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Kri (Krìì) is a
Vietic language The Vietic languages are a branch of the Austroasiatic language family, spoken by the Vietic peoples in Laos and Vietnam. The branch was once referred to by the terms ''Việt–Mường'', ''Annamese–Muong'', and ''Vietnamuong''; the term ''V ...
spoken by the Kri people of
Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
and
Vietnam Vietnam, officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (SRV), is a country at the eastern edge of mainland Southeast Asia, with an area of about and a population of over 100 million, making it the world's List of countries and depende ...
.


Names

Alternative names for Kri include Karii, K i-Phoong, Kha Phoong, Coi, and Salang.


Distribution

Kri speakers live in the Upper Ñrong (Nam Noy) valley of Khammouane Province,
Laos Laos, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic (LPDR), is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by Myanmar and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, and Thailand to the west and ...
, as well as other locations within the Nakai-Nam Theun Biodiversity Conservation Area. It is mutually intelligible with Pròòngq, which is spoken in several villages downstream from the Kri (Enfield & Diffloth 2009). Kri is spoken in the following villages of Laos and Vietnam.Babaev, Kirill Vladimirovich �абаев, Кирилл Владимирович Samarina, Irina Vladimirovna �амарина, Ирина Владимировна 2019. Язык май. Материалы Российско-вьетнамской лингвистической экспедиции / ''Jazyk maj. Materialy Rossijsko-vetnamskoj lingvisticheskoj ekspeditsii''. Moscow
Издательский Дом ЯСК
. . p.16.
* Khammouane province, Laos **Ban Thung/Thong **Ban Toong **Ban Poung *
Hà Tĩnh province Hà is a Vietnamese given name, male or female, meaning "river". Hà is a Vietnamese 'surname' (during French colonialism). The name is transliterated as He in Chinese and Ha in Korean. Ha is the anglicized variation of the surname Hà. It is ...
, Vietnam **Phú Gia **Bản Giang


Background

The Kri call themselves ''mleeng Kri'', and their language ''meengq Kri''. They are swidden cultivators who move every 2–3 years among pre-existing village sites (Chamberlain 1998).Chamberlain, J.R. 1998,
The origin of Sek: implications for Tai and Vietnamese history
, in The International Conference on Tai Studies, ed. S. Burusphat, Bangkok, Thailand, pp. 97-128. Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University.
Houses are torn down after the death of a household member, and the housing materials are then used to construct a new house in a different location. Other than the Kri language, many adults, especially men, are also fluent in
Vietnamese Vietnamese may refer to: * Something of, from, or related to Vietnam, a country in Southeast Asia * Vietnamese people, or Kinh people, a Southeast Asian ethnic group native to Vietnam ** Overseas Vietnamese, Vietnamese people living outside Vietna ...
, Saek, Bru, and Lao. Kri has been studied by the Russian-Vietnamese Linguistic Expedition in 2012.


Phonology


Consonants

The consonants in Kri are:


Finals

These are the consonants that may come at the end of a syllable in Kri: Do note that they are all contrastive, and that vowels, nasal consonants, and oral consonants may have checked endings. The Oral endings also may become voiceless.


Vowels


Short vowels


Morphology

Kri has a few morphological features, less than Khmu but more than Vietnamese.


Causative Infix

The -a- infix may be inserted into words with two initial consonants, between them. This infix turns intransitive verb into a transitive verb, adding an agent. It can also turn a noun into a verb. Here are some examples: *''praang'' - to cross over *''paraang'' - to take someone across *''slôôj'' - to be washed away by running water *''salôôj'' - to discard into flowing water, to let something be washed away *''kleeh'' - to fall off *''kaleeh'' - to pick off *''blang'' - of the eyes, to become open (like a young dog's) *''balang'' - to open one's eyes *''ckaang'' - a hand span *''cakaang'' - to measure something by hand spans


Nominalising Infix

The -rn- infix is placed after a single initial consonant. This infix makes a noun from a verb: *''sat'' - to get one's foot stuck *''srnat'' - a foothold *''koq'' - to live *''krnoq'' - a house This shortens to -r- when between consonants: *''kadôôlq'' - to rest the head on something *''krdôôlq'' - a pillow


Verbal Morphology

There are three forms of negation: ''dêêh, laa,'' and ''cùù''. There have distinct syntactic behavior. ''Cùù'' occurs before the subject (e.g. sentence initially). Both ''dêêh'' and ''laa'' can occur before the verb (after the subject). ''Dêêh'' is distinct from ''laa'' in that ''dêêh'' can occur in responsive ellipsis environments (i.e. as a stand alone word after a questions). There are a variety of TAM markers (which supply information about the tense, aspect, or mood) of predicates.


Syntax

The basic word order of Kri is SVO, although argument ellipsis and fronting of constituents is common. Further, there is no case marking or cross-referencing agreement.


Verbal Domain

Serial verb constructions have an explicit marker of subordination (''kùù'').


Nominal Domain

Kri pronouns displays sensitivity to the three grammatical numbers in Kri (singular, dual and plural), as well inclusive/exclusive distinction, and (for the singular) a polite/bare distinctions. A gender distinction is made only in the third person polite forms. Polite forms are used when there is appropriate social distance (e.g. by age or kinship).


Classifiers

The classifier ''longq'' can be (but need not be) used to express possession. There are also numeral classifier constructions. These can be ordered Number-Classifier-Noun or Noun-Number-Classifier.


References


Further reading

*


External links

*http://sealsxxii.vjf.cnrs.fr/Documents/Abstract-Enfield.pdf {{Austro-Asiatic languages Severely endangered languages Vietic languages