental climate; coldest month averaging below (or ), average temperature of the warmest month below and at least four months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . * ''Dsc'' = Mediterranean-influenced subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below (or ) and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . * ''Dsd'' = Mediterranean-influenced extremely cold subarctic climate; coldest month averaging below and 1–3 months averaging above . At least three times as much precipitation in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer, and the driest month of summer receives less than . Group E: Polar and

alpine climate Alpine climate is the typical weather ( climate) for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate. Definition There are multiple definitions ...

s This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature below . * ''ET'' = Tundra climate; average temperature of warmest month between and . * ''EF'' = Ice cap climate; eternal winter, with all 12 months of the year with average temperatures below .

Group A: Tropical/mega thermal climates

Climas tropicales según la clasificación Koppen-Geiger

Tropical climates are characterized by constant high temperatures (at sea level and low elevations); all 12 months of the year have average temperatures of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher; and generally high annual precipitation. They are subdivided as follows:

''Af'': Tropical rainforest climate

All 12 months have an average precipitation of at least . These climates usually occur within 10° latitude of the

equator The equator is a circle of latitude, about in circumference, that divides Earth into the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is an imaginary line located at 0 degrees latitude, halfway between the North and South poles. The term can als ...

. This climate has no natural seasons in terms of thermal and moisture changes. When it is dominated most of the year by the

doldrums The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal e ...

low-pressure system due to the presence of the

Intertropical Convergence Zone The Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ ), known by sailors as the doldrums or the calms because of its monotonous windless weather, is the area where the northeast and the southeast trade winds converge. It encircles Earth near the thermal e ...

(ITCZ) and when there are no cyclones then the climate is qualified as equatorial. When the trade winds dominate most of the year, the climate is a tropical trade-wind rainforest climate. Examples * Apia, Samoa (''Af'') * Balikpapan, Indonesia (''Af'') * Davao, Philippines (''Af'') * Fort Lauderdale,

Florida Florida is a state located in the Southeastern region of the United States. Florida is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the northwest by Alabama, to the north by Georgia, to the east by the Bahamas and Atlantic Ocean, a ...

, United States (''Af'', bordering on ''Am'') * Georgetown,

Guyana Guyana ( or ), officially the Cooperative Republic of Guyana, is a country on the northern mainland of South America. Guyana is an indigenous word which means "Land of Many Waters". The capital city is Georgetown. Guyana is bordered by the ...

(''Af'') *

Hilo Hilo () is a census-designated place (CDP) and the largest settlement in Hawaii County, Hawaii, Hawaii County, Hawaii, United States, which encompasses the Hawaii (island), Island of Hawaii. The population was 44,186 according to the 2020 United ...

Hawaii Hawaii ( ; haw, Hawaii or ) is a state in the Western United States, located in the Pacific Ocean about from the U.S. mainland. It is the only U.S. state outside North America, the only state that is an archipelago, and the only ...

, United States (''Af'') *

Honiara Honiara () is the capital and largest city of Solomon Islands, situated on the northwestern coast of Guadalcanal. , it had a population of 92,344 people. The city is served by Honiara International Airport and the seaport of Point Cruz, and lie ...

, Solomon Islands (''Af'') * Innisfail, Queensland,

Australia Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign ''Sovereign'' is a title which can be applied to the highest leader in various categories. The word is borrowed from Old French , which is ultimately derived from the L ...

(''Af'') * Ishigaki,

Japan Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from the Sea of Okhotsk in the no ...

(''Af'') * Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (''Af'') * Kampala, Uganda (''Af'') * Kisumu, Kenya (''Af'') *

Kuching Kuching (), officially the City of Kuching, is the capital and the most populous city in the States and federal territories of Malaysia, state of Sarawak in Malaysia. It is also the capital of Kuching Division. The city is on the Sarawak River ...

, Malaysia (''Af'') * Lae, Papua New Guinea (''Af'') * La Ceiba,

Honduras Honduras, officially the Republic of Honduras, is a country in Central America. The republic of Honduras is bordered to the west by Guatemala, to the southwest by El Salvador, to the southeast by Nicaragua, to the south by the Pacific Ocea ...

(''Af'') *

Manaus Manaus () is the capital and largest city of the Brazilian state of Amazonas. It is the seventh-largest city in Brazil, with an estimated 2020 population of 2,219,580 distributed over a land area of about . Located at the east center of the s ...

Brazil Brazil ( pt, Brasil; ), officially the Federative Republic of Brazil (Portuguese: ), is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. At and with over 217 million people, Brazil is the world's fifth-largest country by area ...

(''Af'') * Medan, Indonesia (''Af'') * Moroni,

Comoros The Comoros,, ' officially the Union of the Comoros,; ar, الاتحاد القمري ' is an List of sovereign states by date of formation, independent country made up of three islands in Southeast Africa, southeastern Africa, located at t ...

(''Af'') * Pago Pago, American Samoa (''Af'') * Paramaribo,

Suriname Suriname (; srn, Sranankondre or ), officially the Republic of Suriname ( nl, Republiek Suriname , srn, Ripolik fu Sranan), is a country on the northeastern Atlantic coast of South America. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north ...

(''Af'') * Pontianak, Indonesia (''Af'') * Port Vila, Vanuatu (''Af'') * Quibdó,

Colombia Colombia (, ; ), officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country in South America with insular regions in North America—near Nicaragua's Caribbean coast—as well as in the Pacific Ocean. The Colombian mainland is bordered by the Ca ...

(''Af'') * Ratnapura,

Sri Lanka Sri Lanka (, ; si, ශ්‍රී ලංකා, Śrī Laṅkā, translit-std=ISO (); ta, இலங்கை, Ilaṅkai, translit-std=ISO ()), formerly known as Ceylon and officially the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, is an ...

(''Af'') * Salvador da Bahia,

(''Af'') * Santos,

(''Af'') * Singapore (''Af'') *

Suva Suva () is the capital and largest city of Fiji. It is the home of the country's largest metropolitan area and serves as its major port. The city is located on the southeast coast of the island of Viti Levu, in Rewa Province, Central Divi ...

Fiji Fiji ( , ,; fj, Viti, ; Fiji Hindi: फ़िजी, ''Fijī''), officially the Republic of Fiji, is an island country in Melanesia, part of Oceania in the South Pacific Ocean. It lies about north-northeast of New Zealand. Fiji consists ...

(''Af'') * Toamasina, Madagascar (''Af'') * Victoria, Seychelles (''Af'') Some of the places with this climate are indeed uniformly and monotonously wet throughout the year (e.g., the northwest Pacific coast of

South South is one of the cardinal directions or Points of the compass, compass points. The direction is the opposite of north and is perpendicular to both east and west. Etymology The word ''south'' comes from Old English ''sūþ'', from earlier Pro ...

and

Central America Central America ( es, América Central or ) is a subregion of the Americas. Its boundaries are defined as bordering the United States to the north, Colombia to the south, the Caribbean Sea to the east, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. ...

, from

Ecuador Ecuador ( ; ; Quechuan languages, Quechua: ''Ikwayur''; Shuar language, Shuar: ''Ecuador'' or ''Ekuatur''), officially the Republic of Ecuador ( es, República del Ecuador, which literally translates as "Republic of the Equator"; Quechuan ...

Costa Rica Costa Rica (, ; ; literally "Rich Coast"), officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( es, República de Costa Rica), is a country in the Central American region of North America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, the Caribbean Sea to the n ...

; see, for instance,

Andagoya Andagoya is a village in west-central Colombia. Andagoya is named for Pascual de Andagoya (1495–1548), a Spanish conquistador. History A cacique named Pocorosa lived in Andagoya in the 19th century. Pocorosa met the Spanish conquistadors. C ...

), but in many cases, the period of higher sun and longer days is distinctly wettest (as at

Palembang Palembang () is the capital city of the Indonesian province of South Sumatra. The city proper covers on both banks of the Musi River on the eastern lowland of southern Sumatra. It had a population of 1,668,848 at the 2020 Census. Palembang ...

, Indonesia) or the time of lower sun and shorter days may have more rain (as at Sitiawan, Malaysia). Among these places, some have a pure equatorial climate (Balikpapan, Kuala Lumpur, Kuching, Lae, Medan, Paramaribo, Pontianak, and Singapore) with the dominant ITCZ aerological mechanism and no cyclones or a subequatorial climate with occasional hurricanes (Davao, Ratnapura, Victoria). (Note. The term aseasonal refers to the lack in the tropical zone of large differences in daylight hours and mean monthly (or daily) temperature throughout the year. Annual cyclic changes occur in the tropics, but not as predictably as those in the temperate zone, albeit unrelated to temperature, but to water availability whether as rain, mist, soil, or groundwater. Plant response (e. g.,

phenology Phenology is the study of periodic events in biological life cycles and how these are influenced by seasonality, seasonal and interannual variations in climate, as well as environmental factor, habitat factors (such as elevation). Examples includ ...

), animal (feeding, migration, reproduction, etc.), and human activities (plant sowing, harvesting, hunting, fishing, etc.) are tuned to this 'seasonality'. Indeed, in tropical South America and Central America, the 'rainy season (and the 'high water season') is called '' Invierno'' or ''Inverno'', though it could occur in the Northern Hemisphere summer; likewise, the 'dry season (and 'low water season') is called '' Verano'' or ''verão'', and can occur in the Northern Hemisphere winter).

''Am'': Tropical monsoon climate

This type of climate results from the monsoon winds which change direction according to the seasons. This climate has a driest month (which nearly always occurs at or soon after the "winter" solstice for that side of the equator) with rainfall less than , but at least

100-\left (\frac \right)

of average monthly precipitation. Examples *

Cairns Cairns (, ) is a city in Queensland, Australia, on the tropical north east coast of Far North Queensland. The population in June 2019 was 153,952, having grown on average 1.02% annually over the preceding five years. The city is the 5th-most-p ...

, Queensland,

(''Am'') *

Chittagong Chittagong ( /ˈtʃɪt əˌɡɒŋ/ ''chit-uh-gong''; ctg, চিটাং; bn, চিটাগং), officially Chattogram ( bn, চট্টগ্রাম), is the second-largest city in Bangladesh after Dhaka and third largest city in B ...

Bangladesh Bangladesh (}, ), officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh, is a country in South Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by population, eighth-most populous country in the world, with a population exceeding 165 million pe ...

(''Am'') * Coatzacoalcos, Veracruz, Mexico (''Am'') *

Conakry Conakry (; ; sus, Kɔnakiri; N’ko: ߞߐߣߊߞߙߌ߫, Fula: ''Konaakiri'' 𞤑𞤮𞤲𞤢𞥄𞤳𞤭𞤪𞤭) is the capital and largest city of Guinea. A port city, it serves as the economic, financial and cultural centre of Guinea. Its p ...

Guinea Guinea ( ),, fuf, 𞤘𞤭𞤲𞤫, italic=no, Gine, wo, Gine, nqo, ߖߌ߬ߣߍ߫, bm, Gine officially the Republic of Guinea (french: République de Guinée), is a coastal country in West Africa. It borders the Atlantic Ocean to the we ...

(''Am'') * Douala,

Cameroon Cameroon (; french: Cameroun, ff, Kamerun), officially the Republic of Cameroon (french: République du Cameroun, links=no), is a country in west- central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west and north; Chad to the northeast; th ...

(''Am'') * Freetown, Sierra Leone (''Am'') * Guanare, Venezuela (''Am'') * Huế, Thừa Thiên–Huế, Vietnam (''Am'') *

Jakarta Jakarta (; , bew, Jakarte), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta ( id, Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta) is the capital and largest city of Indonesia. Lying on the northwest coast of Java, the world's most populous island, Jakarta ...

, Indonesia (''Am'') * Kochi, Kerala,

India India, officially the Republic of India ( Hindi: ), is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and the most populous democracy in the world. Bounded by the Indian Ocean on the ...

(''Am'') * Ko Samui, Thailand (''Am'', bordering on ''Af'') *

Libreville Libreville is the capital and largest city of Gabon. Occupying in the northwestern province of Estuaire, Libreville is a port on the Komo River, near the Gulf of Guinea. As of the 2013 census, its population was 703,904. The area has been inh ...

, Gabon (''Am'') *

Malabo Malabo ( , ; formerly Santa Isabel) is the capital of Equatorial Guinea and the province of Bioko Norte. It is located on the north coast of the island of Bioko, ( bvb, Etulá, and as ''Fernando Pó'' by the Europeans). In 2018, the city had a p ...

Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea ( es, Guinea Ecuatorial; french: Guinée équatoriale; pt, Guiné Equatorial), officially the Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( es, link=no, República de Guinea Ecuatorial, french: link=no, République de Guinée équatoria ...

(''Am'') * Malé, Maldives (''Am'') * Mangalore, Karnataka,

(''Am'') * Miami,

, United States (''Am'') * Monrovia,

Liberia Liberia (), officially the Republic of Liberia, is a country on the West African coast. It is bordered by Sierra Leone to Liberia–Sierra Leone border, its northwest, Guinea to its north, Ivory Coast to its east, and the Atlantic Ocean ...

(''Am'') * Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria (''Am'') *

Puerto Ayacucho Puerto Ayacucho () is the capital and largest city of Amazonas State in Venezuela. Puerto Ayacucho is located across the Orinoco River from the Colombian village of Casuarito. The city was founded to facilitate the transport of goods past t ...

, Venezuela (''Am'') * Qionghai City,

China China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. It is the world's List of countries and dependencies by population, most populous country, with a Population of China, population exceeding 1.4 billion, slig ...

(''Am'') * Recife, Pernambuco,

(''Am'') *

San Juan San Juan, Spanish for Saint John, may refer to: Places Argentina * San Juan Province, Argentina * San Juan, Argentina, the capital of that province * San Juan, Salta, a village in Iruya, Salta Province * San Juan (Buenos Aires Underground), ...

, Puerto Rico (''Am'') * Santo Domingo,

Dominican Republic The Dominican Republic ( ; es, República Dominicana, ) is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean region. It occupies the eastern five-eighths of the island, which it shares with ...

(''Am'') * Taitung, Taiwan (''Am'') * Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala,

(''Am'') * Yangon,

Myanmar Myanmar, ; UK pronunciations: US pronunciations incl. . Note: Wikipedia's IPA conventions require indicating /r/ even in British English although only some British English speakers pronounce r at the end of syllables. As John C. Wells, Joh ...

(''Am'') * Zanzibar City, Tanzania (''Am'')

''Aw/As'': Tropical savanna climate

''Aw'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics

''Aw'' climates have a pronounced dry season, with the driest month having precipitation less than and less than

100-\left (\frac \right)

of average monthly precipitation. Examples * Abidjan,

Ivory Coast Ivory Coast, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is ...

(''Aw'') *

Abuja Abuja () is the capital and eighth most populous city of Nigeria. Situated at the centre of the country within the Federal Capital Territory (FCT), it is a planned city built mainly in the 1980s based on a master plan by International Plan ...

, Nigeria (''Aw'') * Bamako, Mali (''Aw'') *

Bangkok Bangkok, officially known in Thai as Krung Thep Maha Nakhon and colloquially as Krung Thep, is the capital and most populous city of Thailand. The city occupies in the Chao Phraya River delta in central Thailand and has an estimated populatio ...

, Thailand (''Aw'') * Bangui,

Central African Republic The Central African Republic (CAR; ; , RCA; , or , ) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the C ...

(''Aw'') *

Banjul Banjul (,"Banjul"
(US) and ), officially the City of Ba ...

, The Gambia (''Aw'') *

Barranquilla Barranquilla () is the capital district of Atlántico Department in Colombia. It is located near the Caribbean Sea and is the largest city and third port in the Caribbean Coast region; as of 2018 it had a population of 1,206,319, making it Col ...

(''Aw'') *

Brasília Brasília (; ) is the federal capital of Brazil and seat of government of the Federal District. The city is located at the top of the Brazilian highlands in the country's Central-West region. It was founded by President Juscelino Kubitsche ...

(''Aw'') *

Brazzaville Brazzaville (, kg, Kintamo, Nkuna, Kintambo, Ntamo, Mavula, Tandala, Mfwa, Mfua; Teke: ''M'fa'', ''Mfaa'', ''Mfa'', ''Mfoa''Roman Adrian Cybriwsky, ''Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture'', ABC-CL ...

Republic of the Congo The Republic of the Congo (french: République du Congo, ln, Republíki ya Kongó), also known as Congo-Brazzaville, the Congo Republic or simply either Congo or the Congo, is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa to the w ...

(''Aw'') *

Bujumbura Bujumbura (; ), formerly Usumbura, is the economic capital, largest city and main port of Burundi. It ships most of the country's chief export, coffee, as well as cotton and tin ore. Bujumbura was formerly the country's normal capital. In late ...

Burundi Burundi (, ), officially the Republic of Burundi ( rn, Repuburika y’Uburundi ; Swahili language, Swahili: ''Jamuhuri ya Burundi''; French language, French: ''République du Burundi'' ), is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley at the ...

(''Aw'') * Cancún, Quintana Roo, Mexico (''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'') *

Caracas Caracas (, ), officially Santiago de León de Caracas, abbreviated as CCS, is the capital and largest city of Venezuela, and the center of the Metropolitan Region of Caracas (or Greater Caracas). Caracas is located along the Guaire River in the ...

, Venezuela (''Aw'') * Cartagena,

(''Aw'') * Chennai, Tamil Nadu,

(''Aw'') *

Cotonou Cotonou (; fon, Kútɔ̀nú) is a city in Benin. Its official population count was 679,012 inhabitants in 2012; however, over two million people live in the larger urban area. The urban area continues to expand, notably toward the west. The ci ...

, Benin (''Aw'') *

Dar es Salaam Dar es Salaam (; from ar, دَار السَّلَام, Dâr es-Selâm, lit=Abode of Peace) or commonly known as Dar, is the largest city and financial hub of Tanzania. It is also the capital of Dar es Salaam Region. With a population of over ...

, Tanzania (''Aw'') *

Darwin Darwin may refer to: Common meanings * Charles Darwin (1809–1882), English naturalist and writer, best known as the originator of the theory of biological evolution by natural selection * Darwin, Northern Territory, a territorial capital city i ...

, Northern Territory,

(''Aw'') * Dhaka,

(''Aw'') *

Dili Dili (Portuguese/Tetum: ''Díli'') is the capital, largest city of East Timor and the second largest city in Timor islands after Kupang (Indonesia). It lies on the northern coast of the island of Timor, in a small area of flat land hemmed in ...

East Timor East Timor (), also known as Timor-Leste (), officially the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste, is an island country in Southeast Asia. It comprises the eastern half of the island of Timor, the exclave of Oecusse on the island's north-we ...

(''Aw'') * Guatemala City,

Guatemala Guatemala ( ; ), officially the Republic of Guatemala ( es, República de Guatemala, links=no), is a country in Central America. It is bordered to the north and west by Mexico; to the northeast by Belize and the Caribbean; to the east by ...

(''Aw'', bordering on ''Cwb'') * Guayaquil,

(''Aw'') * Havana,

Cuba Cuba ( , ), officially the Republic of Cuba ( es, República de Cuba, links=no ), is an island country comprising the island of Cuba, as well as Isla de la Juventud and several minor archipelagos. Cuba is located where the northern Caribbea ...

(''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'') *

Ho Chi Minh City , population_density_km2 = 4,292 , population_density_metro_km2 = 697.2 , population_demonym = Saigonese , blank_name = GRP (Nominal) , blank_info = 2019 , blank1_name = – Total , blank1_ ...

, Vietnam (''Aw'') *

Key West Key West ( es, Cayo Hueso) is an island in the Straits of Florida, within the U.S. state of Florida. Together with all or parts of the separate islands of Dredgers Key, Fleming Key, Sunset Key, and the northern part of Stock Island, it cons ...

, United States (''Aw'') * Kano, Nigeria (''Aw'') *

Kaohsiung Kaohsiung City (Mandarin Chinese: ; Wade–Giles: ''Kao¹-hsiung²;'' Pinyin: ''Gāoxióng'') is a special municipality located in southern Taiwan. It ranges from the coastal urban center to the rural Yushan Range with an area of . Kaohsi ...

, Taiwan (''Aw'') *

Kigali Kigali () is the Capital (political), capital and largest city of Rwanda. It is near the nation's geographic centre in a region of rolling hills, with a series of valleys and ridges joined by steep slopes. As a primate city, Kigali has been Rwa ...

Rwanda Rwanda (; rw, u Rwanda ), officially the Republic of Rwanda, is a landlocked country in the Great Rift Valley of Central Africa, where the African Great Lakes region and Southeast Africa converge. Located a few degrees south of the Equator ...

(''Aw'') *

Kingston Kingston may refer to: Places * List of places called Kingston, including the five most populated: ** Kingston, Jamaica ** Kingston upon Hull, England ** City of Kingston, Victoria, Australia ** Kingston, Ontario, Canada ** Kingston upon Thames, ...

, Jamaica (''Aw'') *

Kinshasa Kinshasa (; ; ln, Kinsásá), formerly Léopoldville ( nl, Leopoldstad), is the capital and largest city of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Once a site of fishing and trading villages situated along the Congo River, Kinshasa is now one o ...

, Democratic Republic of Congo (''Aw'') * Kolkata, West Bengal,

(''Aw'') * Kumasi,

Ghana Ghana (; tw, Gaana, ee, Gana), officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country in West Africa. It abuts the Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, sharing borders with Ivory Coast in Ghana–Ivory Coast border, the west, Burkina ...

(''Aw'') * Kupang, Indonesia (''Aw'') * Lagos, Lagos State, Nigeria (''Aw'') * Lomé, Togo (''Aw'') * Mumbai,

Maharashtra Maharashtra (; , abbr. MH or Maha) is a states and union territories of India, state in the western India, western peninsular region of India occupying a substantial portion of the Deccan Plateau. Maharashtra is the List of states and union te ...

(''Aw'') * Naples,

, United States (''Aw'') * Panamá City, Panamá (''Aw'') *

Phnom Penh Phnom Penh (; km, ភ្នំពេញ, ) is the capital and most populous city of Cambodia. It has been the national capital since the French protectorate of Cambodia and has grown to become the nation's primate city and its economic, indus ...

Cambodia Cambodia (; also Kampuchea ; km, កម្ពុជា, UNGEGN: ), officially the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochinese Peninsula in Southeast Asia, spanning an area of , bordered by Thailan ...

(''Aw'') *

Port-au-Prince Port-au-Prince ( , ; ht, Pòtoprens ) is the capital and most populous city of Haiti. The city's population was estimated at 987,311 in 2015 with the metropolitan area estimated at a population of 2,618,894. The metropolitan area is define ...

Haiti Haiti (; ht, Ayiti ; French: ), officially the Republic of Haiti (); ) and formerly known as Hayti, is a country located on the island of Hispaniola in the Greater Antilles archipelago of the Caribbean Sea, east of Cuba and Jamaica, and ...

(''Aw'') * Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea (''Aw'') *

Port of Spain Port of Spain (Spanish: ''Puerto España''), officially the City of Port of Spain (also stylized Port-of-Spain), is the capital of Trinidad and Tobago and the third largest municipality, after Chaguanas and San Fernando. The city has a municip ...

, Trinidad and Tobago (''Aw'') * Rio de Janeiro,

(''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'') * Santa Cruz de la Sierra,

Bolivia , image_flag = Bandera de Bolivia (Estado).svg , flag_alt = Horizontal tricolor (red, yellow, and green from top to bottom) with the coat of arms of Bolivia in the center , flag_alt2 = 7 × 7 square p ...

(''Aw'') * Sanya, Hainan,

(''Aw'') *

San Pedro Sula San Pedro Sula () is the capital of Cortés Department, Honduras. It is located in the northwest corner of the country in the Sula Valley, about 50 kilometers (31 miles) south of Puerto Cortés on the Caribbean Sea. With a population of 671,460 ...

(''Aw'', bordering on ''Am'') *

Surabaya Surabaya ( jv, ꦱꦸꦫꦧꦪ or jv, ꦯꦹꦫꦨꦪ; ; ) is the capital city of the Provinces of Indonesia, Indonesian province of East Java and the List of Indonesian cities by population, second-largest city in Indonesia, after Jakarta. L ...

, Indonesia (''Aw'') * Tegucigalpa,

(''Aw'') * Townsville, Queensland,

(''Aw'') * Veracruz, Veracruz, Mexico (''Aw'') * Vientiane,

Laos Laos (, ''Lāo'' )), officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic ( Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ, French: République démocratique populaire lao), is a socialist ...

(''Aw'') * Yaoundé,

(''Aw'') Most places that have this climate are found at the outer margins of the tropical zone from the low teens to the mid-20s latitudes, but occasionally an inner-tropical location (e.g., San Marcos, Antioquia,

) also qualifies. The

Caribbean The Caribbean (, ) ( es, El Caribe; french: la Caraïbe; ht, Karayib; nl, De Caraïben) is a region of the Americas that consists of the Caribbean Sea, its islands (some surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and some bordering both the Caribbean S ...

coast, eastward from the Gulf of Urabá on the

– Panamá border to the Orinoco River delta, on the Atlantic Ocean (about 4,000 km), have long dry periods (the extreme is the ''BSh'' climate (see below), characterized by very low, unreliable precipitation, present, for instance, in extensive areas in the Guajira, and

Coro Coro or CORO may refer to: Entertainment * ''Coro'' (Berio), a composition by Luciano Berio * Coro (music), Italian for choir * Coro TV, Venezuelan community television channel * Omweso (Coro), mancala game played in the Lango region of Uganda * ...

, western Venezuela, the northernmost peninsulas in South America, which receive <300 mm total annual precipitation, practically all in two or three months). This condition extends to the Lesser Antilles and Greater Antilles forming the circum-Caribbean dry belt. The length and severity of the dry season diminish inland (southward); at the latitude of the Amazon River—which flows eastward, just south of the

ial line—the climate is ''Af''. East from the

Andes The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountains (; ) are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America. The range is long, wide (widest between 18°S – 20°S ...

, between the dry, arid Caribbean and the ever-wet Amazon are the Orinoco River's

Llanos The Llanos (Spanish ''Los Llanos'', "The Plains"; ) is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the tropical and subtropical grasslands, sav ...

or savannas, from where this climate takes its name.

''As'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-summer characteristics

Sometimes ''As'' is used in place of ''Aw'' if the dry season occurs during the time of higher sun and longer days (during summer). This is the case in parts of

, northwestern Dominican Republic, East Africa, and the Brazilian Northeastern Coast. In most places that have tropical wet and dry climates, however, the dry season occurs during the time of lower sun and shorter days because of

rain shadow A rain shadow is an area of significantly reduced rainfall behind a mountainous region, on the side facing away from prevailing winds, known as its leeward side. Evaporated moisture from water bodies (such as oceans and large lakes) is carrie ...

effects during the 'high-sun' part of the year. Examples *

Cape Coast Cape Coast is a city, fishing port, and the capital of Cape Coast Metropolitan District and Central Region of Ghana. It is one of the country's most historic cities, a World Heritage Site, home to the Cape Coast Castle, with the Gulf of Guinea ...

(''As'') *

Cali Santiago de Cali (), or Cali, is the capital of the Valle del Cauca department, and the most populous city in southwest Colombia, with 2,227,642 residents according to the 2018 census. The city spans with of urban area, making Cali the second ...

(''As'') *

Fortaleza Fortaleza (, locally , Portuguese for ''Fortress'') is the state capital of Ceará, located in Northeastern Brazil. It belongs to the Metropolitan mesoregion of Fortaleza and microregion of Fortaleza. It is Brazil's 5th largest city and the t ...

(''As'') * Jaffna,

(''As'') * Lanai City, Hawaii,

, United States (''As'') * Monte Cristi,

(''As'') * Mombasa, Kenya (''As'') * Nha Trang, Vietnam (''As'') * Natal, Rio Grande do Norte,

(''As'') * São Tomé,

São Tomé and Principe SAO or Sao may refer to: Places * Sao civilisation, in Middle Africa from 6th century BC to 16th century AD * Sao, a town in Boussé Department, Burkina Faso * Saco Transportation Center (station code SAO), a train station in Saco, Maine, U.S. ...

(''As'') * Trincomalee,

(''As'')

Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates

These climates are characterized by the amount of annual precipitation less than a threshold value that approximates the potential evapotranspiration. The threshold value (in millimeters) is calculated as follows: Multiply the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then add According to the modified Köppen classification system used by modern climatologists, total precipitation in the warmest six months of the year is taken as a reference instead of the total precipitation in the high-sun half of the year. If the annual precipitation is less than 50% of this threshold, the classification is ''BW'' (arid:

desert climate The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification ''BWh'' and ''BWk''), is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert ...

); if it is in the range of 50%–100% of the threshold, the classification is ''BS'' (semi-arid:

steppe climate A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a dry climate sub-type. It is located on regions that receive precipitation below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a desert climate. There are different kinds of semi-ar ...

). A third letter can be included to indicate temperature. Originally, ''h'' signified low-latitude climate (average annual temperature above 18 °C) while ''k'' signified middle-latitude climate (average annual temperature below 18 °C), but the more common practice today, especially in the United States, is to use ''h'' to mean the coldest month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (or ), with ''k'' denoting that at least one month averages below 0 °C. Desert areas situated along the west coasts of continents at tropical or near-tropical locations characterized by frequent fog and low clouds, although these places rank among the driest on earth in terms of actual precipitation received are labeled ''BWn'' with the n denoting a climate characterized by frequent fog. The ''BSN'' category can be found in foggy coastal steppes.

''BW'': Arid climate

Hot desert

* Ahvaz,

Iran Iran, officially the Islamic Republic of Iran, and also called Persia, is a country located in Western Asia. It is bordered by Iraq and Turkey to the west, by Azerbaijan and Armenia to the northwest, by the Caspian Sea and Turkm ...

(''BWh'') *

Alice Springs Alice Springs ( aer, Mparntwe) is the third-largest town in the Northern Territory of Australia. Known as Stuart until 31 August 1933, the name Alice Springs was given by surveyor William Whitfield Mills after Alice, Lady Todd (''née'' Al ...

(''BWh'') *

Alexandria Alexandria ( or ; ar, ٱلْإِسْكَنْدَرِيَّةُ ; grc-gre, Αλεξάνδρεια, Alexándria) is the second largest city in Egypt, and the largest city on the Mediterranean coast. Founded in by Alexander the Great, Alexandr ...

Egypt Egypt ( ar, مصر , ), officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a transcontinental country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia via a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. It is bordered by the Med ...

(''BWh'') * Almería,

Andalusia Andalusia (, ; es, Andalucía ) is the southernmost autonomous community in Peninsular Spain. It is the most populous and the second-largest autonomous community in the country. It is officially recognised as a "historical nationality". The ...

, Spain (''BWh'', bordering on ''BSh'') * ‘Aziziya, Jafara, Libya (''BWh'') *

Baghdad Baghdad (; ar, بَغْدَاد , ) is the capital of Iraq and the second-largest city in the Arab world after Cairo. It is located on the Tigris near the ruins of the ancient city of Babylon and the Sassanid Persian capital of Ctesipho ...

Iraq Iraq,; ku, عێراق, translit=Êraq officially the Republic of Iraq, '; ku, کۆماری عێراق, translit=Komarî Êraq is a country in Western Asia. It is bordered by Turkey to Iraq–Turkey border, the north, Iran to Iran–Iraq ...

(''BWh'') * Coober Pedy,

(''BWh'') *

Cairo Cairo ( ; ar, القاهرة, al-Qāhirah, ) is the capital of Egypt and its largest city, home to 10 million people. It is also part of the largest urban agglomeration in Africa, the Arab world and the Middle East: The Greater Cairo met ...

(''BWh'') *

Death Valley Death Valley is a desert valley in Eastern California, in the northern Mojave Desert, bordering the Great Basin Desert. During summer, it is the hottest place on Earth. Death Valley's Badwater Basin is the point of lowest elevation in North Am ...

California California is a state in the Western United States, located along the Pacific Coast. With nearly 39.2million residents across a total area of approximately , it is the most populous U.S. state and the 3rd largest by area. It is also the ...

, United States (''BWh''), location of the hottest air temperature ever recorded on Earth * Djibouti City,

Djibouti Djibouti, ar, جيبوتي ', french: link=no, Djibouti, so, Jabuuti officially the Republic of Djibouti, is a country in the Horn of Africa, bordered by Somalia to the south, Ethiopia to the southwest, Eritrea in the north, and the Re ...

(''BWh'') *

Doha Doha ( ar, الدوحة, ad-Dawḥa or ''ad-Dōḥa'') is the capital city and main financial hub of Qatar. Located on the Persian Gulf coast in the east of the country, north of Al Wakrah and south of Al Khor, it is home to most of the c ...

, Qatar (''BWh'') *

Dubai Dubai (, ; ar, دبي, translit=Dubayy, , ) is the most populous city in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and the capital of the Emirate of Dubai, the most populated of the 7 emirates of the United Arab Emirates.The Government and Politics ...

, United Arab Emirates (''BWh'') *

Eilat Eilat ( , ; he, אֵילַת ; ar, إِيلَات, Īlāt) is Israel's southernmost city, with a population of , a busy port and popular resort at the northern tip of the Red Sea, on what is known in Israel as the Gulf of Eilat and in Jordan ...

, Southern District, Israel (''BWh'') * Hermosillo,

Sonora Sonora (), officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sonora ( en, Free and Sovereign State of Sonora), is one of the 31 states which, along with Mexico City, comprise the Administrative divisions of Mexico, Federal Entities of Mexico. The state is d ...

, Mexico (''BWh'') *

Kuwait City Kuwait City ( ar, مدينة الكويت) is the capital and largest city of Kuwait. Located at the heart of the country on the south shore of Kuwait Bay on the Persian Gulf, it is the political, cultural and economical centre of the emirate, ...

, Kuwait (''BWh'') * Karachi, Pakistan (''BWh'') * Khartoum,

Sudan Sudan ( or ; ar, السودان, as-Sūdān, officially the Republic of the Sudan ( ar, جمهورية السودان, link=no, Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northeast Africa. It shares borders with the Central African Republic t ...

(''BWh'') * Las Palmas,

Canary Islands The Canary Islands (; es, Canarias, ), also known informally as the Canaries, are a Spanish autonomous community and archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia. At their closest point to the African mainland, they are west of Morocc ...

, Spain (''BWh'') * Las Vegas, Nevada, United States (''BWh'') * Lima, Peru (''BWh'') * Mecca, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia (''BWh'') * Muscat, Oman (''BWh'') * Nouakchott,

Mauritania Mauritania (; ar, موريتانيا, ', french: Mauritanie; Berber: ''Agawej'' or ''Cengit''; Pulaar: ''Moritani''; Wolof: ''Gànnaar''; Soninke:), officially the Islamic Republic of Mauritania ( ar, الجمهورية الإسلامية ...

(''BWh'') * Phoenix,

Arizona Arizona ( ; nv, Hoozdo Hahoodzo ; ood, Alĭ ṣonak ) is a U.S. state, state in the Southwestern United States. It is the list of U.S. states and territories by area, 6th largest and the list of U.S. states and territories by population, 14 ...

, United States (''BWh'') * Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (''BWh'') * Timbuktu, Mali (''BWh'') * Upington,

Northern Cape The Northern Cape is the largest and most sparsely populated province of South Africa. It was created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up. Its capital is Kimberley. It includes the Kalahari Gemsbok National Park, part of the Kgalagadi T ...

South Africa (''BWh'') * Yazd,

(''BWh'') * Zahedan,

(''BWh'')

Cold desert

* Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States (''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Antofagasta,

Chile Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in the western part of South America. It is the southernmost country in the world, and the closest to Antarctica, occupying a long and narrow strip of land between the Andes to the eas ...

(''BWk'') *

Aral Aral may refer to: People * Cahit Aral (1927–2011), Turkish engineer, politician and former government minister * Coşkun Aral (born 1956), Turkish photo journalist and war correspondent * Göran Aral (born 1953), Swedish footballer * Meriç Ar ...

, Kazakhstan (''BWk'') *

Ashgabat Ashgabat or Asgabat ( tk, Aşgabat, ; fa, عشق‌آباد, translit='Ešqābād, formerly named Poltoratsk ( rus, Полтора́цк, p=pəltɐˈratsk) between 1919 and 1927), is the capital and the largest city of Turkmenistan. It lies ...

, Turkmenistan (''BWk'') *

Ciudad Juárez Ciudad Juárez ( ; ''Juarez City''. ) is the most populous city in the Mexican state of Chihuahua. It is commonly referred to as Juárez and was known as El Paso del Norte (''The Pass of the North'') until 1888. Juárez is the seat of the Ju� ...

Chihuahua Chihuahua may refer to: Places *Chihuahua (state), a Mexican state **Chihuahua (dog), a breed of dog named after the state **Chihuahua cheese, a type of cheese originating in the state **Chihuahua City, the capital city of the state **Chihuahua Mun ...

, Mexico (''BWk'', bordering on ''BWh'') *

Damascus )), is an adjective which means "spacious". , motto = , image_flag = Flag of Damascus.svg , image_seal = Emblem of Damascus.svg , seal_type = Seal , map_caption = , ...

Syria Syria ( ar, سُورِيَا or سُورِيَة, translit=Sūriyā), officially the Syrian Arab Republic ( ar, الجمهورية العربية السورية, al-Jumhūrīyah al-ʻArabīyah as-Sūrīyah), is a Western Asian country loc ...

(''BWk'') *

Isfahan Isfahan ( fa, اصفهان, Esfahân ), from its Achaemenid empire, ancient designation ''Aspadana'' and, later, ''Spahan'' in Sassanian Empire, middle Persian, rendered in English as ''Ispahan'', is a major city in the Greater Isfahan Regio ...

(''BWk'') *

Kerman Kerman ( fa, كرمان, Kermân ; also romanization of Persian, romanized as Kermun and Karmana), known in ancient times as the satrapy of Carmania, is the capital city of Kerman Province, Iran. At the 2011 census, its population was 821,394, in ...

(''BWk'') *

Leh Leh () ( lbj, ) is the joint capital and largest city of Ladakh, a union territory of India. Leh, located in the Leh district, was also the historical capital of the Kingdom of Ladakh, the seat of which was in the Leh Palace, the former ...

(''BWk'') * Neuquén,

Argentina Argentina (), officially the Argentine Republic ( es, link=no, República Argentina), is a country in the southern half of South America. Argentina covers an area of , making it the second-largest country in South America after Brazil, t ...

(''BWk'') * Nukus, Uzbekistan (''BWk'') *

Saint George, Utah St. George is a city in and the county seat of Washington County, Utah, United States. Located in southwestern Utah on the Arizona border, it is the principal city of the St. George Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA). The city lies in the northe ...

, United States (''BWk'', bordering on ''BWh'') * Sanaa, Yemen (''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Turpan, Xinjiang,

(''BWk'') * Walvis Bay, Erongo Region, Namibia (''BWk'') * Yakima, Washington, United States (''BWk'', bordering on ''BSk'')

''BS'': Semi-arid (steppe) climate

Hot semi-arid

Accra Accra (; tw, Nkran; dag, Ankara; gaa, Ga or ''Gaga'') is the capital and largest city of Ghana, located on the southern coast at the Gulf of Guinea, which is part of the Atlantic Ocean. As of 2021 census, the Accra Metropolitan District, ...

(''BSh'', bordering on ''Aw'') *

Alicante Alicante ( ca-valencia, Alacant) is a city and municipality in the Valencian Community, Spain. It is the capital of the province of Alicante and a historic Mediterranean port. The population of the city was 337,482 , the second-largest in th ...

, Spain (''BSh'') *

Amman Amman (; ar, عَمَّان, ' ; Ammonite language, Ammonite: 𐤓𐤁𐤕 𐤏𐤌𐤍 ''Rabat ʻAmān'') is the capital and largest city of Jordan, and the country's economic, political, and cultural center. With a population of 4,061,150 a ...

, Amman Governorate, Jordan (''BSh'') * Barquisimeto, Venezuela (''BSh'') *

Coimbatore Coimbatore, also spelt as Koyamputhur (), sometimes shortened as Kovai (), is one of the major metropolitan cities in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is located on the banks of the Noyyal River and surrounded by the Western Ghats. Coimb ...

, Tamil Nadu,

(''BSh'') * Dakar, Senegal (''BSh'') * Honolulu,

, United States (''BSh'') * Jodhpur,

(''BSh'') *

Kimberley, Northern Cape Kimberley is the capital and largest city of the Northern Cape province of South Africa. It is located approximately 110 km east of the confluence of the Vaal and Orange Rivers. The city has considerable historical significance due to it ...

, South Africa (''BSh'') *

Kurnool Kurnool is a city in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It formerly served as the capital of Andhra State (1953–1956). The city is often referred to as "The Gateway of Rayalaseema".Kurnool is also known as The City of Gem Stones. It also se ...

Andhra Pradesh Andhra Pradesh (, abbr. AP) is a state in the south-eastern coastal region of India. It is the seventh-largest state by area covering an area of and tenth-most populous state with 49,386,799 inhabitants. It is bordered by Telangana to t ...

(''BSh'') * Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan (''BSh'') * Lampedusa, Sicily,

Italy Italy ( it, Italia ), officially the Italian Republic, ) or the Republic of Italy, is a country in Southern Europe. It is located in the middle of the Mediterranean Sea, and its territory largely coincides with the homonymous geographical ...

(''BSh'') * Luanda,

Angola , national_anthem = "Angola Avante"() , image_map = , map_caption = , capital = Luanda , religion = , religion_year = 2020 , religion_ref = , coordina ...

(''BSh'') *

Mandalay Mandalay ( or ; ) is the second-largest city in Myanmar, after Yangon. Located on the east bank of the Irrawaddy River, 631km (392 miles) (Road Distance) north of Yangon, the city has a population of 1,225,553 (2014 census). Mandalay was fo ...

(''BSh'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Maputo, Mozambique (''BSh'') *

Maracaibo ) , motto = "''Muy noble y leal''"(English: "Very noble and loyal") , anthem = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_alt = ...

, Venezuela (''BSh'') *

Marrakesh Marrakesh or Marrakech ( or ; ar, مراكش, murrākuš, ; ber, ⵎⵕⵕⴰⴽⵛ, translit=mṛṛakc}) is the fourth largest city in the Kingdom of Morocco. It is one of the four Imperial cities of Morocco and is the capital of the Marrakes ...

, Morocco (''BSh'') * Mogadishu, Somalia (''BSh'') *

Monterrey Monterrey ( , ) is the capital and largest city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León, Mexico, and the third largest city in Mexico behind Guadalajara and Mexico City. Located at the foothills of the Sierra Madre Oriental, the city is anchor ...

Nuevo León Nuevo León () is a state in the northeast region of Mexico. The state was named after the New Kingdom of León, an administrative territory from the Viceroyalty of New Spain, itself was named after the historic Spanish Kingdom of León. With a ...

, Mexico (''BSh'') * Mount Isa, Queensland,

(''BSh'') * N'Djamena,

Chad Chad (; ar, تشاد , ; french: Tchad, ), officially the Republic of Chad, '; ) is a landlocked country at the crossroads of North and Central Africa. It is bordered by Libya to the north, Sudan to the east, the Central African Republic ...

(''BSh'') *

Nicosia Nicosia ( ; el, Λευκωσία, Lefkosía ; tr, Lefkoşa ; hy, Նիկոսիա, romanized: ''Nikosia''; Cypriot Arabic: Nikusiya) is the largest city, capital, and seat of government of Cyprus. It is located near the centre of the Mesaor ...

Cyprus Cyprus ; tr, Kıbrıs (), officially the Republic of Cyprus,, , lit: Republic of Cyprus is an island country located south of the Anatolian Peninsula in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Its continental position is disputed; while it is ...

(''BSh'') *

Odessa Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea. The city is also the administrativ ...

, Texas, United States (''BSh'') * Oranjestad,

Aruba Aruba ( , , ), officially the Country of Aruba ( nl, Land Aruba; pap, Pais Aruba) is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands physically located in the mid-south of the Caribbean Sea, about north of the Venezuela peninsula of ...

(''BSh'') * Ouagadougou,

Burkina Faso Burkina Faso (, ; , ff, 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮, italic=no) is a landlocked country in West Africa with an area of , bordered by Mali to the northwest, Niger to the northeast, Benin to the southeast, Togo and Ghana to the ...

(''BSh'') * Petrolina, Pernambuco,

(''BSh'') * Patos,

Paraíba Paraíba ( Tupi: ''pa'ra a'íba''; ) is a state of Brazil. It is located in the Brazilian Northeast, and it is bordered by Rio Grande do Norte to the north, Ceará to the west, Pernambuco to the south and the Atlantic Ocean to the east. Paraíba ...

(''BSh'') * Piraeus,

Greece Greece,, or , romanized: ', officially the Hellenic Republic, is a country in Southeast Europe. It is situated on the southern tip of the Balkans, and is located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. Greece shares land borders wit ...

(''BSh'') * Port Louis, Mauritius (''BSh'') *

Querétaro City Santiago de Querétaro (; Otomi: Dähnini Maxei), known simply as Querétaro City ( es, Ciudad de Querétaro), is the capital and largest city of the state of Querétaro, located in central Mexico. It is part of the macroregion of Bajío. It is n ...

Querétaro Querétaro (), officially the Free and Sovereign State of Querétaro ( es, Estado Libre y Soberano de Querétaro, links=no; Otomi language, Otomi: ''Hyodi Ndämxei''), is one of the Political divisions of Mexico, 32 federal entities of Mexico. I ...

, Mexico (''BSh'') *

Santa Cruz de Tenerife Santa Cruz de Tenerife, commonly abbreviated as Santa Cruz (), is a city, the capital of the island of Tenerife, Province of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, and capital of the Canary Islands. Santa Cruz has a population of 206,593 (2013) within its admi ...

, Spain (''BSh'') * Toliara, Madagascar (''BSh'') *

Tripoli Tripoli or Tripolis may refer to: Cities and other geographic units Greece *Tripoli, Greece, the capital of Arcadia, Greece *Tripolis (region of Arcadia), a district in ancient Arcadia, Greece * Tripolis (Larisaia), an ancient Greek city in t ...

, Libya (''BSh'') * Windhoek, Namibia (''BSh'')

Cold semi-arid

Aleppo )), is an adjective which means "white-colored mixed with black". , motto = , image_map = , mapsize = , map_caption = , image_map1 = ...

(''BSk'') *

Alexandra Alexandra () is the feminine form of the given name Alexander (, ). Etymologically, the name is a compound of the Greek verb (; meaning 'to defend') and (; GEN , ; meaning 'man'). Thus it may be roughly translated as "defender of man" or "pr ...

, New Zealand (''BSk'', bordering on ''Cfb'') *

Asmara Asmara ( ), or Asmera, is the capital and most populous city of Eritrea, in the country's Central Region. It sits at an elevation of , making it the sixth highest capital in the world by altitude and the second highest capital in Africa. The ...

Eritrea Eritrea ( ; ti, ኤርትራ, Ertra, ; ar, إرتريا, ʾIritriyā), officially the State of Eritrea, is a country in the Horn of Africa region of Eastern Africa, with its capital and largest city at Asmara. It is bordered by Ethiopia ...

(''BSk'') * Astrakhan, Russia (''BSk'') *

Baku Baku (, ; az, Bakı ) is the capital and largest city of Azerbaijan, as well as the largest city on the Caspian Sea and of the Caucasus region. Baku is located below sea level, which makes it the lowest lying national capital in the worl ...

Azerbaijan Azerbaijan (, ; az, Azərbaycan ), officially the Republic of Azerbaijan, , also sometimes officially called the Azerbaijan Republic is a transcontinental country located at the boundary of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. It is a part of th ...

(''BSk'') * Boise, Idaho, United States (''BSk'') *

Comodoro Rivadavia Comodoro Rivadavia () is a city in the Patagonian province of Chubut in southern Argentina, located on the San Jorge Gulf, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean, at the foot of the Chenque Hill. Comodoro Rivadavia is the most important city of the San ...

(''BSk'') *

Denver Denver () is a consolidated city and county, the capital, and most populous city of the U.S. state of Colorado. Its population was 715,522 at the 2020 census, a 19.22% increase since 2010. It is the 19th-most populous city in the United ...

Colorado Colorado (, other variants) is a state in the Mountain states, Mountain West subregion of the Western United States. It encompasses most of the Southern Rocky Mountains, as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the wes ...

, United States (''BSk'') * Kabul,

Afghanistan Afghanistan, officially the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan,; prs, امارت اسلامی افغانستان is a landlocked country located at the crossroads of Central Asia and South Asia. Referred to as the Heart of Asia, it is bord ...

(''BSk'') * Kamloops, British Columbia, Canada (''BSk'') * Kalgoorlie, Western Australia,

(''BSk'') * Karaj,

(''BSk'') * Konya, Turkey, Konya, Turkey (''BSk'') * La Quiaca, Jujuy Province, Jujuy,

(''BSk'') * L'Agulhas, Western Cape, South Africa (''BSk'') * Lethbridge, Alberta, Lethbridge, Alberta, Canada (''BSk'') * Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region,

(''BSk'', bordering on ''Cwb'' and ''Dwb'') * Mashhad,

(''BSk'') * Mildura, Victoria (Australia), Victoria,

(''BSk'', bordering on ''BSh'') * Oral, Kazakhstan, Oral, Kazakhstan (''BSk'') * Quetta, Pakistan (''BSk'') * Reno, Nevada, United States (''BSk'') * Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Shijiazhuang, Hebei,

(''BSk'') * Tehran,

(''BSk'', bordering on ''Csa'') * Tianjin,

(''BSk'', bordering on ''Dwa'') * Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dwb'') * Ulan-Ude, Russia (''BSk'') * Yerevan, Armenia (''BSk'', bordering on ''Dfa'') * Zacatecas City, Zacatecas, Mexico (''BSk'') * Zaragoza, Spain, Zaragoza, Spain (''BSk'')

Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates

In the Köppen climate system, temperate climates are defined as having an average temperature above (or , as noted previously) in their coldest month but below . The average temperature of roughly coincides with the equatorward limit of frozen ground and snow cover lasting for a month or more. The second letter indicates the precipitation pattern—''w'' indicates dry winters (driest winter month average precipitation less than one-tenth wettest summer month average precipitation). ''s'' indicates at least three times as much rain in the wettest month of winter as in the driest month of summer. ''f'' means significant precipitation in all seasons (neither above-mentioned set of conditions fulfilled). The third letter indicates the degree of summer heat—''a'' indicates warmest month average temperature above while ''b'' indicates warmest month averaging below 22 °C but with at least four months averaging above , and ''c'' indicates one to three months averaging above .

''Csa'': Mediterranean hot summer climates

These climates usually occur on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 30° and 45°. These climates are in the polar front region in winter, and thus have moderate temperatures and changeable, rainy weather. Summers are hot and dry, due to the domination of the subtropical high-pressure systems, except in the immediate coastal areas, where summers are milder due to the nearby presence of cold ocean currents that may bring fog but prevent rain. Examples * Adelaide,

(''Csa'') * Algiers, Algeria (''Csa'') * Antalya, Turkey (''Csa'') * Athens,

(''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') * Barcelona, Spain (''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Beirut, Lebanon (''Csa'') * Casablanca, Morocco (''Csa'') * Dushanbe, Tajikistan (''Csa'') * Faro, Portugal, Faro, Portugal (''Csa'') * Florence,

(''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Izmir, Turkey (''Csa'') * Jerusalem (''Csa'') * Kermanshah,

(''Csa'') * Los Angeles,

, United States (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSh'') * Latakia,

(''Csa'') * Lisbon, Portugal (''Csa'') * Madrid, Spain (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Marseille, France (''Csa'') * Mersin, Turkey (''Csa'') * Monaco (''Csa'') * Naples,

(''Csa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Nice, France, Nice, France (''Csa'') * Palma de Mallorca, Spain (''Csa'') * Perth,

(''Csa'') * Rome,

(''Csa'') * Sacramento, California, Sacramento,

, United States (''Csa'') * Tel Aviv, Israel (''Csa'') * Tangier, Morocco (''Csa'') * Tashkent, Uzbekistan (''Csa'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Tecate, Baja California, Mexico (''Csa'') * Tunis, Tunisia (''Csa'') * Vatican City (''Csa'') * Valletta, Malta (''Csa'')

''Csb'': Mediterranean warm/cool summer climates

Dry-summer climates sometimes extend to additional areas (sometimes well north or south of) typical Mediterranean climates, however since their warmest month average temperatures do not reach they are classified as ''Csb''. Some of these areas would border the

(''Cfb''), except their dry-summer patterns meet Köppen's ''Cs'' minimum thresholds. Examples * Albany, Western Australia, Albany, Western Australia,

(''Csb'') * Bayda, Libya, Bayda, Libya (''Csb'') * Cape Town, South Africa (''Csb'') * Concepción, Chile, Concepción,

(''Csb'') * Guarda, Portugal, Guarda, Portugal (''Csb'') * Linares, Chile, Linares,

(''Csb'') * Mount Gambier, South Australia, Mount Gambier, South Australia,

(''Csb'') * Nakuru, Kenya (''Csb'') * Ohrid, North Macedonia (''Csb'') * Porto, Portugal (''Csb'') * Rieti,

(''Csb'') * San Carlos de Bariloche,

(''Csb'') * San Cristóbal de la Laguna, Spain (''Csb'') * San Francisco,

, United States (''Csb'') * Santa Barbara, California, Santa Barbara,

, United States (''Csb'') * Salamanca, Spain (''Csb'') * Seattle, Washington, United States (''Csb'') * Sintra, Portugal (''Csb'') * Victoria, British Columbia, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada (''Csb'')

''Csc'': Mediterranean cold summer climates

Cold summer Mediterranean climates (''Csc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to coastal ''Csb'' climate areas, where the strong maritime influence prevents the average winter monthly temperature from dropping below 0 °C. This climate is rare and is predominantly found in climate fringes and isolated areas of the Cascades and Andes Mountains, as the dry-summer climate extends further poleward in the Americas than elsewhere. Rare instances of this climate can be found in some coastal locations in the North Atlantic and at high altitudes in Hawaii. Examples * Akureyri, Iceland (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'') * Balmaceda, Chile, Balmaceda,

(''Csc'') * Government Camp, Oregon#Climate, Government Camp, Oregon, United States (''Csc'', bordering on ''Dsb'' and ''Dsc'') * Haleakalā Summit,

, United States (''Csc'') * Harstad, Norway (''Csc''), alternatively: dry-summer subarctic climate (''Dsc'') * Liawenee,

(''Csc'', bordering on ''Csb'') * Spirit Lake (Washington), Spirit Lake, Washington (state), Washington, United States (''Csc'')

''Cfa'': Humid subtropical climates

These climates usually occur on the eastern coasts and eastern sides of continents, usually in the high 20s and 30s latitudes. Unlike the dry summer Mediterranean climates, humid subtropical climates have a warm and wet flow from the tropics that creates warm and moist conditions in the summer months. As such, summer (not winter as is the case in Mediterranean climates) is often the wettest season. The flow out of the subtropical highs and the summer monsoon creates a southerly flow from the tropics that brings warm and moist air to the lower east sides of continents. This flow is often what brings the frequent but short-lived summer thundershowers so typical of the more southerly subtropical climates like the southern United States, southern China, and Japan. Examples * Astara, Azerbaijan, Astara,

(''Cfa'') * Asunción, Paraguay (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Atlanta, Georgia, United States (''Cfa'') * Bandar-e Anzali,

(''Cfa'') * Buenos Aires,

(''Cfa'') * Belgrade, Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia (''Cfa'') * Bologna,

(''Cfa'') * Brisbane,

(''Cfa'') * Chongqing,

(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * Durban, South Africa, Durban, South Africa (''Cfa'') * Florianópolis,

(''Cfa'') * Guangzhou,

(''Cfa'') * Jeju Island, Jeju, South Korea (''Cfa'') * Krasnodar, Russia (''Cfa'') * Lugano, Switzerland (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') * Lyon, France (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') * Matamoros, Tamaulipas, Mexico (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Milan,

(''Cfa'') * Montevideo, Uruguay (''Cfa'') * New York City, New York, United States (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Dfa'') * Orlando, Florida, United States (''Cfa'') * Osaka,

(''Cfa'') * Porto Alegre,

(''Cfa'') * Rasht,

(''Cfa'') * Rosario,

(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * São Paulo,

(''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * Samsun, Turkey (''Cfa'') * San Marino (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cfb'') * Sari, Mazandaran, Sari,

(''Cfa'') * Shanghai,

(''Cfa'') * Sochi, Russia (''Cfa'') * Split, Croatia, Split, Croatia (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Csa'') * Srinagar,

(''Cfa'') * Sydney,

(''Cfa'') * Taipei, Taiwan (''Cfa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * Tbilisi, Georgia (country), Georgia (''Cfa'') * Tirana, Albania (''Cfa'') * Tokyo,

(''Cfa'') * Toulouse, France (''Cfa'') * Venice,

(''Cfa'') * Yokohama,

(''Cfa'')

''Cfb'': Oceanic climate

Marine west coast climate

''Cfb'' climates usually occur in the higher middle latitudes on the western sides of continents between the latitudes of 40° and 60°; they are typically situated immediately poleward of the Mediterranean climates. However, in southeast Australia, southeast South America, and extreme southern Africa this climate is found immediately poleward of temperate climates, on places near the coast and at a somewhat lower latitude. In western Europe, this climate occurs in coastal areas up to 68°N in Norway. These climates are dominated all year round by the polar front, leading to changeable, often overcast weather. Summers are mild due to cool ocean currents. Winters are milder than other climates in similar latitudes, but usually very cloudy, and frequently wet. ''Cfb'' climates are also encountered at high elevations in certain subtropical and tropical areas, where the climate would be that of a subtropical/tropical rainforest if not for the altitude. These climates are called "highlands". Examples * Amsterdam, Netherlands, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands (''Cfb'') * Auckland, New Zealand (''Cfb'') * Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom (''Cfb'') * Bergen, Vestland, Norway (''Cfb'') * Berlin, Germany (''Cfb'') * Bern, Switzerland (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Bilbao, Spain (''Cfb'') * Block Island, Rhode Island, United States (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Bordeaux, France (''Cfb'') * Brussels, Belgium, Brussels, Belgium (''Cfb'') * Corvo Island, Azores, Portugal (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Christchurch, New Zealand (''Cfb'') * Copenhagen, Denmark (''Cfb'') * Dublin, Ireland, Dublin, Ireland (''Cfb'') * Forks, Washington, Forks, Washington (state), Washington, United States (''Cfb'') * Frankfurt, Germany (''Cfb'') * George, Western Cape, George, Western Cape, South Africa (''Cfb'') * Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom (''Cfb'') * Hobart, Tasmania,

(''Cfb'') * Ketchikan, Alaska, Ketchikan, Alaska, United States (''Cfb'') * Luxembourg City, Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg (''Cfb'') * London, England, United Kingdom (''Cfb'') * Mar del Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Buenos Aires,

(''Cfb'') * Malmö, Sweden (''Cfb'') * Melbourne, Victoria (Australia), Victoria,

(''Cfb'') * Munich, Bavaria, Germany (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Ørland, Trøndelag, Norway (''Cfb'') * Osorno, Chile, Osorno, Los Lagos Region,

(''Cfb'') * Port Elizabeth, South Africa (''Cfb'') * Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Prince Rupert, British Columbia, Canada (''Cfb'') * Puerto Montt, Los Lagos Region,

(''Cfb'') * Paris, France (''Cfb'') * Santiago de Compostela, Spain (''Cfb'') * Santander, Spain, Santander, Spain (''Cfb'') * Skagen, Denmark (''Cfb'') * Vaduz, Liechtenstein, Vaduz, Liechtenstein (''Cfb'') * Valdivia, Los Ríos Region,

(''Cfb'') * Vancouver, British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Csb'') * Vienna, Austria, Vienna, Austria (''Cfb'') * Wellington, New Zealand (''Cfb'') * Wollongong, New South Wales,

(''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Zagreb, Croatia (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Zonguldak, Turkey (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Zürich, Switzerland (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'')

Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall

Subtropical highland climates with uniform rainfall (''Cfb'') are a type of oceanic climate mainly found in the highlands of

, such as in or around the Great Dividing Range in the north of the state of New South Wales, and also sparsely in other continents, such as in South America, among others. Unlike a typical ''Cwb'' climate, they tend to have rainfall spread evenly throughout the year. They have characteristics of both the ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'' climates, but unlike these climates, they have a high diurnal temperature variation and low humidity, owing to their inland location and relatively high elevation. Examples * Bogotá,

(''Cfb'') * Boone, North Carolina, Boone, North Carolina, United States (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Cameron Highlands District, Cameron Highlands, Malaysia (''Cfb'') * Chachapoyas, Peru, Chachapoyas, Peru (''Cfb'') * Cobán,

(''Cfb'') * Constanza, Dominican Republic, Constanza,

(''Cfb'') * Cuenca, Ecuador, Cuenca,

(''Cfb'') * Curitiba, Paraná (state), Paraná,

(''Cfb'') * Eldoret, Kenya (''Cfb'') * Kodaikanal,

(''Cfb'') * Le Tampon, Réunion, France (''Cfb'') * Lithgow, New South Wales, Lithgow, New South Wales,

(''Cfb'') * Manizales,

(''Cfb'') * Maseru, Lesotho (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cwb'') * Mthatha, South Africa (''Cfb'') * Nuwara Eliya,

(''Cfb'') * Quito, Pichincha Province, Pichincha,

(''Cfb'') * Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro (state), Rio de Janeiro,

(''Cfb'') * Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico (''Cfb'', bordering on ''Cfa'')

''Cfc'': Subpolar oceanic climate

Subpolar oceanic climates (''Cfc'') occur poleward of or at higher elevations than the maritime temperate climates and are mostly confined either to narrow coastal strips on the western poleward margins of the continents, or, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, to islands off such coasts. They occur in both hemispheres, most often at latitudes from 60° north and south to 70° north and south. Examples * Auckland Islands, New Zealand (''Cfc'') * Charlotte Pass, New South Wales, Charlotte Pass,

(''Cfc'', bordering on ''Dfc'') * Karlsøy, Norway (''Cfc'') * Miena, Tasmania, Miena, Tasmania,

(''Cfc'') * Punta Arenas,

(''Cfc'') * Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego, Río Grande, Tierra del Fuego Province, Argentina, Tierra del Fuego,

(''Cfc'') * Río Turbio, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Santa Cruz,

(''Cfc'') * Reykjavík, Iceland (''Cfc'') * Røst, Norway (''Cfc'') * Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (''Cfc'') * Unalaska, Alaska, Unalaska, Alaska, United States (''Cfc'')

''Cwa'': Dry-winter humid subtropical climate

''Cwa'' is monsoonal influenced, having the classic dry winter–wet summer pattern associated with tropical monsoonal climates. They are found at similar latitudes as the ''Cfa'' climates, except in regions (such as southeast Asia) where monsoons are more prevalent. Examples * Busan, South Korea (''Cwa'') * Campinas,

(''Cwa'', bordering on ''Aw'') * Chengdu, Sichuan,

(''Cwa'') * Córdoba, Argentina, Córdoba,

(''Cwa'') * Delhi,

(''Cwa'', bordering on ''BSh'') * Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico (''Cwa'') * Guwahati,

(''Cwa'') * Hong Kong (''Cwa'') * Haikou,

(''Cwa'') * Hanoi, Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam (''Cwa'') * Islamabad, Pakistan (''Cwa'') * Kathmandu, Nepal (''Cwa'') * Lilongwe, Malawi (''Cwa'') * Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo (''Cwa'') * Lucknow,

(''Cwa'') * Lusaka, Zambia (''Cwa'') * Macau (''Cwa'') * Mackay, Queensland, Mackay, Queensland,

(''Cwa'') * Pretoria, South Africa (''Cwa'') * Rangpur, Bangladesh (''Cwa'') * Santiago del Estero,

(''Cwa'') * Sialkot, Pakistan (''Cwa'') * Taunggyi,

(''Cwa'') * Yeosu, South Korea (''Cwa'') * Zhengzhou,

(''Cwa'')

''Cwb'': Dry-winter subtropical highland climate

Dry-winter subtropical highland climate (''Cwb'') is a type of climate mainly found in highlands inside the tropics of

, South America, Africa, and Asia or areas in the subtropics. Winters are noticeable and dry, and summers can be very rainy. In the tropics, the monsoon is provoked by the tropical air masses and the dry winters by subtropical high pressure. Examples * Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (''Cwb'') * Antananarivo, Madagascar (''Cwb'') * Arusha, Tanzania (''Cwb'') * Cajamarca, Peru (''Cwb'') * Cusco, Peru (''Cwb'') * Cherrapunji,

(''Cwb'') * Dali City,

(''Cwb'') * Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Diamantina,

(''Cwb'') * Da Lat, Vietnam (''Cwb'') * Gangtok,

(''Cwb'') * Hakha,

(''Cwb'') * Harare, Zimbabwe (''Cwb'') * Johannesburg, South Africa (''Cwb'') * Kunming,

(''Cwb'') * La Esperanza, Honduras, La Esperanza,

(''Cwb'') * Lijiang,

(''Cwb'') * Mexico City, Mexico (''Cwb'') * Mokhotlong, Lesotho (''Cwb'') * Mbabane, Eswatini (''Cwb'') * Nairobi, Kenya (''Cwb'') * Quetzaltenango,

(''Cwb'') * Salta,

(''Cwb'') * Sa Pa, Vietnam (''Cwb'') * Shimla,

(''Cwb'') * Thimphu, Bhutan (''Cwb'') * Vereeniging, South Africa (''Cwb'', bordering on ''Cwa'')

''Cwc'': Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate

Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climates (''Cwc'') exist in high-elevation areas adjacent to ''Cwb'' climates. This climate is rare and is found mainly in isolated locations mostly in the Andes in Bolivia and Peru, as well as in sparse mountain locations in Southeast Asia. * El Alto,

(''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * Juliaca, Peru (''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * La Paz,

(''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'') * Potosí,

(''Cwc'', bordering on ''ET'')

Group D: Continental/microthermal climates

These climates have an average temperature above 10 °C (50 °F) in their warmest months, and the coldest month average below 0 °C (or , as noted previously). These usually occur in the interiors of continents and on their upper east coasts, normally north of 40°N. In the Southern Hemisphere, group D climates are extremely rare due to the smaller land masses in the middle latitudes and the almost complete absence of land at 40–60°S, existing only in some highland locations.

''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Hot summer continental climates

''Dfa'' climates usually occur in the high 30s and low 40s latitudes, with a qualifying average temperature in the warmest month of greater than . In Europe, these climates tend to be much drier than in North America. ''Dsa'' exists at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates. These climates exist only in the northern hemisphere because the southern hemisphere has no large landmasses isolated from the moderating effects of the sea within the middle latitudes. Examples * Almaty, Kazakhstan (''Dfa'') * Boston, Massachusetts, Boston, Massachusetts, United States (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Bucharest, Romania (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Cfa'') * Cheonan, South Korea (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dwa'') * Chicago, Illinois, United States (''Dfa'') * Dnipro, Ukraine (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States (''Dfa'') * Rostov-on-Don, Russia (''Dfa'') * Sapporo,

(''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Toronto, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Volgograd, Russia (''Dfa'') * Windsor, Ontario, Windsor, Ontario, Canada (''Dfa'') In eastern Asia, ''Dwa'' climates extend further south due to the influence of the Siberian high-pressure system, which also causes winters there to be dry, and summers can be very wet because of monsoon Circulation. Examples * Beijing,

(''Dwa'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Chuncheon, Gangwon Province (South Korea), Gangwon Province, South Korea (''Dwa'') * Harbin,

(''Dwa'') * Incheon, South Korea (''Dwa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * North Platte, Nebraska, North Platte, Nebraska, United States (''Dwa'', bordering on ''Dfa'' and ''BSk'') * Pyongyang, North Korea (''Dwa'') * Seoul, South Korea (''Dwa'', bordering on ''Cwa'') * Shenyang,

(''Dwa'') ''Dsa'' exists only at higher elevations adjacent to areas with hot summer Mediterranean (''Csa'') climates. Examples * Arak, Iran, Arak, Markazi Province, Markazi,

(''Dsa'') * Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan (''Dsa'') * Hakkâri (city), Hakkâri, Turkey (''Dsa'') * Muş, Turkey (''Dsa'') * Salt Lake City, Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States (''Dsa'', bordering on ''Csa'') * Saqqez, Kurdistan Province, Kurdistan,

(''Dsa'') * Shymkent, Kazakhstan (''Dsa'', bordering on ''Csa'')

''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates

''Dfb'' climates are immediately poleward of hot summer continental climates, generally in the high 40s and low 50s latitudes in North America and Asia, and also extending to higher latitudes in central and eastern Europe and Russia, between the maritime temperate and continental subarctic climates, where it extends up to 65 degrees latitude in places. Examples * Ardebil,

(''Dfb'', bordering on ''BSk'') * Ardahan, Turkey (''Dfb'') * Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (''Dfb'') * Erzurum, Turkey (''Dfb'') * Fairbanks, Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States (''Dfb'', bordering on ''Dfc'') * Helsinki, Finland (''Dfb'') * Karaganda, Kazakhstan (''Dfb'') * Kushiro, Hokkaido, Kushiro, Hokkaido,

(''Dfb'') * Kyiv, Ukraine (''Dfb'') * Lillehammer, Norway (''Dfb'') * Marquette, Michigan, Marquette, Michigan, United States (''Dfb'') * Minsk, Belarus (''Dfb'') * Montreal, Quebec, Canada (''Dfb'') * Moscow, Russia, Moscow, Russia (''Dfb'') * Novosibirsk, Russia (''Dfb'') * Oslo, Norway (''Dfb'') * Ottawa, Ontario, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada (''Dfb'') * Portland, Maine, Portland, Maine, United States (''Dfb'') * Pristina, Kosovo, Pristina, Kosovo (''Dfb'', bordering on ''Cfb'' and ''Cfa'') * Riga, Latvia (''Dfb'') * Saint Petersburg, Russia, Saint Petersburg, Russia (''Dfb'') * Stockholm, Sweden (''Dfb'') * Tallinn, Estonia (''Dfb'') * Vilnius, Lithuania (''Dfb'') * Warsaw, Poland (''Dfb'', bordering on ''Cfb'') Like with all Group D climates, ''Dwb'' climates only occur in the northern hemisphere. Examples * Baruunturuun, Mongolia (''Dwb'') * Calgary, Alberta, Canada (''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dfb'' and ''BSk'') * Heihe,

(''Dwb'') * Yanji,

(''Dwb'') * Irkutsk, Russia (''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dwc'') * Pembina, North Dakota, Pembina, North Dakota, United States (''Dwb'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Pyeongchang County, Pyeongchang, South Korea (''Dwb'') * Vladivostok, Russia (''Dwb'') ''Dsb'' arises from the same scenario as ''Dsa'', but at even higher altitudes or latitudes, and chiefly in North America, since the Mediterranean climates extend further poleward than in Eurasia. Examples * Dras,

(''Dsb'') * Flagstaff, Arizona, United States (''Dsb'', bordering on ''Csb'') * Roghun, Tajikistan (''Dsb'') * South Lake Tahoe, California, South Lake Tahoe,

, United States (''Dsb'', bordering on ''Csb'') * Sivas, Turkey (''Dsb'') * Spokane, Washington, Spokane, Washington (state), Washington, United States (''Dsb'', bordering on ''Dsa'' and ''Csb'')

''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Subarctic or boreal climates

''Dfc'', ''Dsc'' and ''Dwc'' climates occur poleward of the other group D climates, or at higher altitudes, generally between the 55° to 65° North latitudes, occasionally reaching up to the 70°N latitude. Examples: * Alta, Norway, Alta, Norway (''Dfc'') * Anadyr (town), Anadyr, Russia (''Dfc'') * Anchorage, Alaska, Anchorage, Alaska, United States (''Dfc'') * Arkhangelsk, Russia (''Dfc'') * Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai, Chita, Russia (''Dwc'') * Delta Junction, Alaska, United States (''Dwc'') * Fox Park, Wyoming, Fox Park, Wyoming, United States (''Dfc'') * Fraser, Colorado, Fraser,

, United States (''Dfc'') * Kangerlussuaq, Greenland (''Dfc'', bordering on ''ET'' and ''BSk'') * Kuujjuarapik, Quebec, Canada (''Dfc'') * Labrador City, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada (''Dfc'') * Livigno,

(''Dfc'') * Lukla, Nepal (''Dwc'') * Luleå, Sweden (''Dfc'') * Mohe County, Mohe, Heilongjiang,

(''Dwc'') * Norilsk, Russia (''Dfc'') * Nyurba, Russia (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfd'') * Oulu, Finland (''Dfc'') * Røros, Norway (''Dfc'') * Saint Pierre and Miquelon, France (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * St. Moritz, Grisons, Switzerland (''Dfc'') * Sarıkamış, Turkey (''Dfc'') * Tampere, Finland (''Dfc'', bordering on ''Dfb'') * Thompson, Manitoba, Thompson, Manitoba, Canada (''Dfc'') * Tromsø, Norway (''Dfc'') * Whitehorse, Yukon, Whitehorse, Yukon, Canada (''Dfc'') * Yushu City, Qinghai, Yushu City, Qinghai,

(''Dwc'') * Yellowknife, Northwest Territories, Canada (''Dfc'') * Soldotna, Alaska (''Dsc'')

''Dfd/Dwd/Dsd'': Subarctic or boreal climates with severe winters

Places with this climate have severe winters, with the temperature in their coldest month lower than −38 °C. These climates occur only in eastern Siberia. The names of some of the places with this climate have become veritable synonyms for the extreme, severe winter cold. Examples * Allakh-Yun, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Delyankir, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Okhotsky-Perevoz, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'') * Oymyakon, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dwd'') * Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'') * Khonuu, Sakha Republic, Russia (''Dfd'')

Group E: Polar climates

In the Köppen climate system, polar climates are defined as the warmest temperature of any month being below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates are further divided into two types, tundra climates and icecap climates:

''ET'': Tundra climate

Tundra climate (''ET''): Warmest month has an average temperature between 0 and 10 °C. These climates occur on the northern edges of the North American and Eurasian land masses (generally north of 70 °N although they may be found farther south depending on local conditions), and on nearby islands. ''ET'' climates are also found on some islands near the Antarctic Convergence, and at high elevations outside the polar regions, above the tree line. Examples * Alert, Nunavut, Alert, Nunavut, Canada (''ET'', bordering on ''EF'') * Ben Nevis, Scotland, United Kingdom (''ET'') * Cairn Gorm, Scotland, United Kingdom (''ET'') * Campbell Island, New Zealand, Campbell Island, New Zealand (''ET'') * Crozet Islands (''ET'') * Dikson Island, Russia (''ET'') * Esperanza Base, Antarctica (''ET'') * Finse, Norway (''ET'') * Ilulissat, Greenland (''ET'') * Inukjuak, Quebec, Inukjuak, Quebec, Canada (''ET'', bordering on ''Dfc'') * Iqaluit, Nunavut, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada (''ET'') * Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland (''ET'') * Jungfraujoch, Switzerland (''ET'') * Kasprowy Wierch, Poland (''ET'') * Kerguelen Islands (''ET'') * Macquarie Island,

(''ET'') * Mount Fuji,

(''ET'') * Mount Rainier, Washington, Mount Rainier (slopes), Washington (state), Washington, United States (''ET'') * Mount Washington, New Hampshire, Mount Washington, New Hampshire, United States (''ET'') * Mount Wellington (Tasmania), Mount Wellington, Tasmania,

(''ET'') * Mys Shmidta, Russia (''ET'') * Murghab, Tajikistan, Murghab, Tajikistan (''ET'') * Mykines, Mykines, Mykines, Faroe Islands (''ET'', bordering on ''Cfc'') * Nagqu,

(''ET'', bordering on ''Dwc'') * Novaya Zemlya, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia (''ET'') * Nuuk, Greenland, Nuuk, Greenland (''ET'') * Prince Edwards Islands (''ET'') * Puno, Peru (''ET'', bordering on ''Cwc'') * Stanley, Falkland Islands, Stanley, Falkland Islands (''ET'', bordering on ''Cfc'') * Svalbard, Norway (''ET'') * Yu Shan, Taiwan (''ET'') * Zugspitze, Bavaria, Germany (''ET'')

''EF'': Ice cap climate

Ice cap climate (''EF''): This climate is dominant in Antarctica, inner Greenland, and summits of many high mountains, even at lower latitudes. Monthly average temperatures never exceed 0 °C (32 °F). Examples * Aconcagua,

(''EF'') * Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station, Amundsen–Scott Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Byrd Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Concordia Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Dome Fuji, Antarctica (''EF'') * Mt McKinley, Denali, Alaska, United States (''EFH'') * Ismoil Somoni Peak, Tajikistan (''EF'') * Jengish Chokusu,

/Kyrgyzstan (''EF'') * Kangchenjunga,

/Nepal (''EF'') * K2,

/ Pakistan (''EF'') * Lhotse, Nepal (''EFH'') * Makalu, Nepal/

(''EF'') * McMurdo Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Mount Ararat, Turkey (''EF'') * Mount Everest,

/Nepal (''EF'') * Mount Logan, Canada (''EF'') * Mount Rainier (summit), Washington (state), Washington, United States (''EF'') * Plateau Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Scott Base, Antarctica (''EF'') * Showa Station (Antarctica), Showa Station, Antarctica (''EF'') * Summit Camp, Greenland (''EF'') * Ushakov Island, Russia (''EF'') * Vostok Station, Antarctica (''EF'')

Ecological significance

Biomass

The Köppen climate classification is based on the empirical relationship between climate and vegetation. This classification provides an efficient way to describe climatic conditions defined by temperature and precipitation and their seasonality with a single metric. Because climatic conditions identified by the Köppen classification are ecologically relevant, it has been widely used to map the geographic distribution of long-term climate and associated ecosystem conditions.

Climate change

Over recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using the classification to identify changes in climate and potential changes in vegetation over time. The most important ecological significance of the Köppen climate classification is that it helps to predict the dominant vegetation type based on the climatic data and vice versa. In 2015, a Nanjing University paper published in ''Scientific Reports'' analyzing climate classifications found that between 1950 and 2010, approximately 5.7% of all land area worldwide had moved from wetter and colder classifications to drier and hotter classifications. The authors also found that the change "cannot be explained as natural variations but are driven by anthropogenic factors." A 2018 ''Nature (journal), Nature'' study provides detailed maps for present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution.

Other Köppen climate maps

All maps use the ≥0 °C (or >-3 °C) definition for temperate climates, the 18 °C (or >0 °C or >-3 °C) annual mean temperature threshold to distinguish between hot and cold dry climates, and solely 18 °C for tropical climates. File: Koppen-Geiger Map North America present.svg, North America File:Koppen-Geiger Map Europe present.svg, Europe File:Russia Köppen.svg, Russia File: Koppen-Geiger Map Central Asia present.svg, Central Asia File: Koppen-Geiger Map Eastern Asia present.svg, East Asia File: Koppen-Geiger Map South America present.svg, South America File:Koppen-Geiger Map Africa present.svg, Africa File: Koppen-Geiger Map Western Asia present.svg, Western Asia File: Koppen-Geiger Map Southern Asia present.svg, South Asia File: Koppen-Geiger Map Southeastern Asia present.svg, Southeast Asia File:Koppen-Geiger Map Melanesia present.svg, Melanesia/Oceania File:Koppen-Geiger Map AUS present.svg, Australia File:Koppen-Geiger Map NZL present.svg, New Zealand

References

External links

World Map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification for the period 1951–2000
(archived 6 September 2010)
Global climate maps, using Köppen classification (FAO, 1999)

Climate records

IPCC Data Distribution Center
(archived) {{DEFAULTSORT:Koppen Climate Classification Köppen climate types, Climate and weather classification systems

Overview

Group A: Tropical/mega thermal climates

''Af'': Tropical rainforest climate

''Am'': Tropical monsoon climate

''Aw/As'': Tropical savanna climate

''Aw'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-winter characteristics

''As'': Tropical savanna climate with dry-summer characteristics

Group B: Arid (desert and semi-arid) climates

''BW'': Arid climate

Hot desert

Cold desert

''BS'': Semi-arid (steppe) climate

Hot semi-arid

Cold semi-arid

Group C: Temperate/mesothermal climates

''Csa'': Mediterranean hot summer climates

''Csb'': Mediterranean warm/cool summer climates

''Csc'': Mediterranean cold summer climates

''Cfa'': Humid subtropical climates

''Cfb'': Oceanic climate

Marine west coast climate

Subtropical highland climate with uniform rainfall

''Cfc'': Subpolar oceanic climate

''Cwa'': Dry-winter humid subtropical climate

''Cwb'': Dry-winter subtropical highland climate

''Cwc'': Dry-winter cold subtropical highland climate

Group D: Continental/microthermal climates

''Dfa/Dwa/Dsa'': Hot summer continental climates

''Dfb/Dwb/Dsb'': Warm summer continental or hemiboreal climates

''Dfc/Dwc/Dsc'': Subarctic or boreal climates

''Dfd/Dwd/Dsd'': Subarctic or boreal climates with severe winters

Group E: Polar climates

''ET'': Tundra climate

''EF'': Ice cap climate

Ecological significance

Biomass

Climate change

Other Köppen climate maps

See also

References

External links

Climate records