Kopis 2

The term kopis ( grc, Κόπις) in Ancient Greece could describe a heavy knife with a forward-curving blade, primarily used as a tool for cutting meat, for ritual slaughter and animal sacrifice, or refer to a single edged cutting or "cut and thrust" sword with a similarly shaped blade.

Etymology

The term derives from the Greek word κοπίς (kopis), plural ''kopides'' from κόπτω – ''koptō'', "to cut, to strike". Alternatively a derivation from the Ancient Egyptian term ''khopesh'' for a cutting sword has been postulated.

Characteristics

The kopis sword was a one-handed weapon. Early examples had a blade length of up to 65 cm (25.6 inches), making it almost equal in size to the spatha. Later examples of the kopis from Macedonia tended to be shorter with a blade length of about 48 cm (18.9 inches). The kopis had a single-edged blade that pitched forward towards the point, the edge being concave on the part of the sword nearest the hilt, but swelling to convexity towards the tip. This shape, often termed "recurved", distributes the weight in such a way that the kopis was capable of delivering a blow with the momentum of an axe, whilst maintaining the long cutting edge of a sword and some facility to execute a thrust. Some scholars have claimed an Etruscan origin for the sword, as such swords have been found as early as the 7th century BC in Etruria.

The ''kopis'' is often compared to the contemporary Iberian falcata and the more recent, and shorter, Nepalese kukri. The word itself is a Greek feminine singular noun. The difference in meaning between kopis and makhaira (''μάχαιρα'', another Greek word, meaning "chopper" or "short sword", "dagger") is not entirely clear in ancient texts, but modern specialists tend to discriminate between single-edged cutting swords, those with a forward curve being classed as ''kopides'', those without as ''makhairai''.

Use

The Ancient Greeks often used single-edged blades in warfare, as attested to by art and literature; however, the double-edged, straight, and more martially versatile xiphos is more widely represented. Greek heavy infantry hoplites favored straight swords, but the downward curve of the kopis made it especially suited to mounted warfare. The general and writer Xenophon recommended the single edged kopis sword (which he did not distinguish from the ''makhaira'') for cavalry use in his work ''On Horsemanship''; saying, "I recommend a ''kopis'' rather than a ''xiphos'', because from the height of a horse’s back the cut of a ''machaira'' will serve you better than the thrust of a ''xiphos''". The precise wording of Xenophon's description suggests the possibility that the kopis was regarded as a specific variant within a more general class, with the term makhaira denoting any single-edged cutting sword.

Greek art shows Persian soldiers wielding the kopis or an axe rather than the straight-bladed Persian akinakes.

It has been suggested that the yatagan, used in the Balkans and Anatolia during the Ottoman Period, was a direct descendant of the kopis.Gordon, D.H. (1958) "Scimitars, Sabres and Falchions". in ''Man'', Vol 58, Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, pp. 25–26.

See also

*Makhaira
*Xiphos
*Khopesh
*Falcata
*Kukri

References

External links

Illustration of Kopis in Ancient Greek Art

{{Swords by region

Ancient Greek military terminology
Ancient Greek military equipment
Single-edged swords
Ancient European swords