Kobe ( , ; officially , ) is the capital city of
Hyōgo Prefecture Japan. With a population around 1.5 million, Kobe is
Japan's
seventh-largest city and the third-largest port city after
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...
and
Yokohama. It is located in
Kansai region, which makes up the southern side of the main island of
Honshū, on the north shore of
Osaka Bay. It is part of the
Keihanshin metropolitan area along with
Osaka
is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...
and
Kyoto
Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ...
. The Kobe city centre is located about west of Osaka and southwest of Kyoto.
The earliest written records regarding the region come from the ''
Nihon Shoki'', which describes the founding of the
Ikuta Shrine by
Empress Jingū in AD 201.
[Ikuta Shrine official website](_blank)
– "History of Ikuta Shrine" (Japanese)
– "History". Retrieved February 2, 2007. For most of its history, the area was never a single political entity, even during the
Tokugawa period, when the port was controlled directly by the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in ...
. Kobe did not exist in its current form until its founding in 1889. Its name comes from .
[Nagasaki University](_blank)
– "Ikuta Shrine". Retrieved February 3, 2007.[Entry for . Kōjien, fifth edition, 1998, ] Kobe became one of Japan's
designated cities in 1956.
Kobe was one of the cities to open for trade with the
West following the 1853 end of the
policy of seclusion and has since been known as a cosmopolitan and
nuclear-free zone port city. While the 1995
Great Hanshin earthquake diminished much of Kobe's prominence as a port city, it remains Japan's fourth-busiest
container port.
[American Association of Port Authorities](_blank)
– "World Port Rankings 2006". Retrieved April 15, 2008. Companies headquartered in Kobe include
ASICS,
Kawasaki Heavy Industries, and
Kobe Steel, as well as over 100 international corporations with Asian or Japanese headquarters in the city, such as
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly and Company is an American pharmaceutical company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with offices in 18 countries. Its products are sold in approximately 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876 by, and named after, Colon ...
,
Procter & Gamble
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer he ...
,
Boehringer Ingelheim, and
Nestlé.
["Number of foreign corporations with headquarters in Kobe passes 100." (Japanese) in Nikkei Net, retrieved fro]
NIKKEI.net
on July 3, 2007.
– "List of Foreign Enterprises and Examples". Retrieved February 8, 2007. The city is the point of origin and namesake of
Kobe beef, the home of
Kobe University, as well as the site of one of Japan's most famous
hot spring
A hot spring, hydrothermal spring, or geothermal spring is a spring produced by the emergence of geothermally heated groundwater onto the surface of the Earth. The groundwater is heated either by shallow bodies of magma (molten rock) or by c ...
resorts,
Arima Onsen.
History
Origins
Tools found in western Kobe demonstrate the area was populated at least from the
Jōmon period.
[City of Kobe](_blank)
– "Kobe's History" (Japanese). Retrieved October 22, 2007.
The natural geography of the area, particularly of Wada Cape in
Hyōgo-ku, led to the development of a port, which would remain the economic center of the city.
[Hyogo International Tourism Guide](_blank)
– "Hyogo-tsu". Retrieved February 2, 2007. Some of the earliest written documents mentioning the region include the ''
Nihon Shoki'', which describes the founding of the
Ikuta Shrine by
Empress Jingū in AD 201.
File:Ikuta Shrine, Kobe City; April 2017 (04).jpg, Ikuta Shrine
File:Nagata Jinja Kobe Torii.jpg, Nagata Shrine
is a Shinto shrine in Nagata-ku, Kobe, Japan. At Nagata, Kotoshironushi-no-Okami is enshrined.Kobe Convention and Visitors Association Nagata Jinja Shrine/ref>
The shrine is associated with Amaterasu, who is said to have told Empress Jingū tha ...
File:Taisanji31s3872.jpg, Taisan-ji. The main hall is a National Treasure of Japan (built in 716).
Nara and Heian periods
During the
Nara
The National Archives and Records Administration (NARA) is an " independent federal agency of the United States government within the executive branch", charged with the preservation and documentation of government and historical records. It ...
and
Heian period
The is the last division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. It followed the Nara period, beginning when the 50th emperor, Emperor Kanmu, moved the capital of Japan to Heian-kyō (modern Kyoto). means "peace" in Japanese ...
s, the port was known by the name and was one of the ports from which
imperial embassies to China were dispatched.
The city was briefly the
capital of Japan in 1180, when
Taira no Kiyomori moved his grandson
Emperor Antoku to
Fukuhara-kyō
Fukuhara-kyō (福原京, Capital of Fukuhara) was the seat of Japan's Imperial Court, and therefore the capital of the country, for roughly six months in 1180. It was also the center of Taira no Kiyomori's power and the site of his retirement pala ...
in present-day Hyōgo-ku.
The Emperor returned to Kyoto after about five months.
Shortly thereafter in 1184, the
Taira
The Taira was one of the four most important clans that dominated Japanese politics during the Heian, Kamakura and Muromachi Periods of Japanese history – the others being the Fujiwara, the Tachibana, and the Minamoto. The clan is divid ...
fortress in Hyōgo-ku and the nearby Ikuta Shrine became the sites of the
Genpei War battle of Ichi-no-Tani between the Taira and
Minamoto clans. The Minamoto prevailed, pushing the Taira further.
File:Taira no Kiyomori,TenshiSekkanMiei.jpg, Taira no Kiyomori
File:Yukimi-no-gosho.jpg, Marker indicating the former location of Fukuhara-kyō
Fukuhara-kyō (福原京, Capital of Fukuhara) was the seat of Japan's Imperial Court, and therefore the capital of the country, for roughly six months in 1180. It was also the center of Taira no Kiyomori's power and the site of his retirement pala ...
File:Genpei kassen.jpg, Battle of Ichi-no-Tani( Genpei War)
Kamakura period
As the port grew during the
Kamakura period
The is a period of Japanese history that marks the governance by the Kamakura shogunate, officially established in 1192 in Kamakura by the first '' shōgun'' Minamoto no Yoritomo after the conclusion of the Genpei War, which saw the struggle bet ...
, it became an important hub for trade with China and other countries. In the 13th century, the city came to be known by the name .
During this time, Hyōgo Port, along with northern Osaka, composed the province of
Settsu (most of today's Kobe belonged to Settsu except
Nishi Ward and
Tarumi Ward, which belonged to
Harima).
File:Yukai sanjurokkassen 勇魁三十六合戦 (Courageous Leaders in Thirty-six Battles) (BM 2008,3037.02214).jpg, Kusunoki Masashige (Battle of Minatogawa
The Battle of Minatogawa (), also known as the Battle of Minato River, was a battle of the Nanboku-chō Wars fought near the Minato River in Settsu Province (present day Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture) on 5 July 1336.
The Imperial forces loyal to Emp ...
)
File:Minatogawa-jinja shinmon.jpg, Minatogawa Shrine
Edo period
Later, during the
Edo period
The or is the period between 1603 and 1867 in the history of Japan, when Japan was under the rule of the Tokugawa shogunate and the country's 300 regional ''daimyo''. Emerging from the chaos of the Sengoku period, the Edo period was character ...
, the eastern parts of present-day Kobe came under the jurisdiction of the
Amagasaki Domain and the western parts under that of the
Akashi Domain, while the center was controlled directly by the
Tokugawa shogunate
The Tokugawa shogunate (, Japanese 徳川幕府 ''Tokugawa bakufu''), also known as the , was the military government of Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in ...
.
It was not until the
abolition of the han system in 1871 and the establishment of the current
prefecture system that the area became politically distinct.
File:Hanakuma castle01s3200.jpg, Hanakuma Castle
Meiji period
Hyōgo Port was opened to foreign trade by the Shogunal government at the same time as Osaka on January 1, 1868, just before the advent of the
Boshin War and the
Meiji Restoration. At the time of the opening of the city for foreign trade, the area saw intense fighting resulting from the civil war in progress. Shortly after the opening of Kobe to trade, the
Kobe Incident occurred, where several western soldiers sustained gunshot wounds from fire opened by troops from Bizen. The region has since been identified with the West and many foreign residences from the period remain in Kobe's
Kitano area.
File:Kobe Bund 1979.94.6P01B.jpg, Kobe foreign settlement Kaigan-dōri Avenue around 1885
File:Shinkaichi.jpg, Shinkaichi
is a district of Kobe, Japan. It is one of the major downtown areas in the city.
The name of Shinkaichi means "newly opened area". It was named so because the district was really newly developed after moving the Minato-gawa (river) from this ar ...
theatre street in Kobe (Taisho era)
File:Viewofkobe.PNG, Hyōgo Port in the 19th century
File:Kobe kaigan street01 1920.jpg, The Bund, built in the 1860s–1930s
File:Choueke house02 1920.jpg, Kitano area, built in the 1880s–1910s
File:Old hyogo prefectural office bld03 1920.jpg, Former Hyogo prefectural office, built in 1902
File:Sesshu Kobe coast prosperity view.jpg, This nishiki-e (colored woodcut) shows a foreign steamboat entering Hyōgo Port shortly after its opening to the West in the late 19th century.
Modern era
Kobe, as it is known today, was founded on April 1, 1889, and was
designated
Designation (from Latin ''designatio'') is the process of determining an incumbent's successor. A candidate that won an election for example, is the ''designated'' holder of the office the candidate has been elected to, up until the candidate's i ...
on September 1, 1956 by government ordinance. The history of the city is closely tied to that of the Ikuta Shrine, and the name "Kobe" derives from , an archaic name for those who supported the shrine.
During
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, Kobe was bombed in the
Doolittle Raid on April 18, 1942, along with
Tokyo
Tokyo (; ja, 東京, , ), officially the Tokyo Metropolis ( ja, 東京都, label=none, ), is the capital and List of cities in Japan, largest city of Japan. Formerly known as Edo, its metropolitan area () is the most populous in the world, ...
and a few other cities. Eventually, it was bombed again with incendiary bombs by
B-29 bombers on March 17, 1945, causing the death of 8,841 residents and destroying 21% of
Kobe's urban area. This incident inspired the well-known
Studio Ghibli film ''
Grave of the Fireflies'' and the
book
A book is a medium for recording information in the form of writing or images, typically composed of many pages (made of papyrus, parchment, vellum, or paper) bound together and protected by a cover. The technical term for this phys ...
by
Akiyuki Nosaka
was a Japanese novelist, singer, lyricist, and member of the House of Councillors. As a broadcasting writer he used the name and his alias as a chanson singer was .
Early life
Nosaka was born in Kamakura, Kanagawa, the son of Sukeyuki Nosak ...
on which the film was based. It also features in the motion picture
A Boy Called H
is a 2013 Japanese war drama film directed by Yasuo Furuhata. It is based on the book by Kappa Senoh, translated into English by John Bester.
Cast
*Yutaka Mizutani
*Ran Ito
* Tatsuki Yoshioka
Reception Box office
The film grossed US$15.3 milli ...
.
Following continuous pressure from citizens, on March 18, 1975, the Kobe City Council passed an ordinance banning vessels carrying
nuclear weapons from Kobe Port. This effectively prevented any U.S. warships from entering the port, policy being not to disclose whether any warship is carrying nuclear weapons. This
nonproliferation
Nuclear proliferation is the spread of nuclear weapons, fissionable material, and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations not recognized as "Nuclear Weapon States" by the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weap ...
policy has been termed the "
Kobe formula".
On January 17, 1995,
a magnitude 6.9 earthquake occurred at 5:46 am
JST near the city. About 6,434 people in the city were killed, 212,443 were made homeless, and large parts of the port facilities and other parts of the city were destroyed. The earthquake destroyed portions of the
Hanshin Expressway, an elevated freeway that dramatically toppled over. In Japan, the earthquake is known as the
Great Hanshin earthquake (or the Hanshin-Awaji earthquake). To commemorate Kobe's recovery from the 1995 quake, the city holds an event every December called the
Luminarie, where the city center is decorated with illuminated metal archways.
The
Port of Kobe was Japan's busiest port and one of Asia's top ports until the Great Hanshin earthquake.
[Maruhon Business News](_blank)
– Port Conditions in Japan. Retrieved January 23, 2007. Kobe has since dropped to fourth in Japan and 49th-
busiest container port worldwide ().
File:KobeFormerSettelment Map JapDirectory (1905).tif, Map of the Foreign Settlement
A foreign settlement ({{Lang-ja, 外国人居留地, pronounced "Gaikokujin kyoryūchi") was a special area in a treaty port, designated by the Japanese government in the second half of the nineteenth century, to allow foreigners to live and work.
...
File:Kobe after the 1945 air raid.JPG, View of Kobe after the bombing in 1945
File:Hanshin-Awaji earthquake 1995 337.jpg, Damage in Sannomiya after the Great Hanshin earthquake in 1995
File:Port of Kobe Earthquake Memorial Park2.jpg, Kobe Earthquake Memorial Park
Geography
Wedged between the coast and the mountains, the city of Kobe is long and narrow. To the east is the city of
Ashiya, while the city of
Akashi lies to its west. Other adjacent cities include
Takarazuka and
Nishinomiya to the east and
Sanda and
Miki to the north.
The landmark of the port area is the red steel
Port Tower. A
ferris wheel sits in nearby
Harborland, a notable tourist
promenade. Two artificial islands,
Port Island and
Rokkō Island, have been constructed to give the city room to expand.
Away from the seaside at the heart of Kobe lie the
Motomachi and
Sannomiya districts, as well as Kobe's
Chinatown,
Nankin-machi, all well-known retail areas. A multitude of train lines cross the city from east to west. The main transport hub is
Sannomiya Station, with the eponymous
Kobe Station located to the west and the
Shinkansen Shin-Kobe Station to the north.
Mount Rokkō overlooks Kobe at an elevation of . During the autumn season, it is famous for the rich change in
colors of its forests.
Wards
Kobe has nine
wards (''ku''):
#
Nishi-ku: The westernmost area of Kobe, Nishi-ku overlooks the city of
Akashi and is the site of
Kobe Gakuin University. This ward has the largest population, with 247,000 residents.
#
Kita-ku: Kita-ku is the largest ward by area and contains the Rokko Mountain Range, including
Mount Rokkō and
Mount Maya. The area is well known for its rugged landscape and hiking trails. The
onsen resort town of
Arima
Arima, officially The Royal Chartered Borough of Arima is the easternmost and second largest in area of the three boroughs of Trinidad and Tobago. It is geographically adjacent to Sangre Grande and Arouca at the south central foothills of ...
also lies within Kita-ku.
#
Tarumi-ku: Tarumi-ku is a mostly residential area. The longest suspension bridge in the world, the
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, extends from Maiko in Tarumi-ku to
Awaji Island to the south. A relatively new addition to Kobe, Tarumi-ku was not a part of the city until 1946.
#
Suma-ku: Suma-ku is the site of Suma beach, attracting visitors during the summer months.
#
Nagata-ku: Nagata-ku is the site of
Nagata Shrine
is a Shinto shrine in Nagata-ku, Kobe, Japan. At Nagata, Kotoshironushi-no-Okami is enshrined.Kobe Convention and Visitors Association Nagata Jinja Shrine/ref>
The shrine is associated with Amaterasu, who is said to have told Empress Jingū tha ...
, one of the three "Great Shrines" in Kobe.
#
Hyōgo-ku: At various times known as Ōwada Anchorage or Hyōgo Port, this area is the historical heart of the city.
Shinkaichi
is a district of Kobe, Japan. It is one of the major downtown areas in the city.
The name of Shinkaichi means "newly opened area". It was named so because the district was really newly developed after moving the Minato-gawa (river) from this ar ...
in Hyogo-ku was once the commercial center of Kobe, but was heavily damaged during
World War II
World War II or the Second World War, often abbreviated as WWII or WW2, was a world war that lasted from 1939 to 1945. It involved the World War II by country, vast majority of the world's countries—including all of the great power ...
, and since, Hyogo-ku has lost much of its former prominence.
#
Chūō-ku: literally means "central" and, as such, Chūō-ku is the commercial and entertainment center of Kobe.
Sannomiya,
Motomachi and
Harborland make up the main entertainment areas in Kobe. Chūō-ku includes the city hall and
Hyōgo prefectural government offices.
Port Island and
Kobe Airport lie in the southern part of this ward.
#
Nada-ku: The site of
Oji Zoo and
Kobe University, Nada is known for
its sake. Along with
Fushimi in
Kyoto
Kyoto (; Japanese: , ''Kyōto'' ), officially , is the capital city of Kyoto Prefecture in Japan. Located in the Kansai region on the island of Honshu, Kyoto forms a part of the Keihanshin metropolitan area along with Osaka and Kobe. , the ...
, it accounts for 45% of Japan's sake production.
#
Higashinada-ku
is one of 9 wards of Kobe, Japan. It has an area of 30.36 km², and a population of 212,111 (2012). South of the Hanshin Main Line, it is also home to some notable sake brewing areas, including Uozaki and Mikage.
Transportation Railways
* ...
: The easternmost area of Kobe, Higashinada-ku borders the city of
Ashiya. The man-made island of
Rokko makes up the southern part of this ward.
Cityscape
File:Kobe unterwegs in Kobe 3.jpg, Meriken Park (2018)
File:151003 Port of Kobe Japan01s3.jpg, Skylines of Kobe from Kobe Bridge (2015)
File:Twilight view of Kobe, from a point near Shin-Kobe station.jpg, View of Sannomiya from Shin-Kobe Station (2009)
File:121208 Nunobiki Herb Garden Kobe Hyogo pref Japan09s3.jpg, Nunobiki Herb Garden (2012)
File:Kobe Kobe Port Tower Panoaramablick 03.jpg, Kobe central business district
A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. It contains commercial space and offices, and in larger cities will often be described as a financial district. Geographically, it often coincides with the " cit ...
(2018)
File:Kobe Meriken Park area at night 2016-06-14.jpg, Kobe central business district
A central business district (CBD) is the commercial and business centre of a city. It contains commercial space and offices, and in larger cities will often be described as a financial district. Geographically, it often coincides with the " cit ...
at night (2016)
File:Kobe Chuo and Suma at night.jpeg, Downtown at night
File:View of Kikuseidai from Mount Maya Kobe.jpg, Night view from Kikuseidai
File:Views from Venus Bridge in Kobe 001.jpg, alt=, Sunset from Mt.Suwa observation deck
File:Views from Venus Bridge in Kobe 003.jpg, Chūō-ku, Kobe of Night view from Mt.Suwa observation deck
File:Views from Venus Bridge in Kobe 002.jpg, A panorama of Kobe from Mt.Suwa observatory deck
Climate
Kobe has a
humid subtropical climate (
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen, nota ...
''Cfa'') with hot summers and cool to cold winters. Precipitation is significantly higher in summer than in winter, though on the whole lower than most parts of Honshū, and there is no significant snowfall. The average annual temperature in Kobe is . The average annual rainfall is with July as the wettest month. The temperatures are highest on average in August, at around , and lowest in January, at around . The highest temperature ever recorded in Kobe was on 5 August 1994; the coldest temperature ever recorded was on 27 February 1981.
Demographics
As of September 2007, Kobe had an estimated
population
Population typically refers to the number of people in a single area, whether it be a city or town, region, country, continent, or the world. Governments typically quantify the size of the resident population within their jurisdiction using ...
of 1,530,295 making up 658,876
households. This was an increase of 1,347 persons or approximately 0.1% over the previous year. The
population density
Population density (in agriculture: Stock (disambiguation), standing stock or plant density) is a measurement of population per unit land area. It is mostly applied to humans, but sometimes to other living organisms too. It is a key geographical ...
was approximately 2,768 persons per square kilometre, while there are about 90.2 males to every 100 females.
[City of Kobe](_blank)
– "Estimated Population of Kobe". Retrieved October 2, 2007. About thirteen percent of the population are between the ages of 0 and 14, sixty-seven percent are between 15 and 64, and twenty percent are over the age of 65.
– "Statistical Summary of Kobe". Retrieved July 25, 2007.
Approximately 44,000 registered foreign nationals live in Kobe. The four most common nationalities are
Korean (22,237),
Chinese (12,516), Vietnamese (1,301), and
American (1,280).
Economy
The
Port of Kobe is both an important port and manufacturing center within the
Hanshin Industrial Region. Kobe is the
busiest container port in the region, surpassing even
Osaka
is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...
, and the fourth-busiest in Japan.
[American Association of Port Authorities](_blank)
– "World Port Rankings 2005". Retrieved July 3, 2007.
, the city's total real
GDP was ¥6.3 trillion, which amounts to thirty-four percent of the GDP for
Hyōgo Prefecture and approximately eight percent for the whole
Kansai region.
[Hyogo Industrial Advancement Center](_blank)
– "Industry Tendencies in Various Areas of Hyogo Prefecture" (Japanese). Retrieved July 3, 2007. Per capita income
Per capita income (PCI) or total income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.
Per capita i ...
for the year was approximately ¥2.7 million.
Broken down by
sector, about one percent of those employed work in the
primary sector (agriculture, fishing and mining), twenty-one percent work in the
secondary sector (manufacturing and industry), and seventy-eight percent work in the
service sector.
The value of
manufactured goods produced and exported from Kobe for 2004 was ¥2.5 trillion. The four largest sectors in terms of value of goods produced are small appliances, food products, transportation equipment, and communication equipment making up over fifty percent of Kobe's manufactured goods. In terms of numbers of employees, food products, small appliances, and transportation equipment make up the three largest sectors.
The
GDP in Kobe
Metropolitan Employment Area (2.4 million people) is US$96.0 billion in 2010.
Major companies and institutes
Japanese companies which have their headquarters in Kobe include
ASICS, a shoe manufacturer;
Daiei, a department store chain;
Kawasaki Heavy Industries,
Kawasaki Shipbuilding Co.,
Mitsubishi Motors,
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (ship manufacturer),
Mitsubishi Electric,
Kobe Steel,
Sumitomo Rubber Industries
is a global tire and rubber company based in Japan. It is part of the Sumitomo Group. The company makes a wide range of rubber based products, including automobile tires, golf balls and tennis balls. Sumitomo brands include Dunlop Tyres (in cer ...
,
Sysmex Corporation (medical devices manufacturer) and
TOA Corporation. Other companies include the
confectionery manufacturers
Konigs-Krone and
Morozoff Ltd.
is a confectionery and cake company headquartered in Kobe, Japan. Since its founding in 1931 by Fedor Dmitrievich Morozoff, a white emigre from Russia, Morozoff has grown and now has 952 restaurants and cafes across Japan.
Morozoff is also wel ...
,
Sun Television Japan and
UCC Ueshima Coffee Co.
is a manufacturer of coffee and tea products in Kobe, Hyōgo. "UCC" stands for "Ueshima Coffee Company".
It owns a Kona coffee farm on the island of Hawaii.
The company is a part of the UCC Group.
History
The company started as a store unde ...
There are over 100 international corporations that have their East Asian or Japanese headquarters in Kobe. Of these, twenty-four are from China, eighteen from the United States, and nine from Switzerland.
Some prominent corporations include
Eli Lilly and Company
Eli Lilly and Company is an American pharmaceutical company headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana, with offices in 18 countries. Its products are sold in approximately 125 countries. The company was founded in 1876 by, and named after, Colon ...
,
Nestlé,
Procter & Gamble
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer he ...
,
Tempur-Pedic,
Boehringer-Ingelheim, and
Toys "R" Us. In 2018, April,
Swift Engineering USA, an American aerospace engineering firm established their joint venture in Kobe called Swift Xi Inc.
Kobe is the site of a number of research institutes, such as the
RIKEN Kobe Institute Center for
developmental biology and
medical imaging techniques, and Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS, home of the
K supercomputer), the
National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT) Advanced ICT Research Institute, the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, and the Asian Disaster Reduction Center.
International organizations include the
WHO Centre for Health Development, an
intergovernmental agency
An international organization or international organisation (see spelling differences), also known as an intergovernmental organization or an international institution, is a stable set of norms and rules meant to govern the behavior of states an ...
forming part of the
World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible for international public health. The WHO Constitution states its main objective as "the attainment by all peoples of the highest possible level o ...
. The
Consulate-General of Panama in Kobe is located on the eighth floor of the Moriyama Building in
Chūō-ku, Kobe.
File:Kobe crystal tower01 2048.jpg, Kawasaki Heavy Industries headquarters on Harborland
File:Kobe Kawasaki Shipbuilding Co02ds3200.jpg, Kawasaki Shipbuilding Co. headquarters on Kobe Harbor
The Port of Kobe is a Japanese maritime port in Kobe, Hyōgo in the Keihanshin area, backgrounded by the Hanshin Industrial Region.
Located at a foothill of the range of Mount Rokkō, flat lands are limited and constructions of artificial isl ...
File:P and g02 1024.jpg, Procter & Gamble
The Procter & Gamble Company (P&G) is an American multinational consumer goods corporation headquartered in Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by William Procter and James Gamble. It specializes in a wide range of personal health/consumer he ...
Asia headquarters on Rokko Island
File:Kobe Nestle Japan HQ01ss3200.jpg, Nestlé Japan Ltd. headquarters on Sannomiya
File:UCC Ueshima Coffee Company02s3872.jpg, UCC Ueshima Coffee Co.
is a manufacturer of coffee and tea products in Kobe, Hyōgo. "UCC" stands for "Ueshima Coffee Company".
It owns a Kona coffee farm on the island of Hawaii.
The company is a part of the UCC Group.
History
The company started as a store unde ...
headquarters on Port Island
Transportation
Airways
Airport
Itami Airport, in nearby
Itami
270px, Gogadzuka Kofun
270px, Aerial view of Itami city center
270px, Konoike inari shihi
270px, Arioka Castle ruins
) is a city located in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. , the city had an estimated population of 197,215 in 83580 households and a ...
, serves mainly domestic flights throughout Japan,
Kobe Airport, built on a reclaimed island south of
Port Island, also offers mainly domestic flights, while
Kansai International Airport in
Osaka
is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...
mainly serves international flights in the area.
Railways
High-speed rail
;JR west
*
Sanyō Shinkansen:-
Shin-Kobe Station -
Rapid Railway
Sannomiya Station is the main commuter hub in Kobe, serving as the transfer point for the three major intercity rail lines
see external map.
The
JR Kobe Line connects Kobe to
Osaka
is a designated city in the Kansai region of Honshu in Japan. It is the capital of and most populous city in Osaka Prefecture, and the third most populous city in Japan, following Special wards of Tokyo and Yokohama. With a population of ...
and
Himeji while both the
Hankyū Kobe Line and the
Hanshin Main Line
{{BS-map
, title=Route map
, title-bg=orangered
, title-color=white
, collapsible=yes
, collapse=yes
, map=
{{BS, , , Lines are of Hanshin unless noted, }
{{BS5, , hBHF, , , tBHF, , , {{STN, Osaka/{{STN, Kitashinchi}
{{BS5, , hSTR, exKBHFa, tKACC ...
run from Kobe to
Umeda Station in Osaka.
Sanyō Electric Railway trains from Himeji reach Sannomiya via the
Kobe Rapid Railway.
Subway
In addition,
Kobe Municipal Subway provides access to the
Sanyō Shinkansen at
Shin-Kobe Station.
Other rail lines
Other rail lines in Kobe include
Kōbe Electric Railway which runs north to
Sanda and
Arima Onsen.
Hokushin Kyūkō Railway connects Shin-Kobe Station to
Tanigami Station on the Kobe Electric Railway.
Kobe New Transit runs two lines, the
Port Island Line from Sannomiya to
Kobe Airport and the
Rokko Island Line from
JR Sumiyoshi Station to
Rokko Island.
Ropeway
Over
Mount Rokkō, the city has two
funicular
A funicular (, , ) is a type of cable railway system that connects points along a railway track laid on a steep slope. The system is characterized by two counterbalanced carriages (also called cars or trains) permanently attached to opposite e ...
lines and three
aerial lift
An aerial lift, also known as a cable car or ropeway, is a means of cable transport in which ''cabins'', ''cars'', ''gondolas'', or open chairs are hauled above the ground by means of one or more cables. Aerial lift systems are frequently employ ...
s as well, namely
Maya Cablecar,
Rokkō Cable Line,
Rokkō Arima Ropeway,
Maya Ropeway, and
Shin-Kobe Ropeway.
Road
Kobe is a transportation hub for a number of
expressways, including the
Meishin Expressway (
Nagoya
is the largest city in the Chūbu region, the fourth-most populous city and third most populous urban area in Japan, with a population of 2.3million in 2020. Located on the Pacific coast in central Honshu, it is the capital and the most p ...
– Kobe) and the
Hanshin Expressway (Osaka – Kobe). Other expressways include the
Sanyō Expressway
, stylized as SANYO, is a Japanese electronics company and formerly a member of the ''Fortune'' Global 500 whose headquarters was located in Moriguchi, Osaka prefecture, Japan. Sanyo had over 230 subsidiaries and affiliates, and was founded b ...
(Kobe –
Yamaguchi) and the
Chūgoku Expressway
The (part of Asian Highway Network ) is an expressway in Japan, which extends from Suita, Osaka to Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi. It connects Kansai and Chūgoku regions in western Honshu, Japan's main island. Other major cities along the expressw ...
(Osaka – Yamaguchi).
The
Kobe-Awaji-Naruto Expressway runs from Kobe to
Naruto via
Awaji Island and includes the
Akashi Kaikyō Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world.
Port
Sub Area Activity Hanshin
Sub Area Activity Hanshin (Hanshin Kichitai) or also known as Hanshin Base Corps, is one of the base corps under the Kure District Force of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force. The place was renamed from Osaka Base Corps. The headquarters is l ...
is one of the
Japan Maritime-Self Defense Force facility which provide monitoring across
Osaka Bay and Harima-nada Sea.
Education
The city of Kobe directly administers 169 elementary and 81 middle schools, with enrollments of approximately 80,200 and 36,000 students, respectively.
[City of Kobe](_blank)
– "Number of municipal schools and students" (Japanese). Retrieved July 2, 2007. If the city's four private elementary schools and fourteen private middle schools are included, these figures jump to a total 82,000 elementary school students and 42,300 junior high students enrolled for the 2006 school year.
Kobe also directly controls six of the city's twenty-five full-time public high schools including
Fukiai High School and Rokkō Island High School. The remainder are administered by the Hyogo Prefectural Board of Education.
In addition, twenty-five high schools are run privately within the city. The total enrollment for high schools in 2006 was 43,400.
Kobe is home to eighteen public and private universities, including
Kobe University,
Kobe Institute of Computing
is a private university in Kobe, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan.
History
KIC was found by Mr Tomio Fukuoka in . The Graduate School of Information Technology has established in .
Fields of study
KIC Graduate School of Information Technology has one M ...
and
Konan University, and eight
junior colleges. Students enrolled for 2006 reached 67,000 and 4,100, respectively.
Kobe is also home to 17 Japanese language schools for international students, including the international training group Lexis Japan.
International schools serve both long-term foreign residents and expatriates living in Kobe and the Kansai region. The schools offer instruction in English,
German,
Chinese, and
Korean. There are three English-language international schools:
Canadian Academy,
Marist Brothers International School, and St. Michael's International School.
Culture
Kobe is most famous for its
Kobe beef (which is raised in the surrounding Hyōgo Prefecture) and
Arima Onsen (hot springs). Notable buildings include the
Ikuta Shrine as well as the
Kobe Port Tower. Nearby mountains such as
Mount Rokkō and
Mount Maya overlook the city.
The city is widely associated with cosmopolitanism and fashion, encapsulated in the Japanese saying, "If you can't go to Paris, go to Kobe."
[Hassan, Sally. (April 9, 1989). "Where Japan Opened a Door To the West". '']The New York Times
''The New York Times'' (''the Times'', ''NYT'', or the Gray Lady) is a daily newspaper based in New York City with a worldwide readership reported in 2020 to comprise a declining 840,000 paid print subscribers, and a growing 6 million paid ...
'', retrieved fro
New York Times website
on February 7, 2007. The biannual fashion event Kobe Fashion Week, featuring the
Kobe Collection, is held in Kobe. The jazz festival "Kobe Jazz Street" has been held every October at jazz clubs and hotels since 1981. It also hosts both a Festival, as well as a statue of
Elvis Presley
Elvis Aaron Presley (January 8, 1935 – August 16, 1977), or simply Elvis, was an American singer and actor. Dubbed the "Honorific nicknames in popular music, King of Rock and Roll", he is regarded as Cultural impact of Elvis Presley, one ...
, the unveiling of which was heralded by the presence of former
Prime Minister of Japan
The prime minister of Japan ( Japanese: 内閣総理大臣, Hepburn: ''Naikaku Sōri-Daijin'') is the head of government of Japan. The prime minister chairs the Cabinet of Japan and has the ability to select and dismiss its Ministers of Stat ...
Junichiro Koizumi.
Kobe is the site of Japan's first golf course,
Kobe Golf Club, established by
Arthur Hesketh Groom in 1903,
[Golf Club Atlas](_blank)
– "Gliding Past Fuji – C.H. Alison in Japan". Retrieved February 7, 2007. and Japan's first
mosque
A mosque (; from ar, مَسْجِد, masjid, ; literally "place of ritual prostration"), also called masjid, is a Place of worship, place of prayer for Muslims. Mosques are usually covered buildings, but can be any place where prayers (sujud) ...
,
Kobe Mosque, built in 1935. The city hosts the
Kobe Regatta & Athletic Club, founded in 1870 by
Alexander Cameron Sim,
[Kobe Regatta and Athletic Club](_blank)
– "a distinguished history". Retrieved February 7, 2007. and a prominent
foreign cemetery
Foreign may refer to:
Government
* Foreign policy, how a country interacts with other countries
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs, in many countries
** Foreign Office, a department of the UK government
** Foreign office and foreign minister
* United S ...
. A number of Western-style residences – – from the 19th century still stand in
Kitano and elsewhere in Kobe. Museums include the
Kobe City Museum
The opened in Kobe, Japan
Japan ( ja, 日本, or , and formally , ''Nihonkoku'') is an island country in East Asia. It is situated in the northwest Pacific Ocean, and is bordered on the west by the Sea of Japan, while extending from t ...
and
Museum of Literature
A museum ( ; plural museums or, rarely, musea) is a building or institution that cares for and displays a collection of artifacts and other objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance. Many public museums make these i ...
.
The dialect spoken in Kobe is called ''Kobe-ben'', a sub-dialect of
Kansai dialect.
Sports
Kobe hosted the
1985 Summer Universiade
The 1985 Summer Universiade, also known as the XIII Summer Universiade, took place in Kobe, Japan.
Mascot
The mascot of the Kobe Universiade, "Unitan", designed by Osamu Tezuka, is a red-crested white crane, symbolic of Japan and a good omen. ...
,the
1991 Men's Asian Basketball Championship, which was the qualifier for the
1992 Summer Olympics Basketball Tournament.
Kobe was one of the host cities of the
2002 FIFA World Cup, hosting matches at
Noevir Stadium Kobe
The , also known as The , is a football stadium in Misaki Park, Hyogo-ku, Kobe, Japan. The stadium has a capacity of 30,132. This stadium, which features a retractable roof, is the home ground of J1 League club Vissel Kobe and the rugby union ...
(then known as Wing Stadium Kobe), which was renovated to increase its capacity to 40,000 for the event.
Kobe was one of the host cities for the official
2006 Women's Volleyball World Championship
The 2006 FIVB Women's World Championship was the fifteenth edition of the competition, contested by the senior women's national teams of the members of the ' (FIVB), the sport's global governing body. The final tournament was held from 31 October ...
.
Kobe also hosted the World Darts Federation World Cup in October 2017. The event was held in the Exhibition Hall in Port Island with over 50 countries competing.
International relations
Twin towns – sister cities
Kobe's
sister cities are:
*
Barcelona
Barcelona ( , , ) is a city on the coast of northeastern Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.6 million within ...
,
Catalonia
Catalonia (; ca, Catalunya ; Aranese Occitan: ''Catalonha'' ; es, Cataluña ) is an autonomous community of Spain, designated as a '' nationality'' by its Statute of Autonomy.
Most of the territory (except the Val d'Aran) lies on the no ...
, Spain (1993)
*
Brisbane
Brisbane ( ) is the capital and most populous city of the states and territories of Australia, Australian state of Queensland, and the list of cities in Australia by population, third-most populous city in Australia and Oceania, with a populati ...
,
Queensland
)
, nickname = Sunshine State
, image_map = Queensland in Australia.svg
, map_caption = Location of Queensland in Australia
, subdivision_type = Country
, subdivision_name = Australia
, established_title = Before federation
, established_ ...
, Australia (1985)
*
Incheon, South Korea (2010)
*
Genoa
Genoa ( ; it, Genova ; lij, Zêna ). is the capital of the Regions of Italy, Italian region of Liguria and the List of cities in Italy, sixth-largest city in Italy. In 2015, 594,733 people lived within the city's administrative limits. As of t ...
,
Liguria, Italy (1963)
*
Marseille
Marseille ( , , ; also spelled in English as Marseilles; oc, Marselha ) is the prefecture of the French department of Bouches-du-Rhône and capital of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur region. Situated in the camargue region of southern Fran ...
,
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France (1961)
*
Riga
Riga (; lv, Rīga , liv, Rīgõ) is the capital and largest city of Latvia and is home to 605,802 inhabitants which is a third of Latvia's population. The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the B ...
, Latvia (1974)
*
Rio de Janeiro
Rio de Janeiro ( , , ; literally 'River of January'), or simply Rio, is the capital of the Rio de Janeiro (state), state of the same name, Brazil's List of Brazilian states by population, third-most populous state, and the List of largest citi ...
, Brazil (1969)
*
Seattle
Seattle ( ) is a port, seaport city on the West Coast of the United States. It is the county seat, seat of King County, Washington, King County, Washington (state), Washington. With a 2020 population of 737,015, it is the largest city in bo ...
,
WA, United States (1957)
*
Tianjin, China (1973)
Friendship and cooperation cities
Kobe also cooperates with:
[
* Daegu, South Korea (2010)
* ]Philadelphia
Philadelphia, often called Philly, is the largest city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the sixth-largest city in the U.S., the second-largest city in both the Northeast megalopolis and Mid-Atlantic regions after New York City. Sinc ...
, PA, United States (1986)
A memorandum of understanding on the possible establishment of sister city relations in the future was concluded in 2019 with Ahmedabad, Gujarat
Gujarat (, ) is a state along the western coast of India. Its coastline of about is the longest in the country, most of which lies on the Kathiawar peninsula. Gujarat is the fifth-largest Indian state by area, covering some ; and the nin ...
, India.
Sister ports
Kobe's sister ports are:[
* ]Port of Rotterdam
The Port of Rotterdam is the largest seaport in Europe, and the world's largest seaport outside of East Asia, located in and near the city of Rotterdam, in the province of South Holland in the Netherlands. From 1962 until 2004, it was the wor ...
, Netherlands (1967)
* Port of Seattle, United States (1967)
* Port of Tianjin, China
Gallery
File:Anyoin03 1024.jpg, An'yō-in. Its karesansui is one of Japan's Places of Scenic Beauty.
File:140517 Kobe Municipal Arboretum Japan02bs.jpg, Kobe Municipal Arboretum
File:Kobe port tower11s3200.jpg, Kobe Port Tower
File:Mosaic04s3200.jpg, Harborland
File:Kobe Nankinmachi at night.jpg, Nankin-machi, Motomachi
File:Giant panda01 960.jpg, Kobe Oji Zoo as home of the giant and red pandas
File:171125 Kobe Municipal Foreign Cemetery Kobe Japan01s.jpg, Foreigners' cemetery on the slopes of Futatabiyama
File:Notre Dame Kobe Japan01-r.jpg, Notre Dame Kobe Wedding Hall
File:170811 Rokko-Arima Ropeway Kobe Japan00n.jpg, Arima Onsen located north of Kobe
References
Bibliography
External links
*
Kobe City official website
New York Public Library Digital Gallery
– late 19th-century photographs of Kobe
*
*
*
*
{{Authority control
Cities designated by government ordinance of Japan
Cities destroyed by earthquakes
Cities in Hyōgo Prefecture
Populated coastal places in Japan
Port settlements in Japan