Kutb

Qutb, Qutub, Kutb, Kutub or Kotb ( ar, قطب), means 'axis', 'pivot' or 'pole'. Qutb can refer to celestial movements and be used as an astronomical term or a spiritual symbol. In Sufism, a Qutb is the perfect human being, '' al-Insān al-Kāmil'' ('The Universal Man'), who leads the saintly hierarchy. The Qutb is the Sufi spiritual leader that has a divine connection with God and passes knowledge on which makes him central to, or the axis of, Sufism, but he is unknown to the world. There are five Qutbs per era, and they are infallible and trusted spiritual leaders. They are only revealed to a select group of mystics because there is a "human need for direct knowledge of God".

According to the Institute of Ismaili Studies, "In mystical literature, such as the writings of al–Tirmidhi, Abd al–Razzaq and Ibn Arabi (d. 1240), utbrefers to the most perfect human being who is thought to be the universal leader of all saints, to mediate between the divine and the human and whose presence is deemed necessary for the existence of the world."

Scriptural evidence

In the teachings of Al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi, there is evidence to suggest that the Qutb is the head of the saintly hierarchy which provides scriptural evidence to support the belief in the qutb. The hadīth attributed to Ibn Mas‘ūd has been used as proof that a qutb exists.

Temporal Qutb and cosmic Qutb

Temporal Qutb

There are two different conceptions of the Qutb in Sufism: temporal Qutb and cosmic Qutb. The temporal and cosmic qutb are connected, which guarantees that God is present in the world at all times. The temporal qutb is known as "the helper" or ''al-ghawth'' and is located in a person on Earth. The cosmic qutb is manifested in the temporal qutb as a virtue which can be traced back to al-Hallaj. The temporal qutb is the spiritual leader for the earth-bound saints. It is said that all beings - secret, animate, and inanimate - must give the qutb their pledge which gives him great authority. The only beings exempt from this are ''al-afrād'', which belong to the angels; the ''djinn'', who are under the jurisdiction of Khadir; and those who belong to the tenth stratum of ''ridjālal-ghayb''.

Due to the nature of the Qutb, the location where he resides, whether temporal or cosmic, is questionable. It is thought by most that the Qutb is corporeally or spiritually present in Mecca at the Ka'ba, which is referred to as his ''maqām''.

However, the belief that God is present in the world at all times contradict Ashʿari theology, the foremost orthodox school of thought within Sunni Islam. This is because God being present in the world would ascribe limitations to God and liken him to his creations, i.e. anthropomorphism, which is considered a major sin.

The language of Sufi is a notable style of writing in Persian which is full of novel spiritual ideas and metaphors, this indicates of the needs to not take their wordings literally if it seems to be against the Islamic teachings.

Cosmic Qutb

The cosmic Qutb is the ''Axis of the Universe'' in a higher dimension from which originates the power (ultimately from Allah) of the temporal Qutb.

The cosmic hierarchy of the Qutb

The cosmic hierarchy is the way that the spiritual power is ensured to exist through the cosmos. Two descriptions of the hierarchy come from notable Sufis. The first is Ali Hujwiri's divine court. There are three hundred ''akhyār'' (“excellent ones”), forty '' abdāl'' (“substitutes”), seven ''abrār'' (“piously devoted ones”), four ''awtād'' (“pillars”) three ''nuqabā'' (“leaders”) and one qutb.

The second version is Ibn Arabī’s which has a different, more exclusive structure. There are eight ''nujabā'' (“nobles”), twelve ''nuqabā'', seven ''abdāl'', four ''awtād'', two ''a’immah'' (“guides”), and the qutb.

People named Qutb

For those named Qutb ad-Din, with many variant transliterations, see Qutb ad-Din

Buildings

* Qutb complex, a group of monuments and buildings at Mehrauli in Delhi, India
* Qutb Minar, a tall brick minaret in Delhi, India

References

{{Authority control

Arabic masculine given names
Sufism