kk, Түркістан автономиясы
ky, Түркестан автономиясы
tg, Мухторияти Туркистон
russian: Туркестанская автономия , conventional_long_name = Turkestan Autonomy , common_name = , era = Russian Civil War , status = Unrecognized state , status_text = , empire = , government_type =

Republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

, event_start = Independence declared from Russia , date_start = 27 November 1917 , year_start = , event_end = Sovietization of Turkestan , date_end = 22 February 1918 , year_end = , year_exile_start = , year_exile_end = , event1 = , date_event1 = , event2 = , date_event2 = , event3 = , date_event3 = , event4 = , date_event4 = , event5 = , date_event5 = , event_pre = , date_pre = , event_post = , date_post = , p1 = Russian Turkestan , flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg , image_p1 = , p2 = , flag_p2 = , p3 = , flag_p3 = , p4 = , flag_p4 = , p5 = , flag_p5 = , s1 = Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic , flag_s1 = Turkestan Autonomous SSR Flag.svg , image_s1 = , s2 = , flag_s2 = , s3 = , flag_s3 = , s4 = , flag_s4 = , s5 = , flag_s5 = , image_flag = Flag of the Turkestan (Kokand) Autonomy.svg , flag_alt = , image_flag2 = , flag_alt2 = , flag = , flag2 = , flag_type = , flag2_type = , image_coat = , coa_size = , coat_alt = , symbol_type = , symbol_type_article = , image_map = ApproximatebordersAlashAutonomy.png , image_map_alt = , image_map_caption = Approximate borders of Turkestan Autonomy , image_map2 = , image_map2_alt = , image_map2_caption = , capital =

Kokand Kokand ( uz, Qo‘qon/Қўқон/قوقان, ; russian: Кока́нд; fa, خوقند, Xuqand; Chagatai: خوقند, ''Xuqand''; ky, Кокон, Kokon; tg, Хӯқанд, Xöqand) is a city in Fergana Region in eastern Uzbekistan, at the sou ...

, capital_exile = , national_motto = , national_anthem = , common_languages = Uzbek

Kazakh Kazakh, Qazaq or Kazakhstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kazakhstan *Kazakhs, an ethnic group *Kazakh language *The Kazakh Khanate * Kazakh cuisine * Qazakh Rayon, Azerbaijan *Qazax, Azerbaijan *Kazakh Uyezd, administrative dis ...

Kyrgyz Kyrgyz, Kirghiz or Kyrgyzstani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Kyrgyzstan *Kyrgyz people *Kyrgyz national games *Kyrgyz language *Kyrgyz culture *Kyrgyz cuisine *Yenisei Kirghiz *The Fuyü Gïrgïs language in Northeastern China ...

Tajik Tajik, Tadjik, Tadzhik or Tajikistani may refer to: * Someone or something related to Tajikistan * Tajiks, an ethnic group in Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan * Tajik language, the official language of Tajikistan * Tajik (surname) * Tajik cu ...

Russian , religion =

Secular state A secular state is an idea pertaining to secularity, whereby a State (polity), state is or purports to be officially neutral in matters of religion, supporting neither religion nor irreligion. A secular state claims to treat all its citizens ...

, demonym = , currency = , leader1 = , leader2 = , leader3 = , leader4 = , year_leader1 = , year_leader2 = , year_leader3 = , year_leader4 = , title_leader = , representative1 = , representative2 = , representative3 = , representative4 = , year_representative1 = , year_representative2 = , year_representative3 = , year_representative4 = , title_representative = , deputy1 = , deputy2 = , deputy3 = , deputy4 = , year_deputy1 = , year_deputy2 = , year_deputy3 = , year_deputy4 = , title_deputy = , legislature = , house1 = , type_house1 = , house2 = , type_house2 = , stat_year1 = 1918 , stat_area1 = , stat_pop1 = , stat_year2 = , stat_area2 = , stat_pop2 = , stat_year3 = , stat_area3 = , stat_pop3 = , stat_year4 = , stat_area4 = , stat_pop4 = , stat_year5 = , stat_area5 = , stat_pop5 = , today = Uzbekistan
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Tajikistan , footnote_a = , footnote_b = , footnote_h = , area_km2 = , area_rank = , GDP_PPP = , GDP_PPP_year = , HDI = , HDI_year = , life_span = 1917–1918 The Turkestan Autonomy, or Kokand Autonomy, was an unrecognized state in Central Asia that existed at the beginning of the Russian Civil War. It was formed on 27 November 1917 and existed until 22 February 1918. It was a secular

republic A republic () is a "state in which power rests with the people or their representatives; specifically a state without a monarchy" and also a "government, or system of government, of such a state." Previously, especially in the 17th and 18th c ...

, headed by a president. It was one of the first secular states where the majority of the population were Muslims. It was the first

democratic Democrat, Democrats, or Democratic may refer to: Politics *A proponent of democracy, or democratic government; a form of government involving rule by the people. *A member of a Democratic Party: **Democratic Party (United States) (D) **Democratic ...

state in the history of Central Asia. The capital of the state was

, which until then was the capital of the Kokand Khanate. There were 5 official languages: Uzbek,

and Russian. The population was about 5 million people, mostly Uzbeks as well as

Kazakhs The Kazakhs (also spelled Qazaqs; Kazakh: , , , , , ; the English name is transliterated from Russian; russian: казахи) are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group native to northern parts of Central Asia, chiefly Kazakhstan, but also parts o ...

, Tajiks, Russians and others.

History

The Turkestan Autonomy occupied former territories of the Russian Empire, which was called the Turkestan Krai or the Russian Turkestan, more particular parts of the Semirechye,

Syr-Darya The Syr Darya (, ),, , ; rus, Сырдарья́, Syrdarjja, p=sɨrdɐˈrʲja; fa, سيردريا, Sirdaryâ; tg, Сирдарё, Sirdaryo; tr, Seyhun, Siri Derya; ar, سيحون, Seyḥūn; uz, Sirdaryo, script-Latn/. historically known ...

and Fergana Oblasts (Provinces). From the north it bordered on the Alash Autonomy, from the east on the

Republic of China Taiwan, officially the Republic of China (ROC), is a country in East Asia, at the junction of the East and South China Seas in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, with the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the northwest, Japan to the northeast ...

, from the south on the Emirate of Afghanistan, from the south-west on the

Emirate of Bukhara The Emirate of Bukhara ( fa, , Amārat-e Bokhārā, chg, , Bukhārā Amirligi) was a Muslim polity in Central Asia that existed from 1785 to 1920 in what is modern-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. It occupied the lan ...

, on the west and north-west on the Soviet Central Asian Regions. The state was created by

Jadid The Jadids were Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century. They normally referred to themselves by the Turkic terms ''Taraqqiparvarlar'' ('progressives'), ''Ziyalilar'' ('intellectuals') or simp ...

s and . The government of Turkestan autonomy in January announced its intention to convene its parliament on 20 March 1918, on the basis of universal, direct, equal and secret ballot. Two-thirds of the seats in parliament were intended for Muslim deputies, and one-third was guaranteed to representatives of the non-Muslim population. The existence of such a parliament was to be the first step towards the democratization of Turkestan. In January 1918, in response to an ultimatum from the Soviets on the voluntary inclusion into Soviet Russia, Mustafa Shokay refused to recognize the authority of the Soviets. For the destruction of the self-proclaimed Turkestan Autonomy, 11 trains with troops and artillery under the command of arrived from Moscow in Tashkent. As a result of hostilities, thousands of civilians were killed. Thus, the Turkestan autonomy was liquidated by the Bolsheviks only three months after its creation. It was replaced by Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In November 1917, Muhamedzhan Tynyshpaev was the first president of the state. The second and last president was Mustafa Shokay.

Notes

References

General references

"Turkiston Muxtoriyati"
entry in the National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan. {{inlang, uz 1917 establishments in Asia 1918 disestablishments in Asia History of Uzbekistan History of Kazakhstan Post–Russian Empire states Former countries in Central Asia States and territories established in 1917 Historical Turkic states

History

See also

Notes

References

General references