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Nikolai Mikhailovich Knipovich (also Knipowitsch) (6 April O.S._25_March.html" ;"title="Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/> O.S._25_March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._25_March1862_–_23_February_1939)_was_a_Russian_and_Soviet_ O.S._25_March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._25_March1862_–_23_February_1939)_was_a_Russian_and_Soviet_ichthyology">ichthyologist,_
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,_notable_as_the_founder_of_
O.S._25_March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html"_;"title="nowiki/>Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates">O.S._25_March1862_–_23_February_1939)_was_a_Russian_and_Soviet_ichthyology">ichthyologist,_marine_zoology">marine_zoologist_and_oceanography">oceanographer_ Oceanography_(),_also_known_as_oceanology_and_ocean_science,_is_the_scientific_study_of_the_oceans._It_is_an_Earth_science,_which_covers_a_wide_range_of_topics,_including_ecosystem_dynamics;_ocean_currents,_waves,_and__geophysical_fluid_dynamic_...
,_notable_as_the_founder_of_fishery">fisheries_research_in_the_Russian_North.


_Biography


_General

Knipovich_graduated_from_the_Saint_Petersburg_State_University.html" "title="fishery.html" ;"title="oceanography.html" "title="marine_zoology.html" ;"title="ichthyology.html" ;"title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 25 March">Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates.html" ;"title="nowiki/>Old Style and New Style dates">O.S. 25 March1862 – 23 February 1939) was a Russian and Soviet ichthyology">ichthyologist, marine zoology">marine zoologist and oceanography">oceanographer Oceanography (), also known as oceanology and ocean science, is the scientific study of the oceans. It is an Earth science, which covers a wide range of topics, including ecosystem dynamics; ocean currents, waves, and geophysical fluid dynamic ...
, notable as the founder of fishery">fisheries research in the Russian North.


Biography


General

Knipovich graduated from the Saint Petersburg State University">Saint Petersburg Imperial University Saint Petersburg Imperial University (russian: Санкт-Петербургский Императорский университет) was a Russian higher education institution based in Saint Petersburg, one of the twelve Imperial universities ...
in 1886 and went on to defend his master's thesis "Materials for the study of Ascothoracida" in 1892. He was then elected assistant professor of the Saint Petersburg State University, University in 1893. From 1894 until 1921 he worked at the Zoological Museum of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. He then became the Professor of biology and zoology in the First Women's Medical Institute (present-day
Saint Petersburg State Medical University The First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg (russian: Первый Санкт-Петербургский государственный медицинский университет имени академика И. П. Павл ...
) in 1911, continuing to fill the position until 1930 . He became an Honorary Member of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 ...
in 1935.


Expeditions

Knipovich organised and led the Scientific Murman Expedition from a location on the
Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
Murman Coast The Murman Coast (russian: Мурманский берег, no, Murmankysten) is a coastal area in Murmansk Oblast in northwest Russia. It is located on the southern side of the Barents Sea, between the Norway–Russia border and Cape Svyatoy ...
between 1898 and 1901,Berg, L.S. (1950
Почетный академик Н. М. Книпович
Из истории отечественной науки, Журнал №8, 76-83.
which marked the beginning of systematic study of the region's biological resources. A special modern marine research vessel, the steamship '' Saint Andrew'', was built for the expedition and in May 1900 Knipovich led an expedition to undertake hydrographic and biological observations along Kola shores from the
Murman Coast The Murman Coast (russian: Мурманский берег, no, Murmankysten) is a coastal area in Murmansk Oblast in northwest Russia. It is located on the southern side of the Barents Sea, between the Norway–Russia border and Cape Svyatoy ...
to 73°00'N. He then, in Autumn 1901, drew a chart of currents based on the data gathered on water temperature and salinity and identified several warm streams. In 1902 he was the first to draw a conclusion on a relationship between distribution and
migration Migration, migratory, or migrate may refer to: Human migration * Human migration, physical movement by humans from one region to another ** International migration, when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum le ...
of commercial fish in the
Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
and warm currents. From the ''Saint Andrew'' and another vessel, ''Pomor'', hydrographic observations were carried out at over 1,500 stations and biological studies at about 2,000. His other expeditions included some to the
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...
(1886, 1904, 1912–1913, 1914–1915, 1931–32), the
Baltic Sea The Baltic Sea is an arm of the Atlantic Ocean that is enclosed by Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Sweden and the North and Central European Plain. The sea stretches from 53°N to 66°N latitude and from ...
(1902) and the
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...
(1922–1927). His request to carry out a scientific and fisheries related expedition to the Azov Sea and secure the ship "Besstrashny" was approved by
Lenin Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov. ( 1870 – 21 January 1924), better known as Vladimir Lenin,. was a Russian revolutionary, politician, and political theorist. He served as the first and founding head of government of Soviet Russia from 1917 to 19 ...
personally.


International work and activities

Knipovich was extensively involved in international collaboration. In 1901 he attended the Second Conference of the
International Council for the Exploration of the Sea The International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES; french: Conseil International de l'Exploration de la Mer, ''CIEM'') is a regional fishery advisory body and the world's oldest intergovernmental science organization. ICES is headqu ...
in Christiania (Oslo, Norway) and was voted one of the vice-presidents of the Council. Between 1926 and 1927 he was a major proponent of German-Soviet cooperation in the studies of the
Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
and was heavily involved in the Polar Commission of the
USSR Academy of Sciences The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 ...
.


Legacy

Knipovich authored numerous monographs on hydrology and fisheries in the
Arctic Ocean The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. It spans an area of approximately and is known as the coldest of all the oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, a ...
,
Barents Sea The Barents Sea ( , also ; no, Barentshavet, ; russian: Баренцево море, Barentsevo More) is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located off the northern coasts of Norway and Russia and divided between Norwegian and Russian territo ...
,
Caspian Sea The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland body of water, often described as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged sea. An endorheic basin, it lies between Europe and Asia; east of the Caucasus, west of the broad steppe of Central Asia ...
, Azov Sea, and
Black Sea The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea of the Atlantic Ocean lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia. It is bounded by Bulgaria, Georgia, Roma ...
, as well as a number of studies on the
taxonomy Taxonomy is the practice and science of categorization or classification. A taxonomy (or taxonomical classification) is a scheme of classification, especially a hierarchical classification, in which things are organized into groups or types. ...
and
ecology Ecology () is the study of the relationships between living organisms, including humans, and their physical environment. Ecology considers organisms at the individual, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere level. Ecology overlaps wi ...
of
marine invertebrate Marine invertebrates are the invertebrates that live in marine habitats. Invertebrate is a blanket term that includes all animals apart from the vertebrate members of the chordate phylum. Invertebrates lack a vertebral column, and some have evo ...
s ( molluscs and parasitic barnacles) and on the geological history of the northern seas.


Honours

* Street renamed after him in connection with his 100th anniversary – from "Kol'skaya Street" to "Knipovich Street" in
Murmansk Murmansk (Russian: ''Мурманск'' lit. "Norwegian coast"; Finnish: ''Murmansk'', sometimes ''Muurmanski'', previously ''Muurmanni''; Norwegian: ''Norskekysten;'' Northern Sámi: ''Murmánska;'' Kildin Sámi: ''Мурман ланнҍ'') ...
,
Russia Russia (, , ), or the Russian Federation, is a List of transcontinental countries, transcontinental country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia, Northern Asia. It is the List of countries and dependencies by area, largest country in the ...
. * Mid-Atlantic Ridge named after him – Knipovich Ridge (between Greenland and Spitsbergen). * Bay in the Arctic named after him – Knipovich Bay, High Arctic northern Taimyr. * Cape named after him – Cape Knipovich ( Franz Joseph Land). * Vessels named after him – sailing boat "Nikolay Knipovich", onboard of which regular oceanographic observations were carried out between 1928 and 1941 on the "Kola Section", and R/V "Akademik Knipovich", a Russian research vessel, which collected materials between 1965 and 1967. * The Knipovich Polar Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography ( PINRO) was named after him in 1935. * Honorary member of the
Academy of Sciences of the USSR The Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union was the highest scientific institution of the Soviet Union from 1925 to 1991, uniting the country's leading scientists, subordinated directly to the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union (until 1946 ...
, 1935.


Taxa named after Knipovich

;Genera: * Knipowitschia Iljin, 1927: a genus of
gobiid Gobiidae or gobies is a family of bony fish in the order Gobiiformes, one of the largest fish families comprising more than 2,000 species in more than 200 genera. Most of gobiid fish are relatively small, typically less than in length, and the ...
fishes''Knipowitschia'' Iljin, 1927
WoRMS Worms may refer to: *Worm, an invertebrate animal with a tube-like body and no limbs Places *Worms, Germany Worms () is a city in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, situated on the Upper Rhine about south-southwest of Frankfurt am Main. It had ...
World Register of Marine Species
*(''Knipowitschiatrema'' Issaitschikov, 1927 (accepted as ''Galactosomum'' Looss 1899), a genus of
trematodes Trematoda is a class of flatworms known as flukes. They are obligate internal parasites with a complex life cycle requiring at least two hosts. The intermediate host, in which asexual reproduction occurs, is usually a snail. The definitive host ...
.) ;Species *'' Akerogammarus knipowitschi'' Derzhavin & Pjatakova, 1967 ( amphipod crustacean) *'' Alosa caspia knipowitschi'' (Iljin, 1927) (
clupeid Clupeidae is a family of ray-finned fishes, comprising, for instance, the herrings, shads, sardines, hilsa, and menhadens. The clupeoids include many of the most important food fishes in the world, and are also commonly caught for production of ...
fish) *'' Anabaena knipowitschii'' Usachev, 1927 = ''Anabaenopsis knipowitschii'' (Usachev) Komárek, 2005 (
cyanobacterium Cyanobacteria (), also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of gram-negative bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name ''cyanobacteria'' refers to their color (), which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blu ...
) *'' Anonyx knipowitschi'' Gurjanova, 1962 ( amphipod crustacean) *''
Careproctus knipowitschi ''Careproctus'' is a genus of snailfishes found in benthic and benthopelagic habitats in the Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic Ocean, Arctic and Southern Oceans. Whether they truly are absent from the Indian Ocean (except for a couple of species in Suban ...
'' Chernova, 2005 ( liparid fish) *''
Caspia knipowitchi ''Caspia'' is a genus of marine snails, brackish water snails and freshwater snails with a gill and an operculum (gastropod), operculum, an aquatic animal, aquatic gastropod mollusk in the family Hydrobiidae. ''Caspia'' is the type genus of the ...
'' Makarov, 1938 (
gastropod The gastropods (), commonly known as snails and slugs, belong to a large taxonomic class of invertebrates within the phylum Mollusca called Gastropoda (). This class comprises snails and slugs from saltwater, from freshwater, and from land. T ...
mollusc) *''
Caspicola knipovitschi ''Caspicola'' is a monotypic genus of crustaceans Crustaceans (Crustacea, ) form a large, diverse arthropod taxon which includes such animals as decapods, seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copep ...
'' Derzhavin, 1944 (amphipod crustacean) *'' Caspiomysis knipowitschi'' G.O. Sars, 1907 (
mysid Mysida is an order of small, shrimp-like crustaceans in the malacostracan superorder Peracarida. Their common name opossum shrimps stems from the presence of a brood pouch or "marsupium" in females. The fact that the larvae are reared in ...
crustacean) *'' Chasarocuma knipowitchi'' Derzhavin, 1912 (
cumacean Cumacea is an order of small marine crustaceans of the superorder Peracarida, occasionally called hooded shrimp or comma shrimp. Their unique appearance and uniform body plan makes them easy to distinguish from other crustaceans. They live in so ...
crustacean) *'' Dyopedos knipowitschi'' ( Gurjanova, 1933) ( amphipod crustacean) *'' Filippovia knipovitchi'' (Filippova, 1972) (
cephalopod A cephalopod is any member of the molluscan class Cephalopoda (Greek plural , ; "head-feet") such as a squid, octopus, cuttlefish, or nautilus. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by bilateral body symmetry, a prominent head ...
mollusc) *'' Gieysztoria knipovici'' (Beklemischev, 1953) (
turbellaria The Turbellaria are one of the traditional sub-divisions of the phylum Platyhelminthes (flatworms), and include all the sub-groups that are not exclusively parasitic. There are about 4,500 species, which range from to large freshwater forms more ...
n) *'' Limnocletodes knipowitschi'' ( G.O. Sars, 1927) (
copepod Copepods (; meaning "oar-feet") are a group of small crustaceans found in nearly every freshwater and saltwater habitat (ecology), habitat. Some species are planktonic (inhabiting sea waters), some are benthos, benthic (living on the ocean floor) ...
crustacean]) *''
Lumbrineris knipovichana ''Lumbrineris'' is a genus of polychaetes belonging to the family Lumbrineridae. The genus has cosmopolitan distribution. Species: *''Lumbrineris aberrans'' *''Lumbrineris abyssalis'' *''Lumbrineris abyssicola'' *''Lumbrineris acutiformis'' ...
'' Orenzanz, 1973 (
polychaete Polychaeta () is a paraphyletic class of generally marine annelid worms, commonly called bristle worms or polychaetes (). Each body segment has a pair of fleshy protrusions called parapodia that bear many bristles, called chaetae, which are made ...
) *'' Monodacna knipowitschi'' (Logvinenko & Starobogatov, 1966) (
bivalve Bivalvia (), in previous centuries referred to as the Lamellibranchiata and Pelecypoda, is a class of marine and freshwater molluscs that have laterally compressed bodies enclosed by a shell consisting of two hinged parts. As a group, bival ...
mollusc) *'' Peridinium knipowitschii'' Ussatschew ( dinoflagellate) *'' Sarritor knipowitschi'' Lindberg & Andriashev, 1937 ( agonid fish)


Selected publications

* * * * * *


References and bibliography


Footnotes


External links

*
Knipovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich
encyclopedia.com {{DEFAULTSORT:Knipovich, Nikolai 1862 births 1939 deaths Soviet zoologists 19th-century zoologists from the Russian Empire Soviet ichthyologists Russian ichthyologists Saint Petersburg State University alumni Saint Petersburg State University faculty Soviet oceanographers